Climate of Russia
The climate of Russia is formed under the European peninsula. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the best extreme southwest. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of cold air masses from the Arctic Ocean and the plain of the south and north makes the country open to Pacific and Atlantic influences.[1][2]
Köppen climate types of Russia
Dynamics
Due to the moderating influence of the Atlantic or Pacific, most areas of the country in European Russia, in the south of West Siberia and in the south of the Russian Far East, including the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, experience a humid continental climate. (Köppen's Dfb, Dfa, Dwb, Dwa types). Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia between the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters (Dfd, Dwd) in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Sakha Republic, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of −69 °C or −92.2 °F), and more moderate (Dwc, Dfc) elsewhere.
The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Arctic islands, have a polar climate (ice cap climate (EF) on some of the islands and tundra climate (ET) elsewhere). A small portion of the Black Sea coast, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate (Köppen's Cfa) with unusually wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd types), while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate (BSk). The city of Kaliningrad has an Oceanic climate (Cfb) due to its relatively mild (avg. above -3C) winters and cool summers.
About 65% of the Russian territory is underlain by permafrost.
Temperature records
| Climate data for Russia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
36.8 (98.2) |
38.7 (101.7) |
43.7 (110.7) |
45.4 (113.7) |
45.0 (113.0) |
45.4 (113.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
45.4 (113.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −71.2 (−96.2) |
−67.8 (−90.0) |
−60.6 (−77.1) |
−57.2 (−71.0) |
−35.8 (−32.4) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−48.7 (−55.7) |
−58.5 (−73.3) |
−64.5 (−84.1) |
−71.2 (−96.2) |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Monitor[3] — Meteo.ru - Baseline Climatological Data Sets[4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA NCDC - Climate Data Online[5] | |||||||||||||
Extreme highs
| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) | 4 January 1971 | Akhty, Dagestan Republic |
| February | 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) | 21 February 1990 | Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai |
| March | 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) | 25 March 2008 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai |
| April | 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) | 12 April 1998 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai |
| May | 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) | 29 May 2007 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast |
| June | 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) | 22 June 2015 | Alexandrova Gaya, Saratov Oblast |
| July | 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) | 12 July 2010 | Utta, Kalmykia Republic |
| August | 45 °C (113 °F) | 7 August 1940 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast |
| September | 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) | 2 September 2010 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast |
| October | 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) | 2 October 1999 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai |
| November | 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) | 3 November 1938 | Sochi, Krasnodar Krai |
| December | 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) | 5 December 2010 | Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia-Alenia Oblast |
Extreme lows
| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | −71.2 °C (−96.2 °F) | 26 January 1926 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| February | −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | 5,7 February 1892; 6 February 1933 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic; Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| March | −60.6 °C (−77.1 °F) | 10 March 1954 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| April | −57.2 °C (−71.0 °F) | 2 April 1896 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| May | −35.8 °C (−32.4 °F) | 2 May 1964 | Ilirney, Chukotka AO |
| June | −22.2 °C (−8.0 °F) | 2 June 1964 | Strait of Sterlegova, Krasnoyarsk Krai |
| July | −9.3 °C (15.3 °F) | 15 July 1966 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| August | −17.1 °C (1.2 °F) | 31 August 1969 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| September | −27.6 °C (−17.7 °F) | 29 September 1965 | Ilirney, Chukotka AO |
| October | −48.7 °C (−55.7 °F) | 29 October 1915 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| November | −58.5 °C (−73.3 °F) | 29 November 1960 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| December | −64.5 °C (−84.1 °F) | 22 December 1902 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
Averages and records by city
| Climate data for Arkhangelsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −9.2 (15.4) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −16.5 (2.3) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.2 (−49.4) |
−41.2 (−42.2) |
−37.1 (−34.8) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−36.5 (−33.7) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
−45.2 (−49.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
29 (1.1) |
30 (1.2) |
30 (1.2) |
49 (1.9) |
61 (2.4) |
73 (2.9) |
70 (2.8) |
61 (2.4) |
66 (2.6) |
53 (2.1) |
46 (1.8) |
606 (23.9) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[6] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Chita | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
38.6 (101.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
5 (41) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −17.6 (0.3) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −31.2 (−24.2) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.6 (−57.3) |
−48.0 (−54.4) |
−45.3 (−49.5) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−33.1 (−27.6) |
−41.1 (−42.0) |
−47.8 (−54.0) |
−49.6 (−57.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
12 (0.5) |
26 (1.0) |
63 (2.5) |
90 (3.5) |
89 (3.5) |
41 (1.6) |
9 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
5 (0.2) |
349 (13.7) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Irkutsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
34.1 (93.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
37.2 (99.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −12.8 (9.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −21.8 (−7.2) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.7 (−57.5) |
−44.7 (−48.5) |
−37.3 (−35.1) |
−31.8 (−25.2) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−40.4 (−40.7) |
