Forsyth County, Georgia

Forsyth County (/ˈfɔːrsaɪθ/ FOR-syth or /fɔːrˈsaɪθ/ for-SYTH) is a county in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. Suburban and exurban in character, Forsyth County lies within the Atlanta Metropolitan Area. The county's only incorporated city and county seat is Cumming.[1] As of 2019 estimates, the population was 244,252.[2] Forsyth was the fastest-growing county in Georgia and the 15th fastest-growing county in the United States between 2010 and 2019.[2]

Not to be confused with Forsyth, Georgia.

Forsyth County
U.S. county
Forsyth County Courthouse in Cumming
Location within the U.S. state of Georgia
Georgia's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 34°13′N 84°08′W
Country United States
State Georgia
FoundedDecember 3, 1831
Named forJohn Forsyth
SeatCumming
Largest cityCumming
Area
 • Total247 sq mi (640 km2)
 • Land224 sq mi (580 km2)
 • Water23 sq mi (60 km2)  9.4%%
Population
 • Estimate 
(2019)
244,252
 • Density1,090/sq mi (420/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts7th, 9th
Websitewww.forsythco.com

Forsyth County's rapid population growth can be attributed to its proximity to high-income employment opportunities in nearby Alpharetta and northern Fulton County, its equidistant location between the big-city amenities of bustling Atlanta and the recreation offerings of the scenic Blue Ridge Mountains, its plentiful supply of large, relatively affordable new-construction homes, and its highly-ranked public school system. The influx of high-income professionals and their families has increased the county's median annual household income dramatically in recent years; at $104,687, Forsyth County was the wealthiest in Georgia and the 19th-wealthiest in the United States as of 2018 estimates.[3]

In the 1980s, the county attracted national media attention as the site of large civil rights demonstrations and counter-demonstrations. Organizers hoped to dispel the county's image as a regressive and hate-filled sundown town; African Americans were unjustly forced out in 1912 and the county had a reputation of being hostile to people of color and LGBT people for many decades since.[4][5][6] Thousands of marchers on both sides came from outside the area; officials kept peace with police officers and National Guard protecting the event.

From 2007 to 2009, the county received national attention because of a severe drought. Water supplies for the Atlanta area and downstream areas of Alabama and Florida were threatened. This followed a more severe drought in 2007 and 2008, and flooding in 2009.[7] Flooding occurred in 2013, and severe drought again in 2016. Georgia, Alabama and Florida have been in a tri-state water dispute since 1990 over apportionment of water flow from Lake Lanier, which forms the eastern border of the county and is regulated by the Army Corps of Engineers as a federal project.

History
A Mississippian priest, with a ceremonial flint mace and severed head. Artist Herb Roe, based on a repoussé copper plate.

Before European contact

For thousands of years, varying indigenous cultures lived in this area along the Etowah River. Starting near the end of the first millennium, Mound Builders of the Mississippian culture settled in this area; they built earthwork mound structures at nearby Etowah in present-day Bartow County, and large communities along the Etowah River in neighboring Cherokee County. They disappeared about 1500CE.

Members of the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee Nation migrated into the area from the North, possibly from the Great Lakes area. They settled in the territory that would become Forsyth County and throughout upper Georgia and Alabama, also having settlements or towns in present-day Tennessee and western North Carolina.

19th century

After the discovery of gold by European Americans in the surrounding area in 1829, numerous settlers moved into the area. They increased the pressure on the state and federal government to have the Cherokee and other Native Americans removed to west of the Mississippi River, in order to extinguish their land claims and make land available for purchase. The Cherokee were forced to relocate during what was called the Trail of Tears.[8]

Forsyth County was named after John Forsyth,[9] Governor of Georgia from 1827–1829 and Secretary of State under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. For many years, much of this hill country was farmed by yeomen farmers, who owned few or no slaves.

20th century
View of northern Forsyth County from Sawnee Mountain's Indian Seats

The county population of about 10,000 was 90 percent "white" in the early 20th century, and residents still depended on agriculture. Its more than 1,000 blacks included 440 persons classified as mixed race on the census, indicating a continuing history of racial mixing that dated to slavery times.

Lynching and other violence driving non-white people from the county

After two different incidents in September 1912, in which black men were alleged to have raped white women, tensions rose in the county. In the first case, a black preacher was assaulted by whites for suggesting that the alleged victim may have been having a consensual relationship with a black man. The Sheriff gained support from the governor, who sent more than 20 National Guard troops to keep peace. The suspects in the first case were never tried, for lack of evidence.

