1940 United States presidential election

The 1940 United States presidential election was the 39th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1940. The election was contested in the shadow of World War II in Europe, as the United States was emerging from the Great Depression. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican businessman Wendell Willkie to be reelected for an unprecedented third term in office. Until 1988, this signaled the last time in which a political party won the presidency three elections in a row.

For related races, see 1940 United States elections.

1940 United States presidential election

November 5, 1940
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	62.5%[1] 1.5 pp
Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie Party Democratic Republican Home state New York New York[2] Running mate Henry A. Wallace Charles L. McNary Electoral vote 449 82 States carried 38 10 Popular vote 27,313,945 22,347,744 Percentage 54.7% 44.8%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Wallace, red denotes states won by Willkie/McNary. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic

Roosevelt did not want to campaign for a third term initially, but was driven by worsening conditions in Europe.[3] He and his allies sought to defuse challenges from other party leaders like James Farley and Vice President John Nance Garner. The 1940 Democratic National Convention re-nominated Roosevelt on the first ballot, while Garner was replaced on the ticket by Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace. Willkie, a dark horse candidate, defeated conservative Senator Robert A. Taft and prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey on the sixth presidential ballot of the 1940 Republican National Convention.

Roosevelt, acutely aware of strong isolationist and non-interventionism sentiment, promised there would be no involvement in foreign wars if he were re-elected.[4] Willkie, who had not previously run for public office, conducted an energetic campaign and managed to revive Republican strength in areas of the Midwest and Northeast. He criticized perceived incompetence and waste in the New Deal, warned of the dangers of breaking the two-term tradition, and accused Roosevelt of secretly planning to take the country into World War II. Willkie was damaged by his association with big business, as many working class voters blamed corporations and business leaders for a large part of the onset of the Great Depression.

Roosevelt led in all pre-election polls and won a comfortable victory; his margins, though still significant, were less decisive than they had been in 1932 and 1936. He maintained his strong support from labor unions, urban political machines, ethnic minority voters, and the traditionally Democratic Solid South, allowing Roosevelt to win a third term.

Nominations

Democratic Party

Main article: 1940 Democratic National Convention

Democratic Party Ticket, 1940
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Henry A. Wallace
for President	for Vice President
32nd President of the United States (1933–1945)	11th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (1933–1940)
Campaign

Democratic candidates:

• 
  Speaker of the House William B. Bankhead of Alabama
• 
  Postmaster General James Farley of New York
• 
  Vice President John Nance Garner of Texas
• 
  Mayor Fiorello La Guardia of New York
• 
  Secretary of State Cordell Hull of Tennessee
• 
  Attorney General Robert H. Jackson of Pennsylvania
• 
  Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming
• 
  High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt of Indiana
• 
  Attorney General Frank Murphy of Michigan
• 
  Lt. Governor Ellis E. Patterson of California
• 
  Assistant Attorney General O. John Rogge of New York
• 
  President Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York
• 
  Lt. Governor Charles W. Sawyer of Ohio
• 
  Senator Millard E. Tydings of Maryland
• 
  Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana

Convention vote

President		Vice President
Y Franklin D. Roosevelt	946	Y Henry A. Wallace	626
James Farley	72	William B. Bankhead	329
John Nance Garner	61	Paul V. McNutt	68
Millard Tydings	9	Alva B. Adams	11
Cordell Hull	5	James Farley	7
		Jesse H. Jones	5
		Joseph C. O'Mahoney	3
		Alben W. Barkley	2
		Prentiss M. Brown	1
		Louis A. Johnson	1
		Scott W. Lucas	1
		Bascom N. Timmons	1
		David I. Walsh	0.5

Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two-term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third-party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement as to his willingness to be a candidate again, and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats, such as James Farley, that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination. However, as Nazi Germany swept through Western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie.[5]

At the July 1940 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and John Nance Garner, his Vice-President. Garner was a Texas conservative who had turned against Roosevelt in his second term because of his liberal economic and social policies. As a result, Roosevelt decided to pick a new running mate, Henry A. Wallace from Iowa, his Secretary of Agriculture and an outspoken liberal. That choice was strenuously opposed by many of the party's conservatives, who felt Wallace was too radical and "eccentric" in his private life to be an effective running mate (he practiced New Age spiritual beliefs, and often consulted with the controversial Russian spiritual guru Nicholas Roerich). But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace on the ticket he would decline re-nomination, and when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, he won the vice-presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.[6]

