Fishing industry in Russia

The coastline of the Russian Federation is the fourth longest in the world after the coastlines of Canada, Greenland, and Indonesia. The Russian fishing industry has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 7.6 million km² including access to twelve seas in three oceans, together with the landlocked Caspian Sea and more than two million rivers.[3]

Fishing industry in Russia
Russia has a coastline of 37,653 km (23,396 mi).[1]
General characteristics (2005 unless otherwise stated)
EEZ area7,566,673 km2 (2,921,509 sq mi)[2]
Shelf area5 million square kilometres (1.9×10^6 sq mi)[3]
Lake area79,400 km2 (30,700 sq mi)[1]
Land area16,995,800 km2 (6,562,100 sq mi)[1]
EmploymentPrimary: 100,000+ persons[3]
Secondary: 700,000+ persons[3]
Landing sitesMost volume:
Most value:
Consumption17.3 kg (38 lb) fish per capita (2003)[2]
Fisheries GDPUS$ 3.02 billion (2006)[3]
Export valueUS$ 2.12 billion (2006)[3]
Import valueUS$ 1.44 billion (2006)[3]
Harvest (2005 unless otherwise stated)
Wild inland72,000 tonnes (79,000 tons)
Wild total3,190,946 tonnes (3,517,416 tons)[4]
Aquaculture inlandca 110,000 tonnes (120,000 tons)[5]
Aquaculture marineca 5,000 tonnes (5,500 tons)
Aquaculture total114,752 tonnes (126,492 tons)[4]
Fish total3,305,698 tonnes (3,643,908 tons)[4]

According to the FAO, in 2005 the Russian fishing industry harvested 3,190,946 tonnes of fish from wild fisheries and another 114,752 tonnes from aquaculture. This made Russia the ninth leading producer of fish, with 2.3 percent of the world total.[4]

Management

Fisheries management is regulated by Russian federal laws. The federal law "On Fisheries and Protection of Aquatic Biological Resources" of December 2004 (referred to below as the Law on Fisheries) divides fisheries into three main categories" industrial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries of indigenous groups. Industrial fisheries includes coastal fisheries. This definition has been challenged and is under review.[3]

The Law on Fisheries requires that total allowable catch (TAC) levels are set for fishery stocks. It defines these levels as the “scientifically justified annual catch of aquatic biological resources of particular species in a fishing area”. However, the Law on Fisheries then goes on to state that industrial fisheries are not necessarily required to base their catch on TAC. The Law does not explain this further, but calls for the federal government to issue a special TAC setting statute. Pacific salmon is the main stock that will probably not have TAC, but will have regulated fishing effort instead.

The Law on Fisheries also gives a definition of a fishing unit area and sets general principles for their use. The compiling of lists of fishing unit areas is delegated to the regional authorities. The Law on Fisheries has gaps and its application is criticized by parliamentarians and stakeholders. It may be expected that in the coming years at least two new federal laws, "On Coastal Fisheries" and "On Aquaculture", will be considered by Russian legislators.[3]

Apart from TAC settings, fisheries are also regulated by the so-called Fishing Rules (Pravila rybolovstva). These rules are set separately for different geographical regions.[3]

The Fishing Rules specify seasonal closures, closed areas, restrictions on specific gears such as retricting mesh sizes, minimum catch sizes, and restricted levels of allowable bycatch. Fisheries management has been changing since Soviet times, and further changes are likely.[3]

The government has mismanaged the fisheries, with frequent restructuring of the institutions responsible for fishery management and control. Starting in 1992, the fishery authority has been reorganized at least five times. The head of the fishery authority was replaced seven times, and not one of these heads was a fishery professional. The issues involved in regulating fishing capacity were never really recognized. However, consistent fishery policies are starting to be developed now.[3][6][7]

The extreme bureaucracy involved for a fishing vessel to make a port call and land fish results in coastal processing being bypassed. Instead, the seafood is just directly exported, unprocessed. Similarly, there are many bureaucratic difficulties in developing aquaculture. Getting a licence to use water and the necessary sanitary certificates is very time consuming, although it does guarantee environmental and health safety.[3]