In the second case, five suspects were arrested and held in the Cumming jail. A lynch mob of 4,000 whites stormed the Cumming county jail and dragged out one of the men, Rob Edwards. They shot Edwards and hanged his body on the town square. The woman rape victim, Mae Crow, died two weeks after being attacked. Charges against two of the four suspects held in the second case were dropped after a plea bargain. But two black youths under the age of 18 were quickly convicted by all-white juries and executed by hanging. Whites afterward harassed and intimidated blacks in Forsyth and neighboring counties. Within weeks, they forced most of the blacks to leave the region in fear of their lives, losing land and personal property that was never recovered.

Almost every single one of Forsyth's 1,098 African Americans — prosperous and poor, literate and unlettered — was driven out of the county. It took only a few weeks. Marauding residents wielded guns, sticks of dynamite, bottles of kerosene. Then they stole everything, from farmland to tombstones. Forsyth County remained white right through the 20th century. A black man or woman couldn't so much as drive through without being run out.... During the 1950s and '60s, there were no "colored" water fountains in the courthouse or "whites only" diners in the county seat, Cumming; there was no black population to segregate.[10]

By 1987, the county was "all white".[11] In 1997, African Americans numbered just 39 in a population of 75,739.[10]

Later 20th century

During the 1950s, with the introduction of the poultry industry, the county had steady economic growth but remained largely rural and all white in population. Georgia State Route 400 opened in 1971 and was eventually extended through the county and northward; it stimulated population growth as residential housing was developed in the county and it became a bedroom community for people working in Atlanta, which had expanding work opportunities. The opening of Georgia State Route 400 also spurred industrial growth in the South West portion of the county along the McFarland Parkway area starting in the early 1970s.

By 1980, the county population was 27,500, growing to 40,000 in 1987. While some blacks worked in the county in new industries, none lived there. The county gained more than 30 new industries from 1980 and unemployment was low. Such growth resulted in the median income, formerly low, "rising faster than in any other county in Georgia."[12] A small civil rights march by African Americans in the county seat of Cumming in January 1987 was attacked by people throwing rocks, dirt and bottles. A week later another, much larger march took place, with civil rights activists going from Atlanta to Cumming protected by police and the National Guard. Thousands of protesters joined a counter-demonstration. Local people said conditions had been improving for minorities, but whites appeared to be reacting to the march out of fear.[12]

21st century

Forsyth County continued to be developed for subdivisions, industry and related businesses. By 2008 it had been ranked for several years among the top ten fastest-growing counties of the United States. Many new subdivisions have been constructed, several around top-quality golf courses. The county's proximity to Atlanta and the Blue Ridge mountains, and bordering 37,000-acre (150 km2) Lake Sidney Lanier, has attracted many new residents. More than 60% of the current population either lived elsewhere in 1987 or had not yet been born.

The growth has put a strain on water supplies, especially during area droughts in the 21st century. Suburban growth has greatly increased water consumption in the area to maintain lawns and gardens, and supply new households. The region had severe droughts in 2007-2008 that threatened downriver water supplies in Alabama and Florida, in addition to Atlanta, in 2013 and in 2016. Bans on outdoor use of water were put in place, and the area has encouraged conversion of toilets and appliances to those that use less water. A severe drought in southern Forsyth County was declared by the end of June 2016.[13] Several county organizations work to plan growth that can sustain the high quality of life in the area.

Racial history

The changing dynamics between white and black citizens after the Civil War resulted in tensions across the southern United States as whites tried to maintain dominance. They used violence to intimidate black voters and regain control of state legislatures, ending Reconstruction. At the turn of the 20th century, white Democrats dominated the Georgia legislature and passed laws increasing barriers to voter registration and voting, effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. Unable to vote, they were also excluded from juries. The white legislators passed racial segregation and other Jim Crow laws. Racial tensions increased as rural workers started to move to industrializing cities. Whites rioted against blacks in the Atlanta in 1906, resulting in more than 20 dead.[14]

Racial violence broke out in Forsyth County in September 1912, following allegations of sexual attacks by black men of white women.[14][15][16]

Forsyth County had a county population with a minority of ethnic African residents. The 1910 census recorded 10,847 white, 658 black, and 440 mulatto (mixed-race) residents, making the number of black citizens slightly more than 10% (as classified under the binary system of the South that classified all people of any African descent as Negro or black). They tended to work as sharecroppers, with some women working as domestic servants, and struggled with poverty.

In early September 1912 a white woman said she was the victim of an attempted rape by two black men, but they left before she was hurt. On September 7, 1912, police arrested five black men in connection with the assault, including Tony Howell and Isaiah Pirkle. That same afternoon members of numerous area black churches gathered for a barbecue just outside the county seat of Cumming. Preacher Grant Smith was heard to question the alleged victim's account, saying that perhaps she had been caught and had lied about what was actually a consensual relationship with a black man. (The mixed-race population in the county showed that whites and blacks had relationships; most were between white men and black or mixed-race women, which the whites tried to treat as a secret.) Whites horse-whipped Smith outside the courthouse, where he was rescued by police and taken into custody for his safety.