Republican Party

Main articles: 1940 Republican Party presidential primaries and 1940 Republican National Convention

Republican Party Ticket, 1940
Wendell Willkie	Charles L. McNary
for President	for Vice President
President of Commonwealth & Southern (1933–1940)	Senate Minority Leader (1933–1944)
Campaign

Republican candidates Thomas E. Dewey Incumbent Manhattan District Attorney from New York Herbert Hoover Former U.S. President from California Robert A. Taft Incumbent U.S. Senator from Ohio Arthur H. Vandenberg Incumbent U.S. Senator from Michigan Wendell Willkie Businessman from New York Presidential Balloting, Republican Convention 1940[7] Ballot → 1 2 3 4 5 6 before shifts after shifts Wendell Willkie 105 171 259 306 429 655 √ 998 Robert A. Taft 189 203 212 254 377 318 — Thomas E. Dewey 360 338 315 250 57 11 — Arthur H. Vandenberg 76 73 72 61 42 — — Arthur James 74 66 59 56 59 — — Joseph W. Martin 44 26 — — — — — Hanford MacNider 34 34 28 26 4 — — Frank Gannett 33 30 11 4 1 1 — Herbert Hoover 17 21 32 31 20 10 — Styles Bridges 28 9 1 1 — — — Scattering / Blank 40 29 11 11 11 5 2 Vice Presidential Balloting, Republican Convention 1940 Charles L. McNary √ 848 Dewey Jackson Short 108 Styles Bridges 2

In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination - Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York - were all isolationists to varying degrees.[8]

Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized-crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate.

However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in May 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign-policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign-policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge.[9]

Wendell Willkie for President campaign button.

A Wall Street-based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 United States presidential election, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies.

Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government-run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them.[10]

However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress.

Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles, Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long-shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%.

The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid-June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro-British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively.

Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast-changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro-Willkie galleries chanted "We Want Willkie!" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot.[11]

Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention.[12] Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice-presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.[13]

General election

Polling

The Gallup Poll accurately predicted the election outcome.[14] However, the American Institute of Public Opinion, responsible for the Gallup Poll, avoided predicting the outcome, citing a four percent margin of error.[15] The Gallup Poll also found that, if there was no war in Europe, voters preferred Willkie over Roosevelt.[14]

The fall campaign

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Roosevelt (Democratic) and shades of red are for Willkie (Republican).

Willkie crusaded against Roosevelt's attempt to break the two-term presidential tradition, arguing that "if one man is indispensable, then none of us is free." Even some Democrats who had supported Roosevelt in the past disapproved of his attempt to win a third term, and Willkie hoped to win their votes. Willkie also criticized what he claimed was the incompetence and waste in Roosevelt's New Deal welfare programs. He stated that as president he would keep most of Roosevelt's government programs, but would make them more efficient.[16]

However, many Americans still blamed business leaders for the Great Depression, and the fact that Willkie symbolized "Big Business" hurt him with many working-class voters. Willkie was a fearless campaigner; he often visited industrial areas where Republicans were still blamed for causing the Great Depression and where Roosevelt was highly popular. In these areas, Willkie frequently had rotten fruit and vegetables thrown at him and was heckled by crowds; still, he was unfazed.[17]

Willkie also accused Roosevelt of leaving the nation unprepared for war, but Roosevelt's military buildup and transformation of the nation into the "Arsenal of Democracy" removed the "unpreparedness" charge as a major issue. Willkie then reversed his approach and charged Roosevelt with secretly planning to take the nation into World War II. This accusation did cut into Roosevelt's support. In response, Roosevelt, in a pledge that he would later regret, promised that he would "not send American boys into any foreign wars." The United Kingdom actively intervened throughout the election against isolationism.[18]

Results

Roosevelt led in all pre-election opinion polls by various margins. On Election Day—November 5, 1940, he received 27.3 million votes to Willkie's 22.3 million, and in the Electoral College, he defeated Willkie by a margin of 449 to 82. Willkie did get over six million more votes than the Republican nominee in 1936, Alf Landon, and he ran strong in rural areas in the American Midwest, taking over 57% of the farm vote. Roosevelt, meanwhile, carried every American city with a population of more than 400,000 except Cincinnati, Ohio. Of the 106 cities with more than 100,000 population, he won 61% of the votes cast; in the Southern United States as a whole, he won 73% of the total vote. In the remainder of the country (the rural and small-town Northern United States), Willkie had a majority of 53%. In the cities, there was a class differential, with the white-collar and middle-class voters supporting the Republican candidate, and working class, blue-collar voters going for FDR. In the North, Roosevelt won 87% of the Jewish vote, 73% of the Catholics, and 61% of the nonmembers, while all the major Protestant denominations showed majorities for Willkie.[19]

Of the 3,094 counties/independent cities, Roosevelt won in 1,947 (62.93%) while Willkie carried 1,147 (37.07%).