Artisanal
Fishing vessels off a jetty, believed to be Kostroma (Russia) Oil on canvas, 1839, by Anton Ivanov

There is no legally adopted term in Russia for artisanal fisheries. Artisanal or subsistence fishing usually refers to fishing mainly with traditional gear, with production delivered to the market but also used for subsistence. In Russia, the term covers also several kinds of fisheries classified as industrial, such as salmon, chars, whitefish, navaga, flounders and greenling fisheries in the Baltic, the Arctic and the Far Eastern Seas. Subsistence fishing by indigenous groups is also an issue. Indigenous fishers mainly work estuaries, lagoons and rivers (for anadromous fish). Legally, they are bound to use their catch for local consumption only. They are not allowed to sell their catch, but in reality, this is not always the case.[3]

In Russia, poverty contributes to poaching and other threats to fishery resources. Poverty can leave people depending on natural resources to feed themselves. There may be little perceived incentive to protect fish and other aquatic life and to use them in a sustainable way. Lack of awareness and lack of public involvement in managing local resources can result in poaching, overfishing, and other kinds of illegal activities. Poaching by private individuals feeds the industrial IUU catch, and forms a vicious cycle.[3]

The social impacts of traditional fisheries has rarely been analysed. The yearly fishing cycle still dominates life in the traditional fishing villages of the Pomor, dotted around the coast of the White Sea.[8] Fishing has similarly influenced the life style of many indigenous groups, such as among settlers around the Pacific Coast, north of Siberia, and around the big lakes. In the late 1960s, administrative decisions were made to abandon many coastal villages and resettle people in larger settlements. This has disrupted the traditional ways and is associated with alcohol abuse and increased poverty. There is now a slow movement towards reviving cultural traditions. To succeed, there must also be a re-establishment of the sustainable fisheries that allowed such fishing communities to flourish.[3]

Recreational

Recreational fishing occurs everywhere in Russia. The Fishing Rules do not distinguish recreational fishing from artisan fishing, so both are regulated under the same rules. In some areas, tourist fishing is growing.[3]

In 1999, recreational and subsistence fishers took 4,300 tonnes, mostly perches and cyprinids.[9] Later estimates are not available. The most significant recreational fishery by value is the Kola Peninsula Atlantic salmon fishery.[3]

Commercial

Russia has three main commercial fisheries:[3]

Wild fisheries

EEZ
Relief map of Russia

Russia's marine fisheries are based on twelve seas from three oceans which surround Russia, the landlocked Caspian Sea, and the high seas beyond Russia’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

The three oceans are:[3]

Marine capture fisheries in Russia’s territorial seas, internal marine waters and the EEZ provided up to 75 percent of the total reported catch for 1996–2005.

External images
Russian exclusive economic zone
Russian fishery production timeseries
Russia's EEZ[2]
Area km²
Asia 6,382,530 km²
Baltic 24,549
Barents Sea 1,159,594
Total EEZ 7,566,673

Catch profile

The officially recorded annual value of fisheries is about US$5 billion, equivalent to 0.3 percent of GDP. The fishery sector has been stable in absolute terms in recent years, so its share of GDP has reduced as the general economy has expanded.[3]

Fisheries data in tonnes[3]
2003 Production Imports Exports Food supply Per capita
Fish for direct human consumption 3,389,932 815,155 1,374,894 2,481,542 17.3 kg
Fish for animal feed and other purposes 348,652 - - -

Due to the decreasing catch and a growing export to East Asian markets, Russian fisheries cannot meet current domestic demand for seafood. East Asian markets are more attractive to fishing enterprises than the domestic market. As a consequence, there are increasing imports for the affluent in big cities, with increasing subsistence and recreational fishing with its associated IUU catch.[3]

Coastal fisheries

High seas fisheries

Inland fisheries
Omul fish, endemic to Lake Baikal. Smoked and on sale at Listvyanka market.

