Energy in Russia

Energy in Russia describes energy and electricity production, consumption and export from Russia. Energy policy of Russia describes the energy policy in the politics of Russia more in detail. Electricity sector in Russia is the main article of electricity in Russia.

2nd Magistralnaya Street powerplants in Moscow
Map of Russia

Primary energy use in 2009 in Russia was 7,524 TWh and 53 TWh per million people.[1]

Russia is the fifth highest greenhouse emitter in the world. Russia is one of the few countries in the world that is not a signatory to the Paris Agreement.[2]

Overview
Energy in Russia [3]
Population
(million)		 Prim. energy
(TWh)		 Production
(TWh)		 Export
(TWh)		 Electricity
(TWh)		 CO2-emission
(Mt)
2004143.97,46113,4735,9438121,529
2007141.67,81714,3126,3318981,587
2008141.87,98714,5836,2408141,594
2009141.97,52413,7426,1488701,533
2010141.88,15915,0386,7359161,581
2012141.98,50115,2926,6509271,653
2012R143.58,79915,4876,5709481,659
2013143.08,50015,5876,8969381,543
Change 2004-10-1.5%9.4%11.6%13.3%12.8%3.4%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[4]

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Energy sources
See also: Russia in the European energy sector
Electricity production in Russia by source

Russia is rich in energy resources. Russia has the largest known natural gas reserves of any state on earth, along with the second largest coal reserves, and the eighth largest oil reserves. This is 32% of world proven natural gas reserves (23% of the probable reserves), 12% of the proven oil reserves, 10% of the explored coal reserves (14% of the estimated reserves) and 8% of the proven uranium reserves.[5]

With recent acquisitions, Russia has gained assets in the Black Sea that may be worth trillions of dollars.[6]

Natural gas
Major existing and planned natural gas pipelines supplying Russian gas to Europe
Russian natural gas as a % of domestic consumption
Major recipients of Russian natural gas exports in 2007
Countries by natural gas proven reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook. Russia has the world's largest reserves.
Main article: Natural gas in Russia
See also: List of countries by natural gas proven reserves and List of countries by natural gas exports

Russia has identified the gas sector as being of key strategic importance. The share of natural gas as a primary energy source is remarkably high compared to the rest of world. Russia has the world biggest natural gas reserves, mainly owned and operated by the Russian monopoly Gazprom, which produces 94% of Russia's natural gas production. In global context Gazprom holds 25% of the world's known gas reserves and produces 16% of global output.[7] In 2011, Russia was the world's biggest natural gas producer with 677 billion cubic metres (23.9 trillion cubic feet) which accounted 20.0% of global natural gas production. It is also the biggest gas exporter with 196 billion cubic metres (6.9 trillion cubic feet).[8] The main export markets of Russian natural gas are the European Union and the CIS. Russia supplies a quarter of the EU gas consumption, mainly via transit through Ukraine (Soyuz, Brotherhood) and Belarus (Yamal-Europe pipeline). The main importers are Germany (where links were developed as a result of Germany's Ostpolitik during the 1970s,[9] and also Ukraine, Belarus, Italy, Turkey, France and Hungary.

Oil
See also: List of countries by oil exports

Conventional oil

Russia is the largest oil producer in the non-OPEC countries, and second biggest in the world after Saudi Arabia,[10] which it overtakes as the world's number one from time to time.[11] In 2006, Russia contributed 12.1% of global oil production and 11.6% of global oil exports.[12] In June 2006, Russian crude oil and condensate production reached the post-Soviet maximum of 9.7 million barrels (1,540,000 m3) per day, exceeding production in 2000 by 3.2 Mbbl/d (510,000 m3/d). Russian export consists more than 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m3/d) of oil and nearly 2 Mbbl/d (320,000 m3/d) of refined products, which go mainly to the European market. The domestic demand in 2005 was 2.6 Mbbl/d (410,000 m3/d) on average.[13] Russia is also the main transit country for oil from Kazakhstan.

The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil, TNK-BP, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft and Tatneft.[14][15] All oil trunk pipelines (except the Caspian Pipeline Consortium) are owned and operated by the state-owned monopoly Transneft; oil products pipelines are owned and operated by its subsidiary Transnefteproduct. Currently, Transneft is constructing the Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean oil pipeline that would bring Russian oil to the Asian-Pacific markets (China, Japan, Korea).

