Angami language

Angami (also: Gnamei, Ngami, Tsoghami, Tsugumi, Monr, Tsanglo, Tenyidie) is an Naga language spoken in the Naga Hills in the northeastern part of India, in Kohima district, Nagaland. In 2001, there is an estimate of 125,000 first language (L1) Angami speakers.[3] Under the UNESCO’s Language Vitality and Endangerment framework, Angami is at the level of "vulnerable", meaning that it is still spoken by most children, but "may be restricted to certain domains".[4]

Angami
Native toIndia
RegionNagaland
EthnicityAngami Naga
Native speakers
152,716 (2011 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3njm
Glottologanga1288[2]

Dialects

There are several dialects of the Angamis, the most prominent being:

Tenyidie

The Tenyidie dialect is recognized as the standard dialect of not only its speakers but all the Tenyimi people. It is the prestige dialect used for publications of Angami literature and is taught in schools and universities. Spoken in and around the Northern and Western Angami region, it has its roots from the Dzu–o dialect in the Southern Angami region. Kohima or Kewhi dialect is considered the most prominent dialect and others include the Khonoma or Khwuno dialect, etc.

Keyho

Also known as ‘Viswe–Yokha or Veshrü–Yokha’. The Keyho dialect is spoken in and around Viswema and Jakhama in the Southern Angami region. It is slightly intelligible with the other Angami dialects but is more intelligible and more closely related to the Chokri and Khezha dialects i.e the Chakhesang group. Although Viswemi and Yokhami(Jakhama) speaks the same Keyho dialect both speaks the dialect in totally different tunes.

Dzu–o

The Dzu–o is also spoken in the Southern Angami region in the Kigwe–Phesa(Kigwema and Phesama) area. It is related to the Keyho dialect in the south.

Other Angami dialects

Others include Chakroma (Western Angami), Mima, Nali and Mozome.

Phonology

Vowels

Kohima dialect is reported to have five tones. Khonoma has four register tones: /˥ ˧ ˨ ˩/ (with diacritics, /a̋ á ā à/). The lower three are approximately equally spaced in pitch, while the topmost is more distant. Low tone may be accompanied by breathy voice, especially at the end of an utterance.

Angami has six vowels, /i, u, e, ə, o, a/ (phonetically [i, u̟, e̞, ə̝, o, a̠]). Diphthongs occur, but are rare.

Consonants

This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.[5]

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
plain aspirated plain aspirated plain aspirated plain aspirated labialized
Stop voiceless p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ kʍ kʷ
voiced b d ɡ ɡʷ
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ h
voiced v z ʒ
Nasal voiceless m̩ʰ n̩ʰ ɲ̩ ŋ
voiced m n ɲ
Approximant voiceless ʍ l̩ʰ ɻ̊ j
voiced w l ɻ j

Other dialects also contrast /tʃʰ tʃ dʒ/. [f] only occurs as an allophone of /p/. The velar fricative is in free variation with [h]. The post-alveolar approximants are truly retroflex (sub-apical) [ɻ̊ ɻ] before mid and low vowels, but laminal [ɹ̠̊ ɹ̠] before high vowels (/i u/).

Angami voiceless nasals are unusual in that, unlike the voiceless nasals of Burmese, they have a positive rather than negative voice onset time—that is, they are aspirated rather than partially voiced. The same is true of the laterals. In both cases, the aspiration has the formants characteristic of Angami h, which is somewhat velar in pronunciation. The other voiceless approximants may not be aspirated, as the h-like formants occur during the entire hold of the consonant.

The labial and labialized consonants have labiodental affricate allophones before /ə/ (but not in /Cɻə/ consonant clusters). In addition, about half the time, the rhotic becomes syllabic (a rhotic vowel) in this environment:

Phon.allophone
before /ə/
p pfə ~ fə ?[6]
(b) (bvə)[7]
m̥ʰ ɱ̊ʰə
m ɱə
kʷʰ kʰfə
kʷ kvə
ɡʷ ɡvə
ɻ ɻ̩ ~ ɚ

Angami syllables may be of the form V, CV, or CɻV. Attested clusters are /pʰɻ/, /pɻ/, /kʰɻ/, /kɻ/.

