1932 United States presidential election

The 1932 United States presidential election was the 37th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1932. The election took place against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York and the vice presidential nominee of the 1920 presidential election. Hoover was the last elected incumbent president to lose reelection until Jimmy Carter 48 years later. The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by Republicans.

For related races, see 1932 United States elections.

1932 United States presidential election

November 8, 1932
531 members of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	56.9%[1] 0.0 pp
Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Herbert Hoover Party Democratic Republican Home state New York California[2] Running mate John Nance Garner Charles Curtis Electoral vote 472 59 States carried 42 6 Popular vote 22,821,277 15,761,254 Percentage 57.4% 39.7%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Garner, red denotes states won by Hoover/Curtis. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Herbert Hoover Republican Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic

Despite poor economic conditions due to the Great Depression, Hoover faced little opposition at the 1932 Republican National Convention. Roosevelt was widely considered the front-runner at the start of the 1932 Democratic National Convention, but was not able to clinch the nomination until the fourth ballot of the convention. The Democratic convention chose a leading Southern Democrat, Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas, as the party's vice presidential nominee. Roosevelt united the party around him, campaigning on the failures of the Hoover administration. He promised recovery with a "New Deal" for the American people.

Roosevelt won by a landslide in both the electoral and popular vote, carrying every state outside of the Northeast and receiving the highest percentage of the popular vote of any Democratic nominee up to that time. Hoover had won over 58% of the popular vote in the 1928 presidential election, but saw his share of the popular vote decline to 39.7%. Socialist Party nominee Norman Thomas won 2.2% of the popular vote. Subsequent landslides in the 1934 mid-term elections and the 1936 presidential election confirmed the commencement of the Fifth Party System, which would be dominated by Roosevelt's New Deal Coalition.[3]

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1932 Democratic National Convention

Democratic Party Ticket, 1932
Franklin D. Roosevelt	John Nance Garner
for President	for Vice President
44th Governor of New York (1929–1932)	39th Speaker of the House (1931–1933)
Campaign

Democratic candidates:

• Franklin D. Roosevelt, governor of New York
• Al Smith (campaign), former governor of New York and 1928 Democratic presidential nominee
• John Nance Garner, U.S. Speaker of the House, of Texas

• 
  Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York
• 
  Former Governor Al Smith of New York
  (campaign)
• 
  Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas

The leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1932 was New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. Speaker of the House John Nance Garner and former New York Governor Al Smith were trailing him. Before the 1932 Democratic National Convention met in Chicago between June 27 and July 2, Roosevelt was believed to have more delegate votes than all of his opponents combined. However, due to the "two-thirds" nominating rule then used by the Democrats, his opponents hoped that he would be unable to obtain the two-thirds majority necessary to win, and that they could gain votes on later ballots or coalesce behind a dark horse candidate.[4]^:3–4

On the first three ballots Roosevelt had well over a majority of the delegate vote, but still lacked the two-thirds majority. Before the fourth ballot, his managers James Farley and Louis McHenry Howe struck a deal with House Speaker John Nance Garner: Garner would drop out of the race and support Roosevelt, and in return Roosevelt would agree to name Garner as his running mate. With this agreement, Roosevelt won the two-thirds majority and with it the presidential nomination.[4]

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 1932 Republican National Convention

Republican Party Ticket, 1932
Herbert Hoover	Charles Curtis
for President	for Vice President
31st President of the United States (1929–1933)	31st Vice President of the United States (1929–1933)
Campaign

Republican candidates:

• Herbert Hoover, President of the United States
• John J. Blaine, Senator from Wisconsin
• Joseph I. France, former Senator from Maryland
• James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr., former Senator from New York

• 
  President Herbert Hoover
• 
  Senator John J. Blaine from Wisconsin
• 
  Former Senator Joseph I. France from Maryland
• 
  Former Senator James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr. from New York

As the year 1932 began, the Republican Party believed Hoover's protectionism and aggressive fiscal policies would solve the depression. Whether they were successful or not, President Herbert Hoover controlled the party and had little trouble securing a re-nomination. Little-known former United States Senator Joseph I. France ran against Hoover in the primaries, but Hoover was often unopposed. France's primary wins were tempered by his defeat to Hoover in his home state of Maryland and the fact that few delegates to the national convention were chosen in the primaries.