They locked him in the courthouse for safety. Rumors spread on both sides; whites said that the blacks threatened to dynamite the town. White residents gathered a lynch mob of 500 men (when Cumming had only 300 residents in total), with men coming to join from surrounding areas. They talked of lynching the black citizens held at the jail. By 1:30 p.m., the Sheriff deputized 25 men and called the Governor for help, who ordered in 23 National Guardsmen from nearby Gainesville, Georgia.

The next day, September 8, Mae Crow, a 19-year-old white woman, was allegedly attacked in a nearby community while walking to her aunt's house. She was allegedly pulled into the woods and assaulted. According to later testimony, she was allegedly raped by Ernest Knox, a 16-year-old black who worked as a hired hand at a neighbor's farm. Knox was said to have told friends about the incident: Oscar Daniel (17), his sister Trussie (Jane) Daniel (21), and her live-in boyfriend Rob Edwards (24), who also went to the scene. They left the girl, thinking she had died and being afraid to get involved. Crow was found the next day by a search party; whites said later that she had regained consciousness briefly and named Knox as her attacker, but no newspaper reported this. A small hand mirror found at the scene was recognized as belonging to Knox; police used it to connect him to the crime and arrested him that morning. Police said he confessed fully. Because of the trouble two days before in Cumming, they took Knox to the jail in Gainesville. Hearing threats of a lynch mob there, officials moved him to a jail in Atlanta.

The following day, Knox's friends were arrested in connection with the Mae Crow assault. Oscar Daniel and Rob Edwards were suspects in rape, and Trussie Daniel was held for not reporting the crime and as an accomplice. Ed Collins, a black neighbor, was picked up and held as a witness. They were detained in the small Cumming jail. The Atlanta Journal reported that Sheriff Reid drove through a mob of 2,000 people to get the suspects to the jail.

The Rob Edwards lynching made front-page news in all the Atlanta papers. Many newspapers first reported that Ed Collins was lynched because the body was so damaged that it could not be identified.

Within a few hours on September 9, the white mob increased to 4,000 people, who stormed the jail. Sheriff Reid was not there, having strategically left deputy Mitchell Lummus alone to protect the prisoners. Deputy Lummus hid most of them, but Rob Edwards was shot and killed by the mob while still in his cell. They dragged him out, mutilated him, and dragged his body behind a wagon, before hanging him from a telephone pole at the northwest corner of the Square.[17] The coroner's inquest, held on September 18, 1912 found the cause of death to be a gunshot by an unknown assailant.

Crow died in the hospital two weeks later on September 23, 1912. The cause of death was listed as pneumonia. Knox and Daniel were indicted for rape and murder on September 30. Trussie Daniel and Ed Collins were both charged as accomplices.

Photo taken October 2, 1912. Although not identified by the newspaper they are believed to be: (Left to Right) Trussie (Jane) Daniel, Oscar Daniel, Tony Howell (defendant in Ellen Grice rape), Ed Collins (witness), Isaiah Pirkle (witness for Howell), and Ernest Knox

All five trials, (including Tony Howell for the Ellen Grice case) were set for October 3 in Cumming, the county seat. The prisoners were escorted by four companies of the state militia by train to the Buford, Georgia station, and walked the remaining 14 miles (23 km).

The trial of Tony Howell was postponed due to the lack of evidence. Howell had an alibi, with Isaiah Pirkle as a witness. The case would never go to trial, and was eventually dismissed.

As part of a plea bargain, Trussie Daniel changed her story and agreed to turn state's witness. Charges against her and Collins were dropped, in exchange for her testimony against Knox, her brother Oscar, and Edwards. The all-white jury deliberated 16 minutes and returned a verdict of guilty in Knox's case. Although no confession or other evidence linked Oscar Daniel to the crime, his sister's testimony was fatal. The all-white jury pronounced him guilty that night.