Oil shale

Russia owns the biggest oil shale reserves in Europe equal to 35.47 billion tonnes of shale oil. More than 80 oil shale deposits have been identified. Main deposits are located in the Volga-Petchyorsk province and the Baltic Basin. Extraction of the deposits in the Volga-Petchyorsk province began in the 1930s, but was abandoned due to environmental problems. Main oil shale industry was concentrated on the Baltic Basin in Slantsy, but at the end of the 1990s the Slantsy oil shale processing plant and oil shale-fired power station were converted to use traditional hydrocarbons and mining activities ceased before 2005. In Syzran a small processing plant continues to operate.[16]

Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil

Small extra-heavy oil reserves have been identified in the Volga-Urals and North Caucasus-Mangyshlak basins. Large deposits of natural bitumen are located in Eastern Siberia in the Lena-Tunguska basin. Other bitumen deposits are located in the Timan-Pechora and Volga-Urals Basins, and in Tatarstan.[17] In September 2007, Tatneft and Royal Dutch Shell announced a strategic partnership to develop heavy crude oil production in Tatarstan, where Tatneft already has pilot production of bitumen.[18]

Coal
Global coal reserves in BTUs at end 2009

Russia has the world's second largest coal reserves, with 157 billion tonnes of reserves.

Russian coal reserves are widely dispersed. The principal hard coal deposits are located in the Pechora and Kuznetsk basins. The Kansk-Achinsk basin contains huge deposits of brown coal. The Siberian Lena and Tunguska basins are largely unexplored resources, which would probably be difficult to exploit commercially.[19]

Hydropower

Hydropower accounts for about 21% of Russia's total electric power production. Russia now has 102 hydropower plants in operation, with aggregate installed capacity of over 35 GW. Russia's RusHydro is the world's second-largest hydroelectric power producer.[20]

Gross theoretical potential of the Russian hydro resource base is 2,295 TWh per year, of which 852 TWh is regarded as economically feasible. Most of this potential is located in Siberia and the Far East.[21] Hydro generation (including pumped-storage output) in 2005 was 175 TWh, which represents 5.8% of world hydroelectricity generation. Russia ranks as the fifth largest hydroelectricity producer in the world.[22] At the end of 2005 installed hydroelectric generating capacity was 45.7 GW.[21]

Nuclear power
Main article: Nuclear power in Russia

In 2005 nuclear energy supply in Russia amounted to 149 TWh, which is 15.7% of total Russian electricity output and 5.4% of global nuclear energy production.[23] The total installed capacity of nuclear reactors is 21,244MW. There are plans to increase the number of commercial reactors from thirty one to fifty nine.

From 2001 all Russian civil reactors were operated by Energoatom. On 19 January 2007 Russian Parliament adopted legislation which created Atomenergoprom - a holding company for all Russian civil nuclear industry, including Energoatom, the nuclear fuel producer and supplier TVEL, the uranium trader Tekhsnabexport (Tenex) and nuclear facilities constructor Atomstroyexport.

Uranium exploration and development activities have been largely concentrated on three east-of-Urals uranium districts (Transural, West Siberia and Vitim). The most important uranium-producing area has been the Streltsovsky region near Krasnokamensk in the Chita Oblast. In 2005, the Russian Federation was the world's fourth largest producer of uranium, accounting for 8.2% of global output.[24]

Renewable energy
Main article: Renewable energy in Russia

Low prices for energy and in particular subsidies for natural gas hinder renewable energy development in Russia.[25] Russia lags behind other countries in creating a conducive framework for renewable energy development.[26] Non-hydroelectric renewable energy in Russia is largely undeveloped although Russia has many potential renewable energy resources.

Geothermal energy
Main article: Geothermal power in Russia

Geothermal energy, which is used for heating and electricity production in some regions of the Northern Caucasus and the Far East, is the most developed renewable energy source in Russia.[27] Geothermal resources have been identified in the Northern Caucasus, Western Siberia, Lake Baikal, and in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. In 1966 a 4 MWe single-flash plant was commissioned at Pauzhetka (currently 11 MWe) followed by a 12 MWe geothermal power plant at Verkhne Mutnovsky, and 50 MWe Mutnovsky geothermal power plant. At the end of 2005 installed capacity for direct use amounted to more than 307 MWt.[28]

Peat

Principal peat deposits are located in the north-western parts of Russia, in West Siberia, near the western coast of Kamchatka and in several other far-eastern regions. The Siberian peatlands account for nearly 75% of Russia's total reserves of 186 billion tonnes, second only to Canada's. Approximately 5% of exploitable peat (1.5 million tonnes per annum) is used for fuel production. Although peat was used as industrial fuel for power generation in Russia for a long period, its share has been in long-term decline, and since 1980 has amounted to less than 1%.[29]

Solar energy

It has been estimated that Russia's gross potential for solar energy is 2.3 trillion tce. The regions with the best solar radiation potential are the North Caucasus, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea areas, and southern parts of Siberia and the Far East. This potential is largely unused, although the possibilities for off-grid solar energy or hybrid applications in remote areas are huge. However, the construction of a single solar power plant Kislovodskaya SPP (1.5 MW) has been delayed.[30]