Hoover's managers at the Republican National Convention, which met in Chicago between June 14 and 16, ran a tight ship, not allowing expressions of concern for the direction of the nation. He was nominated on the first ballot with 98% of the delegate vote.

The tally was spectacularly lopsided:

Presidential Ballot, RNC 1932
Herbert Hoover	1126.5
John J. Blaine	13
Calvin Coolidge	4.5
Joseph I. France	4
James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.	1

Both rural Republicans and hard-money Republicans (the latter hoping to nominate former President Calvin Coolidge) balked at the floor managers and voted against the renomination of Vice-President Charles Curtis, who won with just 55% of the delegate votes.

General election

Campaign

Hoover addresses a large crowd in his 1932 campaign.

After making an airplane trip to the Democratic convention, Roosevelt accepted the nomination in person. In his speech, he stated, "ours must be a party of liberal thought, of planned action, of the enlightened international outlook, and of the greatest good to the greatest number of our citizens."[5] Roosevelt's trip to Chicago was the first of several successful, precedent-making moves designed to make him appear to be the candidate of change in the election. Large crowds greeted Roosevelt as he traveled around the nation; his campaign song "Happy Days Are Here Again" became one of the most popular in American political history[4]^:244 – and, indeed, the unofficial anthem of the Democratic Party.[6]

The Democrats were united as they had not been in 1928, and probably the most united the party had been in the entire Fourth Party System.[7] Roosevelt's Protestant background nullified the anti-Catholic attacks Smith faced in 1928, and The Depression seemed to be of greater concern among the American public than previous cultural battles. Prohibition was a favorite Democratic target, with few Republicans trying to defend it given mounting demand to end prohibition and bring back beer, liquor, and the resulting tax revenues.[8]

Roosevelt (seated, center) at Greenway Ranch in Williams, Arizona on September 26, 1932. He is accompanied by U.S. Senator from Arizona Carl Hayden standing far right, along with –among others –three Democrats from the U.S. Senate (seated): Pittman, Walsh, and Cohen.

In contrast, Hoover was not supported by many of the more prominent Republicans and violently opposed by others, in particular by a number of senators who had fought him throughout his administration and whose national reputation made their opposition of considerable importance. Many prominent Republicans even went so far as to espouse the cause of the Democratic candidate openly.[9]

Making matters worse for Hoover was the fact that many Americans blamed him for the Great Depression. For more than two years, President Hoover had been restricting trade and increasing taxes on the wealthy with legislation such as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932. As Governor of New York, Roosevelt had garnered a reputation for promoting government help for the impoverished, providing a welcome contrast for many who saw Hoover as a do-nothing president.[10] Roosevelt also attacked Hoover for being, "the greatest spending Administration in peacetime in all our history."[11] The outrage caused by the deaths of veterans in the Bonus Army incident in the summer of 1932, combined with the catastrophic economic effects of Hoover's domestic policies, reduced his chances of a second term from slim to none. His attempts to campaign in public were a disaster, as he often had objects thrown at him or his vehicle as he rode through city streets.[12][13] During the campaign, Roosevelt ran on many of the programs that would later become part of the New Deal during his presidency.[14] It was said that "Even a vaguely talented dog-catcher could have been elected president against the Republicans."[15] Hoover even received a letter from an Illinois man that advised, "Vote for Roosevelt and make it unanimous."

Hoover called Roosevelt a "chameleon in plaid" and Roosevelt called President Hoover a "fat, timid capon".[16] In the last days of campaigning, Hoover criticized Roosevelt's "nonsense ... tirades ... glittering generalizations ... ignorance" and "defamation".[16]

The election was held on November 8, 1932.

Results

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Roosevelt (Democratic), shades of red are for Hoover (Republican), grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood.[17]

This was the first election since 1916 (16 years earlier) in which the Democratic candidate won.

Although the "other" vote (the combined vote total for candidates other than the nominees of the two major parties) of 1932 was three times that of 1928, it was considerably less than what had been recorded in 1920; the time of the greatest "other" vote with the exception of the unusual conditions prevailing in 1912 and 1924.

Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate, won the support of 22,817,883 voters (57.41%), the greatest vote ever cast for a candidate for the Presidency up until that time, and 1,425,000 greater than that cast for Hoover four years earlier. Hoover won a greater percentage of the vote in 1928, as did Harding in 1920. But the national swing of 35.17% impressed all who considered the distribution of the vote, and indicated that more than one-sixth of the electorate had switched from supporting the Republican Party to the Democratic Party. Only once in this period had there been a comparable shift; in 1920, there was a 29.29% swing towards the Republicans.[9] The swing from Smith in 1928 to Roosevelt in this year remains the greatest national swing of the electorate between presidential elections in the history of the United States.