On the following day, October 4, both teenagers were sentenced to death by hanging, scheduled for October 25. State law prohibited public hangings. The scheduled execution was to be viewed only by the victim's family, a minister, and law officers. Gallows were built off the square in Cumming. A fence erected around the gallows was burned down the night before the execution. A crowd estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 gathered to watch the hanging of the two youths, at a time when the total county population was around 12,000.[15]

In the following months, a small group of men called "Night Riders" terrorized black citizens, threatening them to leave in 24 hours or be killed. Those who resisted were subjected to further harassment, including shots fired into their homes, or livestock killed. Some white residents tried to stop the Night Riders, but were unsuccessful. An estimated 98% of black residents of Forsyth County left. Some property owners were able to sell, likely at a loss. The renters and sharecroppers left to seek safer places. Those who abandoned property, and failed to continue paying property tax, eventually lost it, and whites took it over.[14] Many black properties ended up in white hands without a sale and without a legal transfer of title.[14] The anti-black campaign spread across Northern Georgia, with similar results of whites expelling blacks in many surrounding counties.[15]

In the 1910 Census, more than 1,000 black and mixed-race people were recorded in Forsyth County, with slightly more than 10,000 whites. By the 1920 Census only 30 ethnic African Americans remained in the county.

In the 2000s and 2010s, Forsyth County experienced unprecedented growth partly due to white flight from north Fulton County as a result of the rapid increase of Asians settling in that area which borders the southern part of Forsyth County. For example, the highly rated Northview High School based in north Fulton County, went from 60% white and 30% Asian in 2007 to 50% Asian and 30% white in 2017. Many white parents claimed north Fulton County public schools dominated by Asian students became overwhelmingly academically competitive which negatively impacted their children's mental health and social life.[18]

Since the 1990s, Forsyth County has become more racially and culturally diverse. There are an increasing number of Asian, Hispanic, and African-American families relocating to Forsyth County mainly due to the abundance of resource-rich public schools in the county.[19][20][21][22]

Marches and demonstrations of the 1980s

More ethnically diverse citizens had begun in recent years to migrate to the county, particularly in the affluent southern portion. However, racial tension continued to be a part of the county's image into the early 1990s. On January 17, 1987, civil rights activists marched in Cumming, and a counter-demonstration was made by a branch of the Ku Klux Klan, most of whom were not residents of the county, as well as others who objected to the march. According to a story published in The New York Times on January 18, four marchers were slightly injured by stones and bottles thrown at them. Eight people from the counter-demonstration, all white, were arrested. The charges included trespassing and carrying concealed weapons.

White Forsyth resident Charles A. Blackburn wanted to have a brotherhood march to celebrate the first annual celebration of Martin Luther King's birthday as a national holiday. He wanted to dispel the racist image of Forsyth County, where he owned and operated a private school, the Blackburn Learning Center. Blackburn cancelled his plans after he received threatening phone calls. Other whites in nearby counties, as well as State Representative Billy McKinney of Atlanta and Hosea Williams, who was on the Atlanta City Council, took up the march plans instead.

The following week, January 24, approximately 20,000 participants marched in Cumming. This occurrence produced no violence, despite the presence of more than 5,000 counter-demonstrators, summoned by the Forsyth County Defense League. The county and state had mustered about 2,000 peace officers and national guardsmen. Forsyth County paid $670,000 for police overtime during the political demonstration. Many residents were outraged to have to pay for the march, as most participants were from outside the county. (V. S. Naipaul's interview with Forsyth County Sheriff Wesley Walraven, before the second march, is referred to in his book A Turn in the South.)

The demonstration is thought to have been the largest civil rights demonstration in the U.S. since about 1970. The unexpected turnout of some 5,000 counter-demonstrators, 66 of whom were arrested for "parading without a permit," turned out to be the largest resistance opposed to civil rights since the 1960s. The counter-demonstration was called by the Forsyth County Defense League and the Nationalist Movement, newly organized in Cumming by local plumber Mark Watts.

Marchers came for the second march from all over the country, forming a caravan from Atlanta; National Guard troops were assigned for protection on freeway overpasses along the route. When marchers, including John Lewis, Andrew Young, Julian Bond, Coretta Scott King, Joseph Lowery, Sam Nunn, Benjamin Hooks, Gary Hart and Wyche Fowler[23] arrived, they discovered that most of the Cumming residents had left town for the day. Some had boarded up their windows because they feared violence. Marchers wound slowly through streets lined by hundreds of armed National Guardsmen, many of them black. Forsyth County subsequently charged large fees for parade permits until the practice was overturned in Forsyth County, Georgia v. The Nationalist Movement (505 U.S. 123) in the Supreme Court of the United States on June 19, 1992.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 247 square miles (640 km2), of which 224 square miles (580 km2) is land and 23 square miles (60 km2) (9.4%) is water.[24]

The eastern two-thirds of Forsyth County are located in the Upper Chattahoochee River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin), while the northwestern third of the county is located in the Etowah River sub-basin of the ACT River Basin (Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin).[25]