−46.3 (−51.3) |
−49.7 (−57.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13 (0.5) |
8 (0.3) |
12 (0.5) |
18 (0.7) |
37 (1.5) |
78 (3.1) |
114 (4.5) |
91 (3.6) |
52 (2.0) |
21 (0.8) |
20 (0.8) |
16 (0.6) |
480 (18.9) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[8] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kaliningrad | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
36.5 (97.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.5 (−26.5) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−18.7 (−1.7) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57 (2.2) |
40 (1.6) |
43 (1.7) |
37 (1.5) |
53 (2.1) |
71 (2.8) |
80 (3.1) |
90 (3.5) |
89 (3.5) |
79 (3.1) |
91 (3.6) |
73 (2.9) |
803 (31.6) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[9] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Khabarovsk, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1953–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
28.6 (83.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −15.9 (3.4) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
10.3 (50.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −24.0 (−11.2) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −40.0 (−40.0) |
−35.1 (−31.2) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−40.0 (−40.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.6) |
11 (0.4) |
22 (0.9) |
43 (1.7) |
63 (2.5) |
74 (2.9) |
133 (5.2) |
155 (6.1) |
79 (3.1) |
50 (2.0) |
25 (1.0) |
17 (0.7) |
687 (27.0) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 102 |
| Average snowy days | 14 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 4 | 12 | 14 | 73 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 72 | 68 | 63 | 65 | 74 | 79 | 83 | 78 | 67 | 69 | 73 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147 | 181 | 231 | 213 | 242 | 262 | 248 | 217 | 212 | 189 | 159 | 145 | 2,446 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[11] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Krasnoyarsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.1 (95.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −11.9 (10.6) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
6.1 (43.0) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −20.3 (−4.5) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
3.7 (38.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −52.8 (−63.0) |
−40.8 (−41.4) |
−38.7 (−37.7) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−42.3 (−44.1) |
−47.0 (−52.6) |
−52.8 (−63.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15 (0.6) |
13 (0.5) |
15 (0.6) |
26 (1.0) |
47 (1.9) |
58 (2.3) |
80 (3.1) |
68 (2.7) |
41 (1.6) |
41 (1.6) |
37 (1.5) |
26 (1.0) |
467 (18.4) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[12] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1981–2010, records 1879 – the present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −4 (25) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3 (27) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−1 (30) |
6.7 (44.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −9.1 (15.6) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
2.1 (35.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.1 (−43.8) |
−38.2 (−36.8) |
−32.4 (−26.3) |
−21 (−6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
−38.8 (−37.8) |
−42.1 (−43.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 52 (2.0) |
41 (1.6) |
35 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
49 (1.9) |
80 (3.1) |
85 (3.3) |
82 (3.2) |
68 (2.7) |
71 (2.8) |
55 (2.2) |
52 (2.0) |
707 (27.7) |
| Average rainy days | 0.8 | 0.7 | 3 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 6 | 2 | 105.5 |
| Average snowy days | 18 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 2 | 10 | 17 | 72.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 80 | 74 | 67 | 64 | 70 | 74 | 77 | 81 | 81 | 84 | 85 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 33 | 72 | 128 | 170 | 265 | 279 | 271 | 238 | 147 | 78 | 32 | 18 | 1,731 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 14 | 27 | 35 | 40 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 38 | 24 | 13 | 8 | 34 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Source: thermograph.ru[13], pogoda.ru.net[14] [15], meteoweb.ru[16] and Weather Atlas[17] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Murmansk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −13.0 (8.6) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.4 (−38.9) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−39.4 (−38.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) |
22 (0.9) |
23 (0.9) |
24 (0.9) |
36 (1.4) |
54 (2.1) |
70 (2.8) |
61 (2.4) |
52 (2.0) |
51 (2.0) |
38 (1.5) |
34 (1.3) |
495 (19.5) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[18] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.5 (41.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
31.0 (87.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −8.1 (17.4) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −14.5 (5.9) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.2 (−42.2) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−28.3 (−18.9) |
−19.7 (−3.5) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−29.4 (−20.9) |
−41.4 (−42.5) |
−41.4 (−42.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40 (1.6) |
33 (1.3) |
28 (1.1) |
36 (1.4) |
52 (2.0) |
64 (2.5) |
76 (3.0) |
67 (2.6) |
57 (2.2) |
59 (2.3) |
56 (2.2) |
50 (2.0) |
618 (24.3) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[19] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Saint Petersburg, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1881–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
37.1 (98.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −8.0 (17.6) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−35.2 (−31.4) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44 (1.7) |
33 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
31 (1.2) |
46 (1.8) |
71 (2.8) |
79 (3.1) |
83 (3.3) |
64 (2.5) |
68 (2.7) |
56 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
662 (26.1) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 10 | 173 |
| Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 117 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 84 | 79 | 69 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 21.7 | 53.7 | 124.0 | 180.0 | 260.4 | 276.0 | 266.6 | 213.9 | 129.0 | 71.3 | 24.0 | 12.4 | 1,633 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory[21] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Samara | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.2 (93.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
39.6 (103.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.9 (3.4) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.6 (47.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
0.6 (33.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −43.0 (−45.4) |
−36.9 (−34.4) |