Wind energy

Russia has high quality wind resources on the Pacific and Arctic coasts and in vast steppe and mountain areas. Large-scale wind energy systems are suitable in Siberia and the Far East (east of Sakhalin Island, the south of Kamchatka, the Chukotka Peninsula, Vladivostok), the steppes along the Volga river, the northern Caucasus steppes and mountains and on the Kola Peninsula, where power infrastructure and major industrial consumers are in place. At the end of 2006, total installed wind capacity was 15 MW. Major wind power stations operate at Kalmytskaya (2 MW), Zapolyarnaya (1.5 MW), Kulikovskaya (5.1 MW), Tyupkildi (2.2 MW) and Observation Cape (2.5 MW). Feasibility studies are being carried out on the Kaliningradskaya (50 MW) and the Leningradskaya (75 MW) wind farms. There are about 100 MW of wind projects in Kalmykia and in Krasnodar Krai.[31]

Tidal energy

A small pilot tidal power plant with a capacity of 400 kW was constructed at Kislaya Guba near Murmansk in 1968. In 2007, Gidro OGK, a subsidiary of the Unified Energy System (UES) began the installation of a 1.5 MW experimental orthogonal turbine at Kislaya Guba. If it proves successful, UES plans to continue with Mezen Bay (15,000 MW) and Tugur Bay (7,980 MW) projects.[32]

Electricity sector
See also: Electricity sector in Russia

Russia is the world's fourth largest electricity producer after the United States, China, and Japan. In 2005, Russia produced 951 TWh and exported 23 TWh of electricity.[33]

Roughly 63% of Russia's electricity is generated by thermal plants, 21% by hydroelectricity and 16% comes from nuclear reactors.[27]

Russia exports electricity to the CIS countries, Latvia, Lithuania, China, Poland, Turkey and Finland.

Billionaires

Russian billionaires in energy by Forbes in 2013 included No 41 Mikhail Fridman ($16.5 B), No 47 Leonid Michelson ($15.4 B), 52 Viktor Vekselberg ($15.1 B), 55 Vagit Alekperov ($14.8 B), 56 Andrey Melnichenko ($14.4 B), 62 Gennady Timchenko ($14.1 B), 103 German Khan ($10.5 B), 138 Alexei Kuzmichov ($8.2 B), 162 Leonid Fedun ($7.1 B), 225 Pyotr Aven ($5.4 B), 423 Vladimir Bogdanov ($3.2 B), 458 Mikhail Gutseriev ($3 B), 641 Alexander Dzhaparidze ($2.3 B), 792 Igor Makarov ($1.9 B), 882 Anatoly Skurov ($1.7 B), 974 Vladimir Gridin and family ($1.5 B), 974 Andrei Kosogov ($1.5 B), 1031Farkhad Akhmedov ($1.4 B), 1088 Alexander Putilov ($1.35 B), 1161 Mikhail Abyzov ($1.25 B) and 1175 Konstantin Grigorishin ($1.2 B).[34]

Climate change

According to data from the US Energy Information Administration, Russia was the fourth top emitter by "fossil fuels CO2 in 2009" 1) China: 7,710 million tonnes (mt) (25.4%) ahead of 2) United States: 5,420 mt (17.8%), 3) India: 1,600 mt (5.3%), ””4) Russia: 1,570 mt (5.2%)”” and 5) Japan: 1,100 mt (3.6%).[35]

In the “”cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007”” Russia was third top emitter following: 1. US: 339,200 mt (28.8%) 2. China: 105,900 mt (9.0%), ””3. Russia: 94,700 mt (8.0%)”", 4. Germany: 81,200 mt (6.9%), 5. UK: 68,800 mt (5.8%), 6. Japan: 45,600 mt (3.87%), 7. France: 32,700 mt (2.77%), 8. India: 28,800 mt (2.44%), 9. Canada: 25,7100 MT (2.2%) and 10. Ukraine: 25,400 mt (2.2%).[35]

Among the top emitter of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 including building and deforestation Russia was the fifth: 1. China: 7,220 mt (16.4%), 2. United States: 6,930 mt (15.7%), 3. Brazil: 2,860 mt (6.5%), 4. Indonesia: 2,050 mt (4.6%), 5. Russia: 2,030 mt (4.6%), 6. India: 1,870 mt (4.2%), 7. Japan: 1,390 mt (3.1%), 8. Germany: 1,010 mt (2.3%), 9. Canada: 810 mt (1.8%), and 10. Mexico: 700 mt (1.6%).[35]