Adjacent counties

National protected areas

Transportation

Major highways

Pedestrians and cycling

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18406,619—
18508,85033.7%
18607,749−12.4%
18707,9833.0%
188010,55932.3%
189011,1555.6%
190011,5503.5%
191011,9403.4%
192011,755−1.5%
193010,624−9.6%
194011,3226.6%
195011,005−2.8%
196012,17010.6%
197016,92839.1%
198027,95865.2%
199044,08357.7%
200098,407123.2%
2010175,51178.4%
Est. 2019244,252[26]39.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]
1790-1960[28] 1900-1990[29]
1990-2000[30] 2010-2019[2]

2018 ACS Estimates
2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Forsyth County, Georgia
Population[31]
Group Estimate Percent
Total Population 236,612
Population by Sex[31]
Group Estimate Percent
Male 117,349 49.6%
Female 119,263 50.4%
Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 98.4
Population by Age[31]
Group Estimate Percent
Under 5 years 14,133 6.0%
5 to 9 years 18,258 7.7%
10 to 14 years 20,332 8.6%
15 to 19 years 17,755 7.5%
20 to 24 years 11,757 5.0%
25 to 29 years 9,454 4.0%
30 to 34 years 12,807 5.4%
35 to 39 years 17,547 7.4%
40 to 44 years 21,360 9.0%
45 to 49 years 21,932 9.3%
50 to 54 years 17,323 7.3%
55 to 59 years 14,179 6.0%
60 to 64 years 11,377 4.8%
65 to 69 years 9,601 4.1%
70 to 74 years 8,275 3.5%
75 to 79 years 5,057 2.1%
80 to 84 years 3,867 1.6%
85 years and over 1,598 0.7%
Median age (years) 38.8
Population by Race and Ethnicity[32]
Group Estimate Percent
White 183,956 77.7%
--- White, not Hispanic or Latino 165,493 69.9%
Asian 34,047 14.4%
--- Asian Indian 21,491 9.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 22,933 9.7%
--- Mexican 13,802 5.8%
Black or African American 9,944 4.2%
Two or more races 5,013 2.1%
Some other race 3,321 1.4%
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 279 0.1%
American Indian or Alaska Native 52 0.0%
Population by Nativity and Citizenship Status[33]
Group Estimate Percent
Native (born in the United States) 193,190 81.6%
--- Born in Georgia 84,572 35.7%
--- Born in other U.S. state 105,621 44.6%
------ Southern state 45,612 19.3%
------ Northeastern state 26,396 11.2%
------ Midwestern state 24,657 10.4%
------ Western state 8,956 3.8%
--- Native born outside U.S. states 2,997 1.3%
Foreign Born 43,422 18.4%
--- Naturalized U.S. citizen 20,410 8.6%
--- Not a U.S. citizen 23,012 9.7%

2010 Census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 175,511 people, 59,433 households, and 47,623 families residing in the county.[34] The population density was 783.5 inhabitants per square mile (302.5/km2). There were 64,052 housing units at an average density of 285.9 per square mile (110.4/km2).[35] The racial makeup of the county was 85.4% white, 6.2% Asian, 2.6% black or African American, 0.3% American Indian, 3.8% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 9.4% of the population.[34] In terms of ancestry, 15.7% were German, 14.4% were American, 14.2% were Irish, 12.9% were English, and 5.8% were Italian.[36]

Of the 59,433 households, 46.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 19.9% were non-families, and 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.29. The median age was 36.9 years.[34]

The median income for a household in the county was $87,605 and the median income for a family was $96,501. Males had a median income of $72,030 versus $46,310 for females. The per capita income for the county was $35,385. About 4.5% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.[37]

Life expectancy

The life expectancy in Forsyth County in 2014 was 81.28 years, up 10.98 percent from 73.24 years in 1980.[38] By comparison, the U.S. national average in 2014 was 78.91 years.[39]

Education
Main article: Forsyth County Schools

Forsyth County is served by Forsyth County Schools. FCS serves over 51,000 students and is the largest employer in the county with over 8000 full-time employees and substitutes.[40] Out of 180 school districts, FCS is the seventh largest school system in Georgia. FCS is home to 39 schools – twenty-two elementary, ten middle, six high schools,and one college and career high school, as well as the Academies for Creative Education (A.C.E) that houses one school, iAchieve Virtual Academy, FCS' 6–12 online school, and two programs, Gateway Academy (the alternative program for middle and high school students) and Forsyth Academy.