1932 was a realigning election, as Roosevelt won a sweeping victory over Hoover, with Democrats extending their control over the U.S. House and gaining control of the U.S. Senate. Twelve years of Republican leadership came to an end, and 20 consecutive years of Democratic control of the White House began.[16] Until 1932, the Republicans had controlled the Presidency for 56 of the previous 72 years, dating to Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860. After 1932, Democrats would control the Presidency for 28 of the next 36 years.

Roosevelt led the poll in 2,722 counties, the greatest number ever carried by a candidate up until that time. Of these, 282 had never before been Democratic. Only 374 remained loyally Republican. However, that half of the total vote of the nation was cast in just eight states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin) and that in these states, Hoover polled 8,592,163 votes. In one section (West South Central), the Republican percentage sank to 16.21%, but in no other section did the party poll less than 30% of the vote cast. However, the relative appeal of the two candidates in 1932 and the decline of the appeal of Hoover as compared with 1928 are shown in the fact that the Republican vote increased in 1932 in only 87 counties, while the Democratic vote increased in 3,003 counties.

The vote cast for Hoover, and the fact that in only one section of the nation (West South Central) did he have less than 500,000 votes and in only three states outside of the South less than 50,000 votes, made it clear that the nation remained a two-party electorate, and that everywhere, despite the triumph of the Democrats, there was a party membership devoted to neither the new administration nor the proposals of the Socialist candidate who had polled 75% of the "other" vote (as well as the highest raw vote total of his campaigns).[18]

This election marks the last time a Republican presidential candidate won a majority of black and African-American votes. As New Deal policies took effect, the strong support of black voters for these programs began a transition from their traditional support for Republicans to providing solid majorities for Democrats.

The Roosevelt ticket swept every region of the country except the Northeast and carried many reliable Republican states that had not been carried by the Democrats since their electoral landslide of 1912, when the Republican vote was divided. Michigan voted Democratic for the first time since the emergence of the Republican Party. Minnesota was carried by a Democrat for the first time in its history, leaving Vermont as the only remaining state never to be carried by a Democratic candidate (and it would not be until 1964). In contrast to the state's solid support of Republicans prior to this election, Minnesota continued supporting Democrats in every presidential election but three since 1932, the exceptions being 1952, 1956, and 1972.

Roosevelt's victory with 472 electoral votes stood until the 1964 victory of Lyndon B. Johnson, who won 486 electoral votes in 1964, as the most ever won by a first-time contestant in a presidential election. Roosevelt also bettered the national record of 444 electoral votes set by Hoover only four years earlier, but would shatter his own record when he was re-elected in 1936 with 523 votes.

This was the last election in which Connecticut, Delaware, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania voted Republican until 1948.

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Democratic	New York	22,821,277	57.41%	472	John Nance Garner	Texas	472
Herbert C. Hoover (Incumbent)	Republican	California	15,761,254	39.65%	59	Charles Curtis	Kansas	59
Norman M. Thomas	Socialist	New York	884,885	2.23%	0	James H. Maurer	Pennsylvania	0
William Z. Foster	Communist	Illinois	103,307	0.26%	0	James W. Ford	Alabama	0
William D. Upshaw	Prohibition	Georgia	81,905	0.21%	0	Frank S. Regan	Illinois	0
William H. Harvey	Liberty	Arkansas	53,425	0.13%	0	Frank Hemenway	Washington	0
Verne L. Reynolds	Socialist Labor	New York	34,038	0.09%	0	John W. Aiken	Massachusetts	0
Jacob Coxey	Farmer-Labor	Ohio	7,431	0.02%	0	Julius Reiter	Minnesota	0
Other			4,376	0.01%	—	Other		—
Total			39,751,898	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (popular vote): Leip, David. "1932 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 31, 2005.Source (electoral vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote Roosevelt   57.41% Hoover   39.65% Thomas   2.23% Foster   0.26% Others   0.45%

Electoral vote Roosevelt   88.89% Hoover   11.11%

Geography of results

• 
  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic gallery

• 
  Presidential election results by county
• 
  Democratic presidential election results by county
• 
  Republican presidential election results by county
• 
  "Other" presidential election results by county
• 
  Cartogram of presidential election results by county
• 
  Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
• 
  Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
• 
  Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by county

