Dhimal language

Dhimal is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal spoken by about 20,000 people. There is an eastern and western dialect, which are separated by the Kankai River in Jhapa district, Mechi Zone, Nepal. Most people transcribe Dhimal into Devanagari and there are standard conventions for extra phonological distinctions.

Dhimal
Region	Nepal
Ethnicity	Toto people
Native speakers	20,000 (2011 census)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Brahmaputran ? Dhimalish Dhimal
Language codes
ISO 639-3	dhi
Glottolog	dhim1246[2]

Distribution

Dhimal is spoken in the following areas of Nepal:[1]

• Mechi Zone: Jhapa District (24 villages)
• Koshi Zone: Morang District and Sunsari District (51 villages)

The eastern and western dialects are separated by the Kankai River in Jhapa District.[1]

Phonology

Vowels

Dhimal has 16 primary vowel phonemes, distinguished by length and nasality, and six diphthongs.[3]

i/i:/ĩ				u/u:/ũ
	e/e:/ẽ	ə	o/o:/õ
		a/a:/ɑ̃

iu				ui
	eu		oi
		au/ai

Consonants

Dhimal has 31 consonants, including a four-way distinction between voiced & voiceless, aspirated (breathy in the case of voiced) and unaspirated.

		Labial		Dental		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
		plain	aspirated/breathy voiced	plain	aspirated/breathy voiced	plain	breathy voiced	plain	aspirated/breathy voiced
Nasal		m	mʱ	n	nʱ			ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	pʰ	t	tʰ	c		k	kʰ	ʔ
	voiced	b	bʱ	d	dʱ	j	jʱ	g	gʱ
Fricative				s						h
Approximant		w	wʱ	l	lʱ
Rhotic				r	rʱ

Grammar

Gender is marked morphologically, but only with body parts of human beings and on animate nouns. Animals may be marked for gender with distinct lexical items. Nouns are unmarked for number, except for personal pronouns. For personal pronouns, singular and plural are unmarked, and only the dual number is marked or distinguished.

Vocabulary

The following Dhimal (Western dialect) basic vocabulary word list is from Regmi, et al. (2014: 92-98).[4]