As a result of Willkie's gains, Roosevelt became the second of only three presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of both the electoral vote and the popular vote than in the prior election, preceded by James Madison in 1812 and followed by Barack Obama in 2012. Andrew Jackson in 1832 and Grover Cleveland in 1892 received more electoral votes but fewer popular votes, while Woodrow Wilson in 1916 received more popular votes but fewer electoral votes.

Willkie and McNary both died in 1944 (October 8, and February 25, respectively); the first, and to date only time both members of a major-party presidential ticket died during the term for which they sought election. Had they been elected, Willkie's death would have resulted in the Secretary of State becoming acting president for the remainder of the term ending on January 20, 1945 in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1886.[20][21]

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Incumbent)	Democratic	New York	27,313,945	54.74%	449	Henry A. Wallace	Iowa	449
Wendell L. Willkie	Republican	Indiana	22,347,744	44.78%	82	Charles L. McNary	Oregon	82
Norman M. Thomas	Socialist	New York	116,599	0.23%	0	Maynard C. Krueger	Illinois	0
Roger W. Babson	Prohibition	Massachusetts	57,903	0.12%	0	Edgar Moorman	Illinois	0
Earl R. Browder	Communist	Kansas	48,557	0.10%	0	James W. Ford	New York	0
John W. Aiken	Socialist Labor	Connecticut	14,883	0.03%	0	Aaron M. Orange	New York	0
Other			2,482	0.00%	—	Other		—
Total			49,902,113	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1940 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 31, 2005.Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote Roosevelt   54.74% Willkie   44.78% Thomas   0.23% Others   0.25%

Electoral vote Roosevelt   84.56% Willkie   15.44%

Geography of results

• 
  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic gallery

• 
  Presidential election results by county
• 
  Democratic presidential election results by county
• 
  Republican presidential election results by county
• 
  "Other" presidential election results by county

Results by state

[22]