Results by state

[19]

States won by Roosevelt/Garner

States won by Hoover/Curtis

		Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic			Herbert Hoover Republican			Norman Thomas Socialist			Other			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	11	207,910	84.74	11	34,675	14.13	-	2,030	0.83	-	739	0.30	-	173,235	70.61	245,354	AL
Arizona	3	79,264	67.03	3	36,104	30.53	-	2,618	2.21	-	265	0.22	-	43,160	36.50	118,251	AZ
Arkansas	9	189,602	85.96	9	28,467	12.91	-	1,269	0.58	-	1,224	0.55	-	161,135	73.06	220,562	AR
California	22	1,324,157	58.39	22	847,902	37.39	-	63,299	2.79	-	32,608	1.44	-	476,255	21.00	2,267,966	CA
Colorado	6	250,877	54.81	6	189,617	41.43	-	13,591	2.97	-	3,611	0.79	-	61,260	13.38	457,696	CO
Connecticut	8	281,632	47.40	-	288,420	48.54	8	20,840	3.45	-	3,651	0.61	-	-6,788	-1.14	594,183	CT
Delaware	3	54,319	48.11	-	57,073	50.55	3	1,376	1.22	-	133	0.12	-	-2,754	-2.44	112,901	DE
Florida	7	206,307	74.68	7	69,170	25.04	-	775	0.28	-	-	-	-	137,137	49.64	276,252	FL
Georgia	12	234,118	91.60	12	19,863	7.77	-	461	0.18	-	1,148	0.45	-	214,255	83.83	255,590	GA
Idaho	4	109,479	58.66	4	71,417	38.27	-	526	0.28	-	5,203	2.79	-	38,062	20.39	186,625	ID
Illinois	29	1,882,304	55.23	29	1,432,756	42.04	-	67,258	1.97	-	25,608	0.75	-	449,548	13.19	3,407,926	IL
Indiana	14	862,054	54.67	14	677,184	42.94	-	21,388	1.36	-	16,301	1.03	-	184,870	11.72	1,576,927	IN
Iowa	11	598,019	57.69	11	414,433	39.98	-	20,467	1.97	-	3,768	0.36	-	183,586	17.71	1,036,687	IA
Kansas	9	424,204	53.56	9	349,498	44.13	-	18,276	2.31	-	-	-	-	74,706	9.43	791,978	KS
Kentucky	11	580,574	59.06	11	394,716	40.15	-	3,853	0.39	-	3,920	0.40	-	185,858	18.91	983,063	KY
Louisiana	10	249,418	92.79	10	18,853	7.01	-	-	-	-	533	0.20	-	230,565	85.77	268,804	LA
Maine	5	128,907	43.19	-	166,631	55.83	5	2,489	0.83	-	417	0.14	-	-37,724	-12.64	298,444	ME
Maryland	8	314,314	61.50	8	184,184	36.04	-	10,489	2.05	-	2,067	0.40	-	130,130	25.46	511,054	MD
Massachusetts	17	800,148	50.64	17	736,959	46.64	-	34,305	2.17	-	8,702	0.55	-	63,189	4.00	1,580,114	MA
Michigan	19	871,700	52.36	19	739,894	44.44	-	39,205	2.35	-	13,966	0.84	-	131,806	7.92	1,664,765	MI
Minnesota	11	600,806	59.91	11	363,959	36.29	-	25,476	2.54	-	12,602	1.26	-	236,847	23.62	1,002,843	MN
Mississippi	9	140,168	95.98	9	5,180	3.55	-	686	0.47	-	-	-	-	134,988	92.44	146,034	MS
Missouri	15	1,025,406	63.69	15	564,713	35.08	-	16,374	1.02	-	3,401	0.21	-	460,693	28.62	1,609,894	MO
Montana	4	127,286	58.80	4	78,078	36.07	-	7,891	3.65	-	3,224	1.49	-	49,208	22.73	216,479	MT