Grammar and lexicon

A wealth of Angami grammars, lexicons are available in Tenyidie and in English. However, these collections often conflict in their analysis of the phonemic or syntactic nature of the language. This is due to the difference at the time of the documentation, and the choice of informants from varying dialect. Especially in the earlier language documentations (1870s-1960s), mostly by Christian missionary; their informants’ meta-data were not specified and any dialect of Angami were assumed to be the "standard" of Angami within the Nagaland region. The Angami-English Phrasebook [8] and Angami-English-Hindi dictionary [9] available online.

Text collection

The bulk of available Anagami texts are from printed materials (novels, poems and textbooks, the largest text assortment of electronic texts are mostly Christian religious or devotional materials written in Tenyidie. This is because the majority of Angami speakers in the Nagaland are Christians . The complete Tenyidie bible was published in 1970. However, only the translated chapter of Genesis [10] from the bible was posted on the internet under The Rosetta Project. Also, Christian devotional materials such as The Bible…Basically® in Tenyidie [11] are also available online.

Another source of text is largely from the ethnic folktales (e.g. Angami Naga folklore by Sekhose, 1970) and especially from song lyrics written in Tenyidie. Other than Christian songs written by the Angami church community (e.g. Shieshülie songbook by Baptist Revival Church[12]), the rising rock music culture started to stir in the Nagaland as the music events and societies like the Hornbill National Rock Contest [13] and Rattle and Hum Music Society [14] and Angami pop/rock bands such as the Cultural Vibrants[15] take the Angami music by storm; they popularized traditional Angami folk music that used to be passed down orally, it is foreseeable that these lyrics will be written in the near future.

The next largest source of Tenyidie is the educational materials used in the Kohima schools and university. Although much of these texts are in printed forms, a query on the web does retrieve some Indian exams papers [16] [17] that contain test questions on Tenyidie. Also the Tenyidie syllabus for the university courses in Kohima College would have been the primary source of language data for Angami.

gollark: I mean, a railgun, coilgun or something might work better.
gollark: Very well.
gollark: It would have to fire missiles or something, not be an actual cannon powering unpowered projectiles, and it still wouldn't work.
gollark: That's totally impractical.
gollark: What's an "ion cannon" meant to be?

See also

References

Bibliography
  • Blankenship, Barbara; Peter Ladefoged; Peri Bhaskararao; Nichumeno Chase (June 1993). "Phonetic Structures of Khonama Angami". Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 84: 127–141.

Notes
  1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Angami Naga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/
  4. Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  5. Blankenship, B. "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF).
  6. Blankenship states that [f] is an allophone of /p/. However, in the text only [pf] is found. It is not clear if these are in free variation, or if one is perhaps an allophone of /pʰ/.
  7. In Kohima, but not Khonoma dialect.
  8. Rivenburg, S.W. (1905). Angami-English Phrasebook. http://www.unz.org/Pub/RivenburgSW-1905
  9. Giridha, P.P and Handoo, L. (1987). Angami-English-Hindi dictionary. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. The Bible Society of India. (1970). The Holy Bible: Angami Naga – Genesis Translation. The Long Now Foundation. https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_njm_gen-1
  11. Griffin, R. (n.d.). The Bible…Basically® in Tenyidie. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. Baptist Revival Church (2011). Shieshülie - Tenyidie songbook. Retrieved from http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwNDA3Nzk%3D-ZxNlAmDAZ8A%3D Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  13. www.site5.com. "Hornbill Festival - Hornbill festival of Nagaland". Hornbill Festival. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. http://www.myspace.com/culturalvibrants
  16. "Secondary School Syllabus" (PDF). Nagaland Board of School Education. pp. 48–52. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  17. "Higher Secondary School Syllabus for Classes 11 & 12" (PDF). Nagaland Board of School Education. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
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