States won by Roosevelt/Wallace

States won by Willkie/McNary

		Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic			Wendell Willkie Republican			Norman Thomas Socialist			Other			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	11	250,726	85.22	11	42,184	14.34	-	100	0.03	-	1,209	0.41	-	208,542	70.88	294,219	AL
Arizona	3	95,267	63.49	3	54,030	36.01	-	-	-	-	742	0.49	-	41,237	27.48	150,039	AZ
Arkansas	9	158,622	79.02	9	42,121	20.98	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	116,501	58.03	200,743	AR
California	22	1,877,618	57.44	22	1,351,419	41.34	-	16,506	0.50	-	23,248	0.71	-	526,199	16.10	3,268,791	CA
Colorado	6	265,554	48.37	-	279,576	50.92	6	1,899	0.35	-	1,975	0.36	-	-14,022	-2.55	549,004	CO
Connecticut	8	417,621	53.44	8	361,819	46.30	-	-	-	-	2,062	0.26	-	55,802	7.14	781,502	CT
Delaware	3	74,599	54.70	3	61,440	45.05	-	115	0.08	-	220	0.16	-	13,159	9.65	136,374	DE
Florida	7	359,334	74.01	7	126,158	25.99	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	233,176	48.03	485,492	FL
Georgia	12	265,194	84.85	12	46,360	14.83	-	-	-	-	997	0.32	-	218,834	70.02	312,551	GA
Idaho	4	127,842	54.36	4	106,553	45.31	-	497	0.21	-	276	0.12	-	21,289	9.05	235,168	ID
Illinois	29	2,149,934	50.97	29	2,047,240	48.54	-	10,914	0.26	-	9,847	0.23	-	102,694	2.43	4,217,935	IL
Indiana	14	874,063	49.03	-	899,466	50.45	14	2,075	0.12	-	7,143	0.40	-	-25,403	-1.42	1,782,747	IN
Iowa	11	578,800	47.62	-	632,370	52.03	11	-	-	-	4,260	0.35	-	-53,570	-4.41	1,215,430	IA
Kansas	9	364,725	42.40	-	489,169	56.86	9	2,347	0.27	-	4,056	0.47	-	-124,444	-14.47	860,297	KS
Kentucky	11	557,222	57.44	11	410,384	42.30	-	1,014	0.10	-	1,443	0.15	-	146,838	15.14	970,063	KY
Louisiana	10	319,751	85.88	10	52,446	14.09	-	-	-	-	108	0.03	-	267,305	71.80	372,305	LA
Maine	5	156,478	48.77	-	163,951	51.10	5	-	-	-	411	0.13	-	-7,473	-2.33	320,840	ME
Maryland	8	384,546	58.25	8	269,534	40.83	-	4,093	0.62	-	1,944	0.29	-	115,012	17.42	660,117	MD
Massachusetts	17	1,076,522	53.11	17	939,700	46.36	-	4,091	0.20	-	6,680	0.33	-	136,822	6.75	2,026,993	MA
Michigan	19	1,032,991	49.52	-	1,039,917	49.85	19	7,593	0.36	-	5,428	0.26	-	-6,926	-0.33	2,085,929	MI
Minnesota	11	644,196	51.49	11	596,274	47.66	-	5,454	0.44	-	5,264	0.42	-	47,922	3.83	1,251,188	MN
Mississippi	9	168,267	95.70	9	7,364	4.19	-	193	0.11	-	-	-	-	160,903	91.51	175,824	MS
Missouri	15	958,476	52.27	15	871,009	47.50	-	2,226	0.12	-	2,018	0.11	-	87,467	4.77	1,833,729	MO
Montana	4	145,698	58.78	4	99,579	40.17	-	1,443	0.58	-	1,153	0.47	-	46,119	18.61	247,873	MT
Nebraska	7	263,677	42.81	-	352,201	57.19	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-88,524	-14.37	615,878	NE
Nevada	3	31,945	60.08	3	21,229	39.92	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10,716	20.15	53,174	NV
New Hampshire	4	125,292	53.22	4	110,127	46.78	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15,165	6.44	235,419	NH
New Jersey	16	1,016,404	51.48	16	944,876	47.86	-	2,823	0.14	-	10,111	0.51	-	71,528	3.62	1,974,214	NJ
New Mexico	3	103,699	56.59	3	79,315	43.28	-	144	0.08	-	100	0.05	-	24,384	13.31	183,258	NM
New York	47	3,251,918	51.60	47	3,027,478	48.04	-	18,950	0.30	-	3,250	0.05	-	224,440	3.56	6,301,596	NY
North Carolina	13	609,015	74.03	13	213,633	25.97	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	395,382	48.06	822,648	NC
North Dakota	4	124,036	44.18	-	154,590	55.06	4	1,279	0.46	-	870	0.31	-	-30,554	-10.88	280,775	ND
Ohio	26	1,733,139	52.20	26	1,586,773	47.80	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	146,366	4.41	3,319,912	OH
Oklahoma	11	474,313	57.41	11	348,872	42.23	-	-	-	-	3,027	0.37	-	125,441	15.18	826,212	OK
Oregon	5	258,415	53.70	5	219,555	45.62	-	398	0.08	-	2,872	0.60	-	38,860	8.07	481,240	OR
Pennsylvania	36	2,171,035	53.23	36	1,889,848	46.33	-	10,967	0.27	-	6,864	0.17	-	281,187	6.89	4,078,714	PA
Rhode Island	4	182,182	56.73	4	138,653	43.17	-	-	-	-	313	0.10	-	43,529	13.55	321,148	RI
South Carolina	8	95,470	95.63	8	4,360	4.37	-	2	0.00	-	-	-	-	91,110	91.26	99,832	SC
South Dakota	4	131,362	42.59	-	177,065	57.41	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-45,703	-14.82	308,427	SD
Tennessee	11	351,601	67.25	11	169,153	32.35	-	463	0.09	-	1,606	0.31	-	182,448	34.90	522,823	TN
Texas	23	909,974	80.92	23	212,692	18.91	-	728	0.06	-	1,137	0.10	-	697,282	62.01	1,124,531	TX
Utah	4	154,277	62.25	4	93,151	37.59	-	200	0.08	-	191	0.08	-	61,126	24.67	247,819	UT
Vermont	3	64,269	44.92	-	78,371	54.78	3	-	-	-	422	0.30	-	-14,102	-9.86	143,062	VT
Virginia	11	235,961	68.08	11	109,363	31.55	-	282	0.08	-	1,001	0.29	-	126,598	36.52	346,607	VA
Washington	8	462,145	58.22	8	322,123	40.58	-	4,586	0.58	-	4,979	0.63	-	140,022	17.64	793,833	WA
West Virginia	8	495,662	57.10	8	372,414	42.90	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	123,248	14.20	868,076	WV
Wisconsin	12	704,821	50.15	12	679,206	48.32	-	15,071	1.07	-	6,424	0.46	-	25,615	1.82	1,405,522	WI
Wyoming	3	59,287	52.82	3	52,633	46.89	-	148	0.13	-	172	0.15	-	6,654	5.93	112,240	WY
TOTALS:	531	27,313,945	54.74	449	22,347,744	44.78	82	116,599	0.23	-	123,825	0.25	-	4,966,201	9.95	49,902,113	US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 1% (19 electoral votes):