Nebraska	7	359,082	62.98	7	201,177	35.29	-	9,876	1.73	-	2	0.00	-	157,905	27.70	570,137	NE
Nevada	3	28,756	69.41	3	12,674	30.59	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16,082	38.82	41,430	NV
New Hampshire	4	100,680	48.99	-	103,629	50.42	4	947	0.46	-	264	0.13	-	-2,949	-1.43	205,520	NH
New Jersey	16	806,394	49.49	16	775,406	47.59	-	42,988	2.64	-	4,719	0.29	-	30,988	1.90	1,629,507	NJ
New Mexico	3	95,089	62.72	3	54,217	35.76	-	1,776	1.17	-	524	0.35	-	40,872	26.96	151,606	NM
New York	47	2,534,959	54.07	47	1,937,963	41.33	-	177,397	3.78	-	38,295	0.82	-	596,996	12.73	4,688,614	NY
North Carolina	13	497,566	69.93	13	208,344	29.28	-	5,591	0.79	-	-	-	-	289,222	40.65	711,501	NC
North Dakota	4	178,350	69.59	4	71,772	28.00	-	3,521	1.37	-	2,647	1.03	-	106,578	41.58	256,290	ND
Ohio	26	1,301,695	49.88	26	1,227,319	47.03	-	64,094	2.46	-	16,620	0.64	-	74,376	2.85	2,609,728	OH
Oklahoma	11	516,468	73.30	11	188,165	26.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	328,303	46.59	704,633	OK
Oregon	5	213,871	57.99	5	136,019	36.88	-	15,450	4.19	-	3,468	0.94	-	77,852	21.11	368,808	OR
Pennsylvania	36	1,295,948	45.33	-	1,453,540	50.84	36	91,223	3.19	-	18,466	0.65	-	-157,592	-5.51	2,859,177	PA
Rhode Island	4	146,604	55.08	4	115,266	43.31	-	3,138	1.18	-	1,162	0.44	-	31,338	11.77	266,170	RI
South Carolina	8	102,347	98.03	8	1,978	1.89	-	82	0.08	-	-	-	-	100,369	96.13	104,407	SC
South Dakota	4	183,515	63.62	4	99,212	34.40	-	1,551	0.54	-	4,160	1.44	-	84,303	29.23	288,438	SD
Tennessee	11	259,473	66.49	11	126,752	32.48	-	1,796	0.46	-	2,235	0.57	-	132,721	34.01	390,256	TN
Texas	23	760,348	88.06	23	97,959	11.35	-	4,450	0.52	-	669	0.08	-	662,389	76.72	863,426	TX
Utah	4	116,750	56.52	4	84,795	41.05	-	4,087	1.98	-	946	0.46	-	31,955	15.47	206,578	UT
Vermont	3	56,266	41.08	-	78,984	57.66	3	1,533	1.12	-	197	0.14	-	-22,718	-16.58	136,980	VT
Virginia	11	203,979	68.46	11	89,637	30.09	-	2,382	0.80	-	1,944	0.65	-	114,342	38.38	297,942	VA
Washington	8	353,260	57.46	8	208,645	33.94	-	17,080	2.78	-	35,829	5.83	-	144,615	23.52	614,814	WA
West Virginia	8	405,124	54.47	8	330,731	44.47	-	5,133	0.69	-	2,786	0.37	-	74,393	10.00	743,774	WV
Wisconsin	12	707,410	63.46	12	347,741	31.19	-	53,379	4.79	-	6,278	0.56	-	359,669	32.26	1,114,808	WI
Wyoming	3	54,370	56.07	3	39,583	40.82	-	2,829	2.92	-	180	0.19	-	14,787	15.25	96,962	WY
TOTALS:	531	22,821,277	57.41	472	15,761,254	39.65	59	884,885	2.23	-	284,482	0.72		7,060,023	17.76	39,751,898	US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 5% (74 electoral votes):