The biggest inland water is the landlocked Caspian Sea. The biggest lakes are Baikal (31,700 km²), Ladoga (19,100 km²) and Onega (9,700 km²). Russia has more than 2 million rivers, the largest of which are, in order, Severnaya Dvina, Pechora, Dnieper, Volga, Ob’, Don, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma, Indigirka and Amur.[3] The most important inland fishing area is the Ob’–Irtysh River Basin (about 27 percent). Sixty species are caught in the inland fisheries of Russia.[10] In volume terms, whitefish (Coregonidae), cyprinids, zanders and perch are most important. Set nets are the most common gear used in inland water commercial fisheries. Seines are also used on big rivers and lakes, and small trawls on the big lakes. In 2005, the official catch in the inland waters was 72,000 tonnes.[11]

Inland fish catch in tonnes[11]
Water bodies or drainage areas 2005 Percent Main species
Ob-Irtysh catchment (West Siberia) 19,200 26.7
Enisei catchment 1,150 1.6
Lakes
Ladoga 2,900 4.0 cyprinids, perch and whitefish
      Onega 2,100 2.9 cyprinids, perch and whitefish
      Chudsko-Pskovskoye (Peipsi)
      (shared with Estonia)		 4,000 5.6 cyprinids, smelt and coregonids
      Ilmen 1,380 1.9
      Baikal 2,500 3.5 whitefish
Water reservoirs
      Rybinsk 1,040 1.4
      Kuibyshevskoye 2,110 2.9
      Saratovskoye 600 0.8
      Volgograd (on the Volga) 1,720 2.4
      Tsimlyansk (on the Don) 6,900 9.6 cyprinids, perch and sander
Other areas 26,400 36.7
Total 72,000 100

In the past, sturgeon has been an important catch in the basin of the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea, and in Siberian Rivers and the Amur River. Currently, sturgeon stocks are heavily depleted and under constant pressure from poaching. Inland fisheries are regulated by the Law on Fisheries discussed above. However, few provisions refer specifically to inland fisheries, although there are specific regulations for same catchments and river systems. These regulations specify closed areas, seasonal closures, gear restrictions, minimum mesh sizes and minimum catch size.[11]

Fishing fleet
The Russian fishing trawler Sergey Makarevich in the North Atlantic.
The Russian midwater fishing trawler SRT-129 (Museum of the World Ocean in Kaliningrad)

According to the Russian State Marine Register, in 2002, the offshore fishing fleet contained about 2,500 fishing vessels, 366 transport vessels and 46 factory ships. Of the fishing vessels, 17 percent were longer than 64 metres (o/a), half were between 34 and 64 metres, and one-third were between 24 and 34 metres. Smaller boats are registered with the State Inspection of Small Size Fleet. In 2005, the marine small size fleet contained 2,491 boats, and the inland fleet contained 5,500 motor boats.[3]

Fishing gears used are:[3]

An important issue is the age of the Russian fishing fleet. About two-thirds of the fishing vessels do not conform to safety norms. Compared to 1990, by 2000 capital investment in the industry had decreased thirty percent and the number of specialists qualified in fishing, navigation and processing technologies had decreased 30 to 40 percent.[12][13] The Barents Sea cod fishery is an example of the dominance of elderly and ineffective vessels.[14] Between 2002 and 2005, forty percent of effort in the demersal fishery was by elderly freezing trawlers, which produced only twenty-five percent of the official catch. That is, they were 1.5 times less effective than the other vessels in the fleet. Equivalent modern trawlers are three to four times as effective. The low efficiencies of these elderly vessels also implicates them in involvements with IUU catch.[3]

Decline of stocks

According to the FAO, important stocks have declined as the result of:[3]

Aggravating factors surround the demand for seafood from East Asian markets, which encourage commercial fishermen to exhaust stocks in Russia’s EEZ. Russian illegal exporters have well oiled links to importers in Japan, China and South Korea. Criminal groups and corruption magnifies the effect, as the short distances needed to transport seafood from south Kurils and south Sakhalin to Japan. Huge fish processing developments in China built on cheap labour encourage the export of further unprocessed fish.[3]

Aquaculture

Over sixty species of fish, invertebrates and seaweed are commercially cultivated by aquaculture or fish farming in Russia.[5] Aquaculture is based mainly on buffalo, grass and silver carp, rainbow trout, scallops, mussels and laminaria. In 2007 there were 300 aquaculture enterprises.[15]

Aquaculture can be freshwater or marine (mariculture):