gollark: Thus bad.
gollark: It does NOT allow random access.
gollark: Hmm, so, designoidal idea:- files have the following metadata: filename, last modified time, maybe permissions (I may not actually need this), size, checksum, flags (in case I need this later; probably just compression format?)- each version of a file in an archive has this metadata in front of it- when all the files in some set of data are archived, a header gets written to the end with all the file metadata plus positions- when backup is rerun, the system™️ just checks the last modified time of everything and sees if its local copies are newer, and if so appends them to the end; when it is done a new header is added containing all the files- when a backup needs to be extracted, it just reads the end, finds the latest versions and decompresses stuff at the right offsetThere are some important considerations here: it should be able to deal with damaged/partial files, encryption would be nice to have (it would probably work to just run it through authenticated AES-whatever when writing), adding new files shouldn't require tons of seeking, and it might be necessary to store backups on FAT32 disks so maybe it needs to be able of using multiple files somehow.
gollark: I have been pondering an osmarksarchiveformat™ because I dislike the existing ones somewhat. Specifically for backups and append-only-ish access. Thusly, thoughts on the design (crossposted from old esolangs)?
gollark: If you run too much current through beans they may vaporise/burn/etc.

See also

References
  1. IEA Key energy statistics 2011 Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48
  2. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/03/22/russia-floats-first-law-regulate-carbon-emissions/
  3. IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009 Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  4. Energy in Sweden 2010 Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
  5. "Country Analysis Brief. Russia". Energy Information Administration. April 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2008. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. In Taking Crimea, Putin Gains a Sea of Fuel Reserves
  7. "EU-Russia Energy Dialogue". EurActive.com. 28 November 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
  8. Key world statistics 2012 IEA
  9. Dieter Helm (12 December 2006). "Russia, Germany and European energy policy". openDemocracy.net. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  10. Goichi Komori; Sanae Kurita; Keishi Nakashima (December 2005). "The Russian Oil Policies and Its Oil Industry Trends" (PDF). The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. Retrieved 3 March 2008. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Schofield, James (24 June 2002). "Russia's oil renaissance". BBC News. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
  12. IEA (2007), p.11
  13. Woodruff, Yulia (2006). "Russian oil industry between state and market". Fundamentals of the global oil and gas industry, 2006. Petroleum Economist. ISBN 978-1-86186-266-2.
  14. LUKoil to lose the lead soon. Rosneft will become Russia’s leading oil producer in 2007, Analytical department of RIA RosBusinessConsulting
  15. Yenikeyeff, Shamil, "BP, Russian billionaires, and the Kremlin: a Power Triangle that never was", Oxford Energy Comment, 23 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  16. WEC (2007), p.114-115
  17. WEC (2007), p.140
  18. "Tatneft and Shell to develop strategic partnership. Press release". Royal Dutch Shell. 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  19. WEC (2007), p.34-35
  20. RusHydro
  21. WEC (2007), p. 308
  22. IEA (2007), p. 19
  23. IEA (2007), p. 17
  24. WEC (2007), p.229
  25. Overland, Indra; Kjaernet, Heidi (2009). Russian renewable energy: The potential for international cooperation (PDF). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Indra_Overland/publication/289325179_Russian_renewable_energy_The_potential_for_international_cooperation/links/5b433c09aca2728a0d65a451/Russian-renewable-energy-The-potential-for-international-cooperation.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=fJROtvVQJaGcTFYuJzrRw5YvRJ6kigQ7JivnE2OehtRLANQN5UY6hfCuKCR6dinnMB_D3ujxLErL1PIDI5HelQ.A13qk_1frVttX8HtCbEnBrEbAxm7nmNYLuAtXa57cd0YKMrMtQprdrDwA20j4-00EHuPWI9IpsTeoGqBbrFhoQ&_sg%5B1%5D=UwM1losY1xmC998Vnnf7Cp9PESfdrYEJ3o8-qKxIFeSRwtMnvae0dRvvReNFkUcpoCX7plJM8Aqq2hjRaHWmHbqV04_RPTuPCE31huwCJSQ2.A13qk_1frVttX8HtCbEnBrEbAxm7nmNYLuAtXa57cd0YKMrMtQprdrDwA20j4-00EHuPWI9IpsTeoGqBbrFhoQ&_iepl=: Ashgate.CS1 maint: location (link)
  26. Overland, Indra (2010). "The Siberian Curse: A Blessing in Disguise for Renewable Energy?". Sibirica Journal of Siberian Studies. 9: 1–20.
  27. Russia: Energy overview, by BBC News 13 February 2006
  28. WEC (2007), pp. 470-471
  29. WEC (2007), p. 331
  30. WEC (2007), p.420
  31. WEC (2007), pp. 515-516
  32. WEC (2007), pp.538-539
  33. IEA (2007), p.27
  34. Billionaires Energy Russia 2013
  35. Which nations are most responsible for climate change? Guardian 21 April 2011
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