1. Connecticut, 1.14%
2. New Hampshire, 1.43%
3. New Jersey, 1.90%
4. Delaware, 2.44%
5. Ohio, 2.85%
6. Massachusetts, 4.00%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (64 electoral votes):

1. Pennsylvania, 5.51%
2. Michigan, 7.92%
3. Kansas, 9.43%

Statistics

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

1. Wilkinson County, Georgia 100.00%
2. Armstrong County, South Dakota 100.00%
3. Lancaster County, South Carolina 99.84%
4. Sharkey County, Mississippi 99.82%
5. Colleton County, South Carolina 99.69%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

1. Johnson County, Tennessee 84.51%
2. Jackson County, Kentucky 84.28%
3. Leslie County, Kentucky 82.96%
4. Owsley County, Kentucky 79.08%
5. Sevier County, Tennessee 77.01%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)

1. Sheridan County, Montana 32.54%
2. Thurston County, Washington 23.12%
3. Clallam County, Washington 22.73%
4. Berks County, Pennsylvania 22.17%
5. Lake County, Minnesota 21.75%

See also

• 1932 United States Senate elections
• 1932 United States House of Representatives elections
• History of the United States (1918–1945)
• Timeline of the Great Depression
• Causes of the Great Depression
• Great Contraction
• First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt

References

1. "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
2. Historical Election Results, National Archives. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
3. History of American Political Parties
4. Neal, Stephen (2010). Happy Days Are Here Again: The 1932 Democratic Convention, the Emergence of FDR--and How America Was Changed Forever. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062015419.
5. "Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
6. Arnold Shaw, The jazz age: popular music in the 1920s (1989) p. 228
7. "The Election of 1932 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and the First New Deal". boundless.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
8. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932–1940 (1963) pp. 1–17
9. The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 29
10. Leuchtenberg, William E. (2009). Herbert Hoover. Times Books. pp. 138–139.
11. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p 11
12. "Overall Unemployment Rate in the U.S. Civilian Labor Force, 1920–2007 – Infoplease.com". Infoplease.com. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
13. "Timeline of the Great Depression". Hyperhistory.com. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
14. Rauchway, Eric (2019). "The New Deal Was on the Ballot in 1932". Modern American History. 2 (2): 201–213. doi:10.1017/mah.2018.42. ISSN 2515-0456.
15. Cambell, Jeff (November 19, 2008). "Hoover's Popularity". Lonely Planet.
16. Gibbs, Nancy (November 10, 2008). "When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty". Time.
17. The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932 – Google Books. Stanford University Press. 1934. ISBN 9780804716963. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
18. The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, p. 30
19. "1932 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved April 8, 2013.

Further reading

• Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936 (1979), statistical study of voting patterns
• Burns, James Macgregor. Roosevelt the Lion and the Fox (1956) online pp 123–52.
• Carcasson, Martin. "Herbert Hoover and the presidential campaign of 1932: The failure of apologia." Presidential Studies Quarterly 28.2 (1998): 349-365. in JSTOR
• Eden, Robert (1993). "On the Origins of the Regime of Pragmatic Liberalism: John Dewey, Adolf A. Berle, and FDR's Commonwealth Club Address of 1932". Studies in American Political Development. 7: 74–150. doi:10.1017/S0898588X00000699.
• Freidel, Frank Franklin D. Roosevelt The Triumph (1956) covers 1929-32 in depth online
• Freidel, Frank. "Election of 1932", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., The Coming to Power: Critical Presidential Elections in American History (1981)
• Gosnell, Harold F., Champion Campaigner: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1952)
• Gosnell, Harold F.; Gill, Norman N. (1935). "An Analysis of the 1932 Presidential Vote in Chicago". American Political Science Review. 29 (6): 967–984. doi:10.2307/1947313. JSTOR 1947313.
• Houck, Davis W. (2004). "FDR's Commonwealth Club Address: Redefining Individualism, Adjudicating Greatness". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 7 (3): 259–282. doi:10.1353/rap.2005.0006.
• Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1952)
• Nicolaides, Becky M. (1988). "Radio electioneering in the American presidential campaigns of 1932 and 1936". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 8 (2): 115–138. doi:10.1080/01439688800260171.
• O'Mara, Margaret (2015). Pivotal Tuesdays. doi:10.9783/9780812291711. ISBN 9780812291711.
• Peel, Roy V.; Donnelly, Thomas C. (1936). "The 1932 Campaign: An Analysis". Journal of Educational Sociology. 9 (8): 510. doi:10.2307/2262331. JSTOR 2262331.
• Pietrusza, David 1932: The Rise of Hitler and FDR: Two Tales of Politics, Betrayal and Unlikely Destiny (2015)
• Ritchie, Donald A. Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932 (2007)
• Ritchie, Donald A. (2011). "The Election of 1932". A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt. pp. 77–95. doi:10.1002/9781444395181.ch5. ISBN 9781444395181.
• Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932 (Stanford university press, 1940) voting returns for every county
• Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Crisis of the Old Order (1957), pp 427–54 online

Primary sources

• Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
• Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956

External links

• United States presidential election of 1932 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• 1932 popular vote by counties
• How close was the 1932 election? – Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Election of 1932 in Counting the Votes