  • Freshwater aquaculture – occurs northwest of European Russia where a lot of trout are farmed, in the Far East, and south of Siberia. Production 2003 to 2006 was about 100,000 tonnes.[5]
  • Mariculture – occurs mainly in Primorye Province on the coast of the Sea of Japan. In 2006, marine farms in Primorye covered 10,000 hectares, which produces 1,340 tonnes, mainly of Laminaria, blue mussel and the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis.[16]

Potential development areas for freshwater aquaculture include 960,000 hectares of agricultural water bodies, 143,000 hectares of ponds, plus other areas in big lakes and water reservoirs suitable for cage farming. The National Project on Agricultural Sector development (Federal Agency of Fishery, 2006) has set a target for 2020 of 1.4 million tonnes from freshwater aquaculture and 400 thousand tonnes from mariculture. The federal government is considering a subsidy of two-thirds of the credit needed to construct and modernise aquaculture facilities.[3]

Research

In Soviet times, the Ministry for Fishery Industry operated many institutes which undertook comprehensive research in oceanography, marine biology, the assessment of fishery resources, fishery management regimes, and the technology of fishing gear and fish processing. The Ministry also operated research ship on the high seas to meet the needs of Russian distant water fisheries.

After the breakup of the Soviet Union, these institutes, basically responsible for research in fisheries science, were coordinated by VNIRO, the central fishery institute in Moscow.

In 2007, the regional institutes became formally subordinate branches of VNIRO. Notably, the GIPRORYBFLOT in St. Petersburg researches the technology of fishing vessels and fish processing, while the VIERH in Moscow does economic research.[3]

Education

Five technical universities are geared to train specialists in fisheries. There are programmes for fisheries biology, navigation and marine engineering, fish processing, processing machinery, the economics of fisheries and aquaculture. Four professional schools graduate middle level professionals.

Nine universities graduate about 120 aquaculture specialists each year. The biological departments of several universities also graduate specialists in fish biology and fishery oceanography.[3]

The institutes that are traditionally of most importance are the St. Petersburg Hydrometeorological Institute, the geographical departments of St. Petersburg and Moscow universities, the biological department of Moscow State University, the Far Eastern National University, Kazan State University and Perm State University.[3]

Maps
  • Map of Russia
  • Location of the Barents Sea
  • Map of the Barents Sea
  • Location of the Laptev Sea
  • Map of the Laptev Sea
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See also

Notes
  1. CIA: Factbook: Russia
  2. Sea Around Us Project Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
  3. FAO: Profile for Russia
  4. FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture 2005 statistics.
  5. State Committee of Fishery of the Russian Federation – Federal Agency of Fishery, 2006.
  6. Zilanov VK (2007) Fishery problems in the professional’s eye.
  7. Titova GD (2007) Bioeconomic problems of fisheries in national jurisdiction zones. St. Petersburg, VVM Ltd. Publishing, 367 p. (in Russian).
  8. Tzetlin, A (2000) Traditional nature use on the White Sea. Ohrana dikoi prirody, 2: 13–16 (in Russian).
  9. Yatskevich, B.A., Pak, V.A., Rybalsky, N.G. (eds) (2000) Natural resources and environment of Russia. Moscow, Nia Priroda, Refia (in Russian).
  10. Reshetnikov, 2002
  11. Ministry of Natural Resources, 2006
  12. Zilanov, V (2001) Fish under law? Russia Today, 22: 54–55 (in Russian).
  13. State Committee for Fisheries, 2003.
  14. Kalentchenko MM, Kozlovsky AN and Shevchenko VV (2007) Economic effectiveness of using the Russian fishery fleet in the Barents Sea. Series of technical reports “Towards sustainable fishery” published by WWF Russia. Barents Ecoregion Office of WWF Russia, Murmansk, 53 p. (in Russian).
  15. Mitupov, T (2007) Aquaculture in Russia. Answers of the head of the Investment – Analytical Group “Norge-Fish” Timur Mitupov to the questionnaire of the Norwegian–Russian Trade Chamber.
  16. Markovtsev, V (2007) Fishery and aquaculture of the world. Rybak Primorya (in Russian).

References
  • Fish Industry of Russia — Production, Trade, Markets and Investment. Eurofish, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
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