Elementary schools:

  • Big Creek Elementary School
  • Brandywine Elementary School
  • Brookwood Elementary School
  • Chattahoochee Elementary School
  • Chestatee Elementary School
  • Coal Mountain Elementary School
  • Cumming Elementary School
  • Daves Creek Elementary School
  • Haw Creek Elementary School
  • Johns Creek Elementary School
  • Kelly Mill Elementary School
  • Mashburn Elementary School
  • Matt Elementary School
  • Midway Elementary School
  • Poole's Mill Elementary School
  • Sawnee Elementary School
  • Settles Bridge Elementary School
  • Sharon Elementary School
  • Shiloh Point Elementary School
  • Silver City Elementary School
  • Vickery Creek Elementary School
  • Whitlow Elementary School.[41]

Middle schools:

  • DeSana Middle School
  • Lakeside Middle School
  • Liberty Middle School
  • Little Mill Middle School
  • North Forsyth Middle School
  • Otwell Middle School
  • Piney Grove Middle School
  • Riverwatch Middle School
  • South Forsyth Middle School
  • Vickery Creek Middle School.[41]

High schools:

.[41]

Economy

Among the largest employers in the county are Northside Hospital, Koch Foods, Tyson Foods, Siemens, Scientific Games Corporation, Arris International, Baran Telecom, America BOA, Automation Direct, and L-3 Communications Display Systems.[42][43]

An indicator that part of the county had reached the status of a mainstream suburban/exurban area and was starting to create new, positive history beyond its racist past, a mixed-use development Halcyon with residential, office, dining and entertainment facilities, opened in the southern part of the county near Alpharetta in summer 2019.

Recreation
One of the steam engines in the July 4th, 2002 Parade in downtown Cumming

Lake Lanier, a 37,000-acre (150 km2) lake created and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in association with Buford Dam, is enjoyed by many residents and non-residents alike. Fishing, boating, tubing, wake boarding, and water skiing are common activities on the lake.

Forsyth County Parks and Recreation Department maintains 25 parks and facilities in the county.[44] Most notable are Sawnee Mountain Preserve, Central Park, Fowler Park, Poole's Mill Covered Bridge and the Big Creek Greenway.[45] The Cumming Fairgrounds host many events throughout the year including a rodeo, The Cumming Country Fair, and a farmers' market.[46] There is also the annual 4 July Steam Engine Parade.[47]

Government and politics

Forsyth County is governed by a five-member board of commissioners, whose members are elected from single-member districts to concurrent four-year terms,[48] and a county manager.

Board of commissioners (2019–2022)
District Commissioner Term Party
District 1 Molly Cooper 2019–2022 Republican
District 2 Dennis T. Brown 2018–2022 Republican
District 3 Todd Levent 2011–2022 Republican
District 4 Cindy Jones Mills 2013–2022 Republican
District 5 Laura Semanson 2017–2022 Republican

Eric Johnson has been county manager since September 5, 2017.[49] For 2019, the board elected Semanson as its chairwoman and Mills as its vice-chairman.[50]

The city of Cumming is located in district 1, which also extends to the west. District 2 is located in the southern tip of Forsyth County. District 3 is to the southwest of Cumming, between districts 1 and 2. District 4 comprises most of the north of the county and district 5 comprises the east and southeast of the county, including most of the county's shoreline.

The board of commissioners has also established and is assisted by a number of governmental bodies.[51]

  • Animal Control Board
  • Avita Community Partners Board of Directors
  • Board of Health
  • Board of Voter Registrations and Elections
  • Chestatee–Chattahoochee Resource Conservation and Development Council
  • Civil Service Board
  • Drug Abuse Treatment and Education (DATE) Fund Advisory Committee
  • Development Authority of Forsyth County
  • Equalization Board I
  • Equalization Board II
  • Family and Children Services
  • Forsyth County Citizen Stakeholders
  • Forsyth County E-911 Advisory Board
  • Georgia Mountains Regional Commission Council
  • Georgia Mountains Workforce Development Board
  • Keep Forsyth County Beautiful Board of Directors
  • Lanier Joint Development Authority
  • Library Board of Trustees
  • Metro North Georgia Water Planning District Technical Coordinating Committee
  • Metro North Georgia Water Planning District Governing Board
  • North Georgia Emergency Medical Services Advisory Council
  • Parks and Recreation Board
  • Planning Commission
  • Public Facilities Authority
  • Region One Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities (DBHDD) Planning Board
  • Social Services Committee
  • Tax Assessors Board
  • Tree Protection Commission
  • Tripartite Committee
  • Water and Sewerage Authority
  • Zoning Board of Appeals

The county is also a member of the Association County Commissioners of Georgia and the National Association of Counties.[52]

Previous local officials

County managers
  • Rhonda Poston-O'Connor, 2007–2008[53]
  • Doug Derrer,[54] 2008–2017[55]