1. Michigan, 0.33%

Margin of victory less than 5% (192 electoral votes):

1. Indiana, 1.42%
2. Wisconsin, 1.82%
3. Maine, 2.33%
4. Illinois, 2.43%
5. Colorado, 2.55%
6. New York, 3.56%
7. New Jersey, 3.62%
8. Minnesota, 3.83%
9. Iowa, 4.41%
10. Ohio, 4.41%
11. Missouri, 4.77%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (83 electoral votes):

1. Wyoming, 5.93%
2. New Hampshire, 6.44%
3. Massachusetts, 6.75%
4. Pennsylvania, 6.89% (tipping point state)
5. Connecticut, 7.14%
6. Oregon, 8.07%
7. Idaho, 9.05%
8. Delaware, 9.65%
9. Vermont, 9.86%

Foreign interference

The British government engaged covert intelligence operations to support Roosevelt, including the planting of false news stories, wiretaps, "October surprises", and other intelligence activities.[23][24]

See also

• 1940 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1940 United States Senate elections
• History of the United States (1918–45)
• Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
• The Plot Against America, a 2004 alternative history by Philip Roth, premised on the 1940 defeat of Roosevelt by Charles Lindbergh
• Bring the Jubilee, a 1953 alternative history novel by Warde Moore, set in a universe where the Confederacy won the American Civil War, where the election is contested by Whig candidate Thomas E. Dewey and Populist candidate Jennings Lewis.

References

1. "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
2. "U. S. Electoral College". Archives.gov. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
3. "Radio Address to the Democratic National Convention Accepting the Nomination. | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
4. "FDR Campaigns For Re-election". Archived from the original on January 25, 2013."Roosevelt repeatedly promised that American boys would not have to fight overseas. At one point Willkie hearing Roosevelt make his pledge of "your boys are not going to be sent into a foreign war"
5. James MacGregor Burns Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956) pp 408-30.
6. Richard Moe, Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (2013).
7. Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (1973), pp. 254–256.
8. Michael D. Bowen, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party (2011).
9. Susan Dunn, 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm (Yale UP, 2013).
10. Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie (1989)
11. Henry Z. Scheele, "The Nomination of Wendell Willkie." Communication Quarterly 16.4 (1968): 45-50.
12. Charles Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia: 1940, Wendell Willkie, FDR and the Political Convention That Won World War II (2006) pp 1-5.
13. Steve Neal, McNary of Oregon: A Political Biography (1985).
14. Gallup, George (January 1941). "Was I Right About Roosevelt?". Coronet. Old Magazine Articles. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
15. Katz, Daniel (March 1941). "The Public Opinion Polls and the 1940 Election". The Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 52–78
16. John W. Jeffries, A Third Term for FDR: The Election of 1940 (2017)
17. • Evjen, Henry O. "The Willkie Campaign; An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership", Journal of Politics (1952) 14#2 pp. 241–56 in JSTOR
18. Usdin, Steve (January 16, 2017). "When a Foreign Government Interfered in a U.S. Election — to Reelect FDR". Politico. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
19. Richard Jensen, "The Cities Reelect Roosevelt" p 189-90
20. Brewer, F. (1945). "Succession to the presidency". Editorial research reports 1945 (Vol. II). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Retrieved July 12, 2018. If the Republican ticket had been elected in 1940, the plan of succession adopted in 1886 would probably have come into operation for the first time in 1944. Charles McNary, Republican candidate for Vice President, died on Feb. 25, 1944, With the death of Wendell Willkie, on Oct. 8, his Secretary of State would have been sworn in for the remainder of the term ending on Jan. 20, 1945.
21. Feinman, Ronald L. (March 1, 2016). "The Election of 1940 and the Might-Have-Been that Makes One Shudder". History News Network. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
22. "1940 Presidential General Election Data - National". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
23. Usdin, Steve (January 16, 2017). "When a Foreign Government Interfered in a U.S. Election—to Reelect FDR". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
24. Stevenson, William Samuel (June 1, 1999). "British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940–1945". Retrieved March 29, 2019.