• dziu 'body'
• puriŋ 'head'
• pusuŋ 'hair'
• rʰai 'face'
• misjã 'eye'
• nʰatoŋ 'ear'
• nʰapu 'nose'
• nui 'mouth'
• tasiŋ 'teeth'
• detoŋ 'tongue'
• dudu 'breast'
• hamu 'belly'
• kʰur 'arm/hand'
• giru 'elbow'
• kʰur 'palm'
• aŋguli 'finger'
• kʰursiŋ 'fingernail'
• kʰokoi 'leg'
• dʰale 'skin'
• hara 'bone'
• tumsiŋ 'heart'
• hiti 'blood'
• soʔ 'urine'
• lisi 'feces'
• dera 'village'
• sa 'house'
• tsale 'roof'
• pʰinu 'door'
• misiŋ 'firewood'
• pʰesar 'broom'
• siləuṭo 'mortar'
• lohoro 'pestle'
• hətəura 'hammer'
• tsəkku 'knife'
• dupʰe 'axe'
• diham 'rope'
• sute 'thread'
• bindu 'needle'
• lokʰon 'cloth'
• aũTʰi 'ring'
• sane 'sun'
• tali 'moon'
• akas 'sky'
• pʰuru 'star'
• barsa 'rain'
• tsi 'water'
• dzʰora 'river'
• badle 'cloud'
• tsilkatsilka 'lightning'
• dʰeŋgur 'rainbow'
• bʰerma 'wind'
• antʰui 'stone'
• dama 'path'
• balʰe 'sand'
• me 'fire'
• dʰwã 'smoke'
• buʔsuri 'ash'
• bʰonoi 'mud'
• dʰula 'dust'
• sona 'gold'
• siŋ 'tree'
• lʰaba 'leaf'
• dzari 'root'
• tsui 'thorn'
• lʰe 'flower'
• pʰəlpʰul 'fruit'
• torse 'mango'
• jumpʰi 'banana'
• gom 'wheat(husked)'
• dzəu 'barley'
• uŋkʰu 'rice (husked)'
• bilaiti 'potato'
• beŋgana 'eggplant'
• bədəm 'groundnut'
• martsi 'chili'
• juŋgʰai 'turmeric'
• mantsʰar 'garlic'
• taŋgo 'onion'
• kobʰi 'cauliflower'
• golbʰanda 'tomato'
• bəndakobʰi 'cabbage'
• tsuiti 'oil'
• dese 'salt'
• biha 'meat'
• sau 'fat (of meat)'
• haja 'fish'
• kitsan 'chicken'
• tui 'egg'
• gai 'cow'
• dija 'buffalo'
• dudʰe 'milk'
• ḍaŋ 'horns'
• meṭʰoŋ 'tail'
• meʔsa 'goat'
• kʰija 'dog'
• puhjã 'snake'
• nʰojã 'monkey'
• dzahã 'mosquito'
• nʰamui 'ant'
• makra 'spider'
• mi 'name'
• djaŋ 'man'
• bebal 'woman'
• dzamal 'child'
• aba 'father'
• amai 'mother'
• dada 'older brother'
• one 'younger brother'
• bai 'older sister'
• one 'younger sister'
• tsan 'son'
• tsamdi 'daughter'
• ke 'husband'
• be 'wife'
• wadzan 'boy'
• bedzan 'girl'
• din 'day'
• belahoi 'night'
• rʰima 'morning'
• nitima 'noon'
• dilima 'evening'
• andzi 'yesterday'
• nani 'today'
• dzumni 'tomorrow'
• atʰar 'week'
• maina 'month'
• basar 'year'
• purna 'old'
• nawa 'new'
• remka 'good'
• maremka 'bad'
• tsuŋka 'wet'
• seŋka 'dry'
• rʰiŋka 'long'
• poṭoka 'short'
• dʰaŋka 'hot'
• tirka 'cold'
• dahine 'right'
• debre 'left'
• bʰerpa 'near'
• dure 'far'
• barka 'big'
• atuŋka 'small'
• lʰika 'heavy'
• homka 'light'
• ruta 'above'
• leta 'below'
• dze:ka 'white'
• da:ka 'black'
• i:ka 'red'
• eʔ 'one'
• nʰe 'two'
• sum 'three'
• dja 'four'
• na 'five'
• tu 'six'
• nʰi 'seven'
• yeʔ 'eight'
• kwa 'nine'
• te 'ten'
• egʰarə 'eleven'
• barʰə 'twelve'
• eʔkuri 'twenty'
• eʔ sae 'one hundred'
• hasu 'who'
• hai 'what'
• hiso 'where'
• helau 'when'
• hetʰe 'how many'
• hidoi 'which'
• idoi 'this'
• odoi 'that'
• ebalai 'these'
• obalai 'those'
• waŋ/odoŋ 'same'
• bʰenaŋ 'different'
• gottaŋ 'whole'
• bʰoika 'broken'
• atuisa 'few'
• hiŋtsʰa 'many'
• dzʰaraŋ 'all'
• tsali 'to eat'
• ciʔli 'to bite'
• mʰituli 'to be hungry'
• amli 'to drink'
• tsi amli kiʔli 'to be thirsty'
• dzimli 'to sleep'
• ulṭili 'to lie'
• jomli 'to sit'
• pili 'to give'
• oʔpali 'to burn'
• sili 'to die'
• seʔli 'to kill'
• uraili 'to fly'
• teli 'to walk'
• dʰaʔli 'to run/run'
• haneli 'to go/go'
• loli 'to come'
• nuidʰuili 'to speak/speak'
• hiŋli 'to hear/hear/listen'
• kʰaŋli 'to look/look'
• ka 'I'
• na 'you (informal)'
• na 'you (formal)'
• wa 'he'
• wa 'she'
• kelai 'we (inclusive)'
• kelai 'we (exclusive)'
• nelai 'you (plural)'
• obalai 'they'

See also

• Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)

References

1. Dhimal at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Dhimal". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. King, John T. (2008). A Grammar of Dhimal. Brill. ISBN 978 90 04 17573 0.
4. Regmi, Dan Raj, Karnakhar Khatiwada, and Ambika Regmi. 2014. A sociolinguistic survey of Dhimal: a Tibeto-Burman language. Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.