Dogger Bank

Dogger Bank (Dutch: Doggersbank, German: Doggerbank, Danish: Doggerbanke) is a large sandbank in a shallow area of the North Sea about 100 kilometres (62 mi) off the east coast of England.

Outline (in red) of the Dogger Bank

During the last ice age the bank was part of a large landmass connecting Europe and the British Isles, now known as Doggerland. It has long been known by fishermen to be a productive fishing bank; it was named after the doggers, medieval Dutch fishing boats especially used for catching cod.

At the beginning of the 21st century the area was identified as a potential site for a UK round 3 wind farm, being developed as Dogger Bank Wind Farm.[1]

Geography

The bank extends over about 17,600 square kilometres (6,800 sq mi), and is about 260 by 100 kilometres (160 by 60 mi) in extent.[2] The water depth ranges from 15 to 36 metres (50 to 120 ft), about 20 metres (65 ft) shallower than the surrounding sea.

The bank is an important fishing area, with cod and herring being caught in large numbers. It gives its name to the Dogger sea area used in the BBC Radio 4 Shipping Forecast. Several shipwrecks lie on the bank.

Dogger Bank has been identified as an oceanic environment that exhibits high primary productivity throughout the year in the form of phytoplankton. As such, it has been proposed by various groups to designate the area a Marine Nature Reserve.[3]

Geology

Geologically, the feature is most likely a moraine, formed during the Pleistocene.[2] At differing times during the last glacial period it was either joined to the mainland or an island. The bank was part of a large landmass, now known as Doggerland, which connected Britain to the European mainland until it was flooded some time after the end of the last glacial period.[4]

Fishing trawlers working the area have dredged up large amounts of moorpeat, remains of mammoth and rhinoceros, and occasionally Palaeolithic hunting artefacts.[5]

The 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake took place below the bank, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom. Its hypocentre was 23 kilometres (14 mi) beneath the bank, and the quake was felt in countries all around the North Sea, causing damage across eastern England.

South of Dogger Bank is the Cleaver Bank.

Wind farm and wind power hub
Main article: Dogger Bank Wind Farm

The Dogger Bank is an attractive location for offshore wind farms because it is far away from shore, avoiding complaints about the visual impact of wind turbines, yet the water is shallow enough for traditional fixed foundation wind turbine designs.[6] Fixed-foundation wind turbines are economically limited to maximum water depths of 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft; 22 to 27 fathoms)[7]; at greater water depths new floating wind turbine designs are required, which currently cost significantly more to build.[8]

In January 2010, a licence to develop a wind farm on Dogger Bank was granted to Forewind Ltd, a consortium of developers. Originally projected to develop up to 9 gigawatts of power as part of a planned nine zone project of 32 gigawatts, the plan was later scaled down to a 7.2-gigawatt installation in agreement with the area's owner Crown Estates.[9]

Construction was scheduled to start around 2014 at the earliest, but has been repeatedly postponed.[10]

Dutch, German, and Danish electrical grid operators are cooperating in a project to build a North Sea Wind Power Hub complex on one or more artificial islands to be constructed on Dogger Bank as part of a European system for sustainable electricity. At the North Seas Energy Forum in Brussels on 23 March 2017, Energinet.dk will sign a contract to work with the German and Dutch branches of TenneT; thereafter a feasibility study will be produced.[11][12]

gollark: Yes, so 3 of that would be 6 moles Fe2O3.
gollark: Did it *come* with the formula and say "how many moles of O2 do you need to get three 2Fe2O3s", or what?
gollark: ... wait, no, I'm being silly, you'd still have the same ratio of thing to other thing.
gollark: Not sure why, I guess it's more convenient.
gollark: I just use whole numbers for everything myself, but my (GCSE) Chemistry teacher does do stuff like 1/2O2 sometimes.

See also

References
  1. "Danish, Dutch and German firms to build huge artificial island for wind power". 10 March 2017.
  2. Stride, A. H. (January 1959). "On the origin of the Dogger Bank, in the North Sea". Geological Magazine. 96 (1): 33–34. doi:10.1017/s0016756800059197.
  3. "The Dogger Bank – A Potential MPA" (PDF). WWF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-28. Retrieved 15 Oct 2008.
  4. Spinney, Laura (25 Apr 2013). "Searching for Doggerland – National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com.
  5. Duff, Joel (24 Feb 2014). "Fishing for Fossils in the North Sea: The Lost World of Doggerland – Naturalis Historia". Thenaturalhistorian.com.
  6. Harvey, Fiona (17 Feb 2015). "World's biggest offshore windfarm approved for Yorkshire coast". The Guardian.
  7. "Deep Water - The next step for offshore wind energy". WindEurope.org. European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  8. Martin, Richard. "Floating Wind Farms: Great Concept, Implausible Economics". MIT Technology Review. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  9. Laister, David (19 Feb 2014). "Dogger Bank wind farm zone to be scaled back by 20 per cent". Grimsby Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02.
  10. "New UK offshore wind farm licences are announced". news.bbc.co.uk. January 8, 2010.
  11. "Artificial island is planned on Dogger Bank for cheaper wind power". Sky News. 13 March 2017.
  12. "First meeting of North Seas Energy Forum". European Commission. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
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