Further reading

External video
After Words interview with Charles Peters on Five Days in Philadelphia, September 3, 2005, C-SPAN
Presentation by Peters on Five Days in Philadelphia, June 24, 2006, C-SPAN

• Barnard, Ellsworth . Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom (1966)
• Bowen, Michael D. The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party (U of North Carolina Press, 2011).
• Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)
• Cole, Wayne S. Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle against Intervention, 1940–41 (1953)
• Cole, Wayne S. Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle against American Intervention in World War II (1974)
• Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp. 153-66.
• Divine, Robert A. Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948 (1974) online free to borrow pp 3-90 on 1940,
• Doenecke, Justus D. Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941 (2000).
• Doenecke, Justus D. The Battle Against Intervention, 1939–1941 (1997), includes short narrative and primary documents.
• Dunn, Susan. 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm (Yale UP, 2013).
• Evjen, Henry O. "The Willkie Campaign; An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership", Journal of Politics (1952) 14#2 pp. 241–56 in JSTOR
• Gamm, Gerald H. The making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting behavior and realignment in Boston, 1920-1940 (U of Chicago Press, 1989).
• Gleason, S. Everett and William L. Langer. The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 1953 Policy toward war in Europe; pro FDR
• Grant, Philip A., Jr. "The Presidential Election of 1940 in Missouri." Missouri Historical Review 1988 83(1) pp 1–16. Abstract: Missouri serves as a good barometer of nationwide political sentiment; The two major political parties considered Missouri a key state in the 1940 presidential election. Wendell Willkie captured 64 of the state's 114 counties, but huge majorities in the urban counties carried the state for Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• Jeffries, John W. A Third Term for FDR: The Election of 1940 (University Press of Kansas, 2017). xiv, 264 pp.
• Jensen, Richard. "The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940." Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations (1981) 8#2 pp 189-195.
• Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (1966).
• Katz, Daniel. "The public opinion polls and the 1940 election." Public Opinion Quarterly 5.1 (1941) 52-78.
• Luconi, Stefano. "Machine Politics and the Consolidation of the Roosevelt Majority: The Case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia." Journal of American Ethnic History (1996) 32-59. in JSTOR
• Moe, Richard. Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (Oxford UP, 2013).
• Neal, Steve. Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie (1989)
• Overacker, Louise. "Campaign finance in the Presidential Election of 1940." American Political Science Review 35.4 (1941): 701-727. in JSTOR
• Parmet, Herbert S., and Marie B. Hecht. Never again: A president runs for a third term (1968).
• Peters, Charles. Five Days in Philadelphia: 1940, Wendell Willkie, FDR and the Political Convention That Won World War II (2006).
• Robinson, Edgar Eugene. They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote 1932-1944 (1947). Election returns by County for every state.
• Ross, Hugh. "John L. Lewis and the Election of 1940." Labor History 1976 17(2) 160–189. Abstract: The breach between John L. Lewis and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 stemmed from domestic and foreign policy concerns. The struggle to organize the steel industry, and after 1938, business attempts to erode Walsh-Healy and the Fair Labor Standards Act provided the backdrop for the feud. But activities of Nazi agents, working through William Rhodes Davis, increased Lewis' suspicions of Roosevelt's interventionist foreign policy and were important in the decision to support Wendell Willkie.
• Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns," in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96-113 online
• Schneider, James C. Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939–1941 (1989)

Primary sources

• Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA
• Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll
• Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
• Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956

External links

• United States presidential election of 1940 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• 1940 popular vote by counties
• How close was the 1940 election? – Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Election of 1940 in Counting the Votes