County commissioners
  • Jack Conway, 2005–2006 (District 3)[56]
  • David Richard,[57] –2008 (District 4)
  • Linda K. Ledbetter, –2008 (District 5)
  • Charles Laughinghouse, 2003–2010[58] (District 1)[59]
  • Jim Harrell, 2007–2010[60] (District 3)
  • Patrick B. Bell,[61] 2009–2012 (District 4)[57]
  • Jim Boff, 2009–2016[62] (District 5)[63]
  • Brian R. Tam, 2005–2016[64] (District 2)[65]
  • Rick Swope, 2017[62] (District 2)
  • R.J. "Pete" Amos, 2011–2018 (District 1)

Other elected officials

Forsyth County had voting patterns similar to most Solid South and Georgia counties prior to 1968 in presidential elections. It only backed Republican Herbert Hoover before then once in 1928 amidst anti-Catholic sentiment towards Al Smith. From 1968 on, the county has swung strongly away from the Democratic Party at the presidential level, only failing to vote Republican in presidential elections in 1968, when segregationist George Wallace appealed to anti-Civil Rights Act sentiment, and in the two elections Georgian Jimmy Carter was on the ballot. In addition, unlike the inner suburban counties of the Atlanta metropolitan area, Forsyth County has continued to vote for Republicans by landslide margins.

Presidential election results
Previous presidential election results[66]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 70.6% 69,851 23.7% 23,462 5.7% 5,651
2012 80.5% 65,908 17.8% 14,571 1.7% 1,421
2008 78.4% 59,166 20.4% 15,406 1.2% 931
2004 83.0% 47,267 16.2% 9,201 0.8% 451
2000 77.7% 27,769 18.7% 6,694 3.6% 1,292
1996 64.8% 15,013 25.7% 5,957 9.5% 2,189
1992 50.6% 8,652 28.9% 4,936 20.5% 3,498
1988 76.8% 7,947 22.7% 2,347 0.5% 50
1984 75.0% 6,841 25.0% 2,275
1980 40.8% 3,157 55.9% 4,325 3.3% 254
1976 23.5% 1,443 76.5% 4,693
1972 84.4% 2,968 15.6% 549
1968 31.3% 1,389 14.6% 647 54.1% 2,397
1964 46.6% 1,471 53.3% 1,682 0.0% 1
1960 26.7% 841 73.3% 2,309
1956 36.2% 1,131 63.9% 1,998
1952 27.8% 536 72.2% 1,391
1948 9.5% 252 68.1% 1,813 22.4% 597
1944 39.9% 695 60.1% 1,047
1940 31.5% 634 68.5% 1,378
1936 41.4% 551 58.6% 780
1932 6.7% 117 93.0% 1,627 0.3% 6
1928 76.5% 934 23.5% 287
1924 28.9% 298 69.4% 715 1.7% 17
1920 47.7% 741 52.3% 813
1916 15.3% 236 74.0% 1,146 10.7% 166
1912 32.4% 163 64.6% 325 3.0% 15

United States Congress
Senators Name Party Assumed Office Level
  Senate Class 2 David Perdue Republican 2015 Senior senator
  Senate Class 3 Kelly Loeffler Republican 2020 Junior senator
Representatives Name Party Assumed Office
  District 7 Rob Woodall Republican 2011
  District 9 Doug Collins Republican 2013
Georgia State Senate
District Name Party Assumed Office
  27 Greg Dolezal Republican 2019
  51 Steve Gooch Republican 2011
Georgia House of Representatives
District Name Party Assumed Office
  9 Kevin Tanner Republican 2013
  22 Wes Cantrell Republican 2015
  24 Sheri Gilligan Republican 2015
  25 Todd Jones Republican 2017
  26 Marc Morris[67][68][69] Republican 2018

Communities

City

Unincorporated communities

With only one officially incorporated city, the majority of Forsyth County citizens live in areas with zip codes assigned to cities in surrounding counties. In addition, there are several unincorporated communities throughout the county.

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gollark: If my reward function and such are tweaked a ton, I may not consider the result "me".
gollark: That might not actually be enjoyable. You would probably want to optimize them for long-term human satisfaction somehow, which is hard.
gollark: ... citation needed?
gollark: I mean, it makes sens from an internal consistency perspective, but no.