−31.4 (−24.5) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−41.3 (−42.3) |
−43.0 (−45.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) |
35 (1.4) |
33 (1.3) |
39 (1.5) |
32 (1.3) |
58 (2.3) |
64 (2.5) |
52 (2.0) |
45 (1.8) |
52 (2.0) |
54 (2.1) |
51 (2.0) |
561 (22.1) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sochi | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.3 (90.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.1 (80.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.8 (53.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
3.2 (37.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 183 (7.2) |
120 (4.7) |
115 (4.5) |
122 (4.8) |
89 (3.5) |
99 (3.9) |
93 (3.7) |
111 (4.4) |
133 (5.2) |
135 (5.3) |
182 (7.2) |
202 (8.0) |
1,584 (62.4) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[23] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ulan-Ude, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1892–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
35.6 (96.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
32.2 (90.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −17.9 (−0.2) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −23.3 (−9.9) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −27.6 (−17.7) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −54.4 (−65.9) |
−44.9 (−48.8) |
−40.4 (−40.7) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−38.0 (−36.4) |
−48.8 (−55.8) |
−54.4 (−65.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
6 (0.2) |
18 (0.7) |
43 (1.7) |
65 (2.6) |
68 (2.7) |
28 (1.1) |
8 (0.3) |
10 (0.4) |
9 (0.4) |
265 (10.4) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 83 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 18 | 89 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 75 | 66 | 53 | 49 | 57 | 64 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 76 | 78 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 115 | 155 | 225 | 248 | 287 | 288 | 270 | 247 | 211 | 167 | 113 | 92 | 2,418 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA[25] | |||||||||||||
Climate data for Vladivostok, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1919–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
33.6 (92.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −8.1 (17.4) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.4 (4.3) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.4 (−24.5) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−21.3 (−6.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−31.4 (−24.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.6) |
15 (0.6) |
27 (1.1) |
48 (1.9) |
81 (3.2) |
110 (4.3) |
164 (6.5) |
156 (6.1) |
117 (4.6) |
57 (2.2) |
28 (1.1) |
18 (0.7) |
833 (32.8) |
| Average rainy days | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 133 |
| Average snowy days | 7 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 47 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 58 | 57 | 60 | 67 | 76 | 87 | 92 | 87 | 77 | 65 | 60 | 60 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 178 | 184 | 216 | 192 | 199 | 130 | 122 | 149 | 197 | 205 | 168 | 156 | 2,096 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[27] | |||||||||||||
| Sea temperature data for Vladivostok | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | -1.2 (29.8) |
-1.6 (29.1) |
-0.9 (30.4) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
8.64 (47.6) |
| Source: [28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Yakutsk, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1891–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −11.5 (11.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.1 (95.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −35.7 (−32.3) |
−28.7 (−19.7) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−34.6 (−30.3) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −38.6 (−37.5) |
−33.8 (−28.8) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−37.6 (−35.7) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −41.5 (−42.7) |
−38.2 (−36.8) |
−27.4 (−17.3) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−31.0 (−23.8) |
−40.4 (−40.7) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −63.0 (−81.4) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
−54.9 (−66.8) |
−41.0 (−41.8) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−40.9 (−41.6) |
−54.5 (−66.1) |
−59.8 (−75.6) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9 (0.4) |
8 (0.3) |
7 (0.3) |
8 (0.3) |
20 (0.8) |
36 (1.4) |
39 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
31 (1.2) |
18 (0.7) |
16 (0.6) |
10 (0.4) |
237 (9.3) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 3 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 4 | 0.1 | 0 | 83 |
| Average snowy days | 28 | 28 | 17 | 10 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0 | 4 | 25 | 28 | 27 | 172 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 76 | 70 | 60 | 54 | 57 | 62 | 67 | 72 | 78 | 78 | 76 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 19 | 97 | 234 | 274 | 303 | 333 | 347 | 273 | 174 | 106 | 59 | 12 | 2,231 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[29] March record:[30] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[31] | |||||||||||||
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See also
References
- "Russia::Climate and vegetation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
- "Climate". Library Of Congress. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- "Meteo.ru". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- "NOAA NCDC Climate Data Online". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved July 5, 2013.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved July 5, 2013.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved July 5, 2013.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- "Climate Khabarovsk". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- "KHABAROVSK 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- "Thermograph.ru averages". Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- "Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- "Climate monitor 2005-2011" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Moscow, Russia - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved July 7, 2013.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- "Climate Saint Petersburg". pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- "Saint Petersburg 1961–1990". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 7, 2007.
- "Climate Ulan-Ude". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- "ULAN-UDE/MUHINO 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- "Climate Vladivostok". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- "VLADIVOSTOK 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- "Climate Jakutsk". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24959&month=3
- "JAKUTSK 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
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