Fair
A fair (archaic: faire or fayre), also known as a funfair, is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities. It is normally of the essence of a fair that it is temporary with scheduled times lasting from an afternoon to several weeks.
Types
Variations of fairs include:
- Street fair, a fair that celebrates the character of a neighborhood and merchant oriented, (as the word 'fair' is historically defined; that being a marketplace). As its name suggests, it is usually held on the main street of a neighborhood.
- Fête, an elaborate festival, party, or celebration.
- Festival, an event ordinarily coordinated and/or celebrated by a community or group with a theme e.g. music, art, season and/or on some characteristic(s) or aspect(s) of a community, or the region i.e. beach, snow, local harvest, etc. or state/province/prefecture etc the community is in. This can include a tradition, history, an prevalent ethnicity, religion, or a national holiday, e.g. The Fourth of July.
- County fair or agricultural show, a public event exhibiting the equipment, animals, sports and recreation associated with agriculture and animal husbandry.
- State fair, an annual competitive and recreational gathering of a U.S. state's population, usually held in late summer or early fall. It is a larger version of a county fair, often including only exhibits or competitors that have won in their categories at the more local county fairs.
- Temple fair, yearly fair held in temples of various religions
- Trade fair, an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products and services, study activities of rivals, and examine recent market trends and opportunities.
- Traveling carnival, usually simply called a carnival, an amusement show made up of amusement rides, food vendors, merchandise vendors, games of chance and skill, thrill acts, and animal acts.
- Traveling funfair, a small to medium-sized traveling show primarily composed of stalls and other amusements.
- Village fair, fairs held by the locals to celebrate good harvests and religious festivals.
History
The Roman fairs were holidays on which there was an intermission of labour and pleadings. In the Roman provinces of Judea and Syria Palaestina, Jewish rabbis prohibited Jews from participating in fairs in certain towns because the religious nature of the fairs contravened the prescribed practice of Judaism.[1]
In the Middle Ages, many fairs developed as temporary markets and were especially important for long-distance and international trade, as wholesale traders travelled, sometimes for many days, to fairs where they could be sure to meet those they needed to buy from or sell to. Fairs were usually tied to special Christian religious occasions, such as the Saint's day of the local church. Stagshaw in England, is documented to have held annual fairs as early as 1293 consisting of the sales of animals. Along with the main fair held on 4 July, the city also hosted smaller fairs throughout the year where specific types of animals were sold, such as one for horses, one for lambs, and one for ewes.[2]
The Kumbh Mela, held every twelve years, at Allahabad, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain is one of the largest fairs in India, where more than 60 million people gathered in January 2001, making it the largest gathering anywhere in the world.[3][4][5] Kumbha means a pitcher and Mela means fair in Sanskrit.
In the United States, fairs draw in as many as 150 million people each summer.[6] Children's competitions at an American fair range from breeding small animals to robotics, whilst the organization 4-H has become a traditional association.[6]
Legacy
Legal implications
Fairs attracted great numbers of people and they often resulted in public order issues and sometimes riots. The holding of fairs was, therefore, granted by royal charter. Initially they were only allowed in towns and places where order could be maintained due to the presence of a bishop, sheriff or governor. Later various benefits were granted to specific fairs, such as the granting of a holiday status to a fair or protections against arrest for specific laws for the duration of the fair. Officials were authorised to mete out justice to those who attended their fair; this lead to even the smallest fair having a court to adjudicate on offences and disputes arising within the fairground. These courts were called a pye powder court (from Old French pieds pouldres, literally "dusty feet", meaning an itinerant trader, from Medieval Latin pedes pulverosi).
In art and language
The chaotic nature of the Stagshaw Bank Fair with masses of people and animals and stalls inspired the Newcastle colloquialism "like a Stagey Bank Fair" to describe a general mess.[2]
The American county fair is featured in E. B. White's Charlotte's Web.[6]
References
- Schäfer, Peter (2002). The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 448–. ISBN 9783161478529. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- Norderhaug, Jennifer; Thompson, Jennifer Norderhaug & Barbara (2006-08-01). Walking the Northumbria Dales: Un. Sigma Press. pp. 63–. ISBN 9781850588382. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- Millions bathe at Hindu festival BBC News, January 3, 2007.
- Kumbh Mela pictured from space - probably the largest human gathering in history BBC News, January 26, 2001.
- Lewis, Karoki (2008-03-22). "Kumbh Mela: the largest pilgrimage". The Times. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
- Von Drehle, David (2007-07-23). Photographs by Greg Miller. "A new Day at the Fair". Time. 170 (4): 50. ISSN 0040-781X.
Further reading
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). 1911.
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