See also

Notes and references
  1. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  2. "2019 County Metro Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  3. "2018: ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables". Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  4. http://www.projectq.us/atlanta/choke_a_duck_smack_a_gay_its_all_ok?gid=3176
  5. https://www.11alive.com/article/news/crime/forsyth-co-homeowners-gay-pride-flag-burned-yard-vandalized/85-129420131
  6. "Women Held Up, Autos Damaged, by Georgia Drys". The Evening Sun. Baltimore. August 4, 1925. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. In addition, complaints have been received from half a dozen sources that negro chauffeurs of tourists and of Atlanta citizens have been seized and subjected to indignities. No negroes are allowed to live in the county, of which Cumming is the county seat.
  8. Shadburn, Don (1981). Pioneer History of Forsyth County Georgia. Roswell, Georgia: WH Wolfe Associates.
  9. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 128.
  10. Senior, Jennifer (September 14, 2016). "Review: 'Blood at the Root,' a Tale of Racial Cleansing Close to Home". The New York Times.
  11. "White Protestors Disrupt 'Walk for Brotherhood' in Georgia Town". The New York Times. January 18, 1987.
  12. Marshall Ingwerson, "Facing a racial reckoning. Georgia town prepares for civil rights march", The Christian Science Monitor, 23 January 1987; accessed 25 July 2016
  13. Kayla Robins, "Lake Lanier levels concerning for drought" Archived 2016-08-02 at the Wayback Machine, Forsyth County News, 29 June 2016; accessed 25 July 2016
  14. Jaspin, Elliot (March 5, 2007). Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America. New York, New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03636-3.
  15. Bramblett, Annette (October 1, 2002). Forsyth County: History Stories, The Making of America Series. Mt. Pleasant, South Caronlina: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 143–147. ISBN 978-0-7385-2386-6.
  16. Parrish, Donna. "Forsyth County Ga History and Records". Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  17. "Negro Lynched by Mob in Cumming", Marietta Journal and Courier, September 13, 1912, pg. 2
  18. https://psmag.com/.amp/news/ghosts-of-white-people-past-witnessing-white-flight-from-an-asian-ethnoburb
  19. Scott, Jeffry (July 16, 2010). "Minorities Move Into Forsyth". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  20. Yoganathan, Anila (June 20, 2019). "Forsyth County has fastest-growing Asian population in U.S." Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  21. https://www.forsythnews.com/local/education/how-diverse-are-forsyth-county-schools/
  22. Popp, Alexander (October 26, 2019). "How diverse are Forsyth County schools?". Forsyth County News. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  23. Phillips, Patrick, Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing i America, W.W. Norton & Company New York, 2016 p225
  24. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  25. "Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience". Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  26. "2019 County Metro Population Estimates". Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  27. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  28. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  29. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  30. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  31. "2018 ACS Age and Sex 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  32. "2018 ACS Demographic and Housing 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  33. "2018 ACS Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  34. "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  35. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  36. "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  37. "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  38. "US Data | GHDx". ghdx.healthdata.org. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  39. "U.S. Life Expectancy 1950-2020". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  40. "About Us / Overview". http. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  41. "Forsyth County Schools | List of Schools / Our Schools". www.forsyth.k12.ga.us. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  42. Semanson, Laura (May 8, 2019). "2019 State of the County Address" (PDF). Forsyth County. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  43. "Top Employers". Choose Forsyth. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  44. "Forsyth County 2020 Winter-Spring Activity Guide" (PDF). Forsyth County Parks and Recreation.
  45. "Sawnee Mountain Preserve". Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  46. "Cumming Farigrounds". Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  47. "4th of July Parade". Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  48. "Board of Commissioners". Forsyth County. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  49. "Johnson Named Forsyth County Manager". Forsyth County. August 4, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  50. "2019 BOC Rules and Procedures" (PDF). Forsyth County. January 3, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  51. "Boards, Councils, Commissions, Committees & Authorities". Forsyth County. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  52. "Lobbyist Information". Forsyth County. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  53. Arrington, Julie (September 17, 2008). "3-2 vote sends county manager packing". Forsyth County News. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  54. Reddy, Frank (September 29, 2008). "Ex-Hall County official now Forsyth's interim county manager". Gainesville Times. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  55. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2015". Forsyth County. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  56. Nurse, Doug (July 23, 2006). "Forsyth: Two Forsyth incumbents with opposing views forced to runoffs". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  57. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2008". Forsyth County. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  58. "Forsyth's Laughinghouse will not seek re-election". North Fulton. March 8, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  59. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2010" (PDF). Forsyth County. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  60. LaRenzie, Alyssa (December 31, 2010). "Commissioner looks back on public service". Forsyth County News. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  61. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2012" (PDF). Forsyth County. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  62. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2016". Forsyth County. 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  63. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2014". Forsyth County. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  64. "Outgoing Forsyth County Commissioners Recognized for Service". Forsyth County. December 16, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  65. "Forsyth County Annual Report 2011" (PDF). Forsyth County. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  66. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  67. "House Members List". Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  68. "Senate Members List". Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  69. "Georgia Counties by 2012 Legislative and Congressional District" (PDF). Retrieved June 2, 2016.

Further reading
  • Grant, Donald Lee (2001). Grant, Jonathan (ed.). The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia. University of Georgia Press.
  • Phillips, Patrick (September 2016). Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

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