Catholic social teaching

Catholic social teaching is the Catholic doctrines on matters of human dignity and common good in society. The ideas address oppression, the role of the state, subsidiarity, social organization, concern for social justice, and issues of wealth distribution. Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical letter Rerum novarum, which advocated economic distributism. Its roots can be traced to the writings of Catholic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas and Augustine of Hippo, and is also derived from concepts present in the Bible and the cultures of the ancient Near East.[1]

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According to Pope Benedict XVI, its purpose "is simply to help purify reason and to contribute, here and now, to the acknowledgment and attainment of what is just. ... [The church] has to play her part through rational argument and she has to reawaken the spiritual energy without which justice ... cannot prevail and prosper",[2] According to Pope John Paul II, its foundation "rests on the threefold cornerstones of human dignity, solidarity and subsidiarity".[3]

Catholic social teaching is distinctive in its consistent critiques of modern social and political ideologies both of the left and of the right: liberalism, communism, feminism,[4][5] atheism,[6] socialism,[7] fascism, capitalism,[7] and Nazism[8] have all been condemned, at least in their pure forms, by several popes since the late nineteenth century.

Catholic social doctrine has always tried to find an equilibrium between respect for human liberty, including the right to private property and subsidiarity, and concern for the whole society, including the weakest and poorest.[9]

History

The principles of Catholic social teaching, though rooted in the Old Testament custom of the Jubilee,[10][11] first began to be combined together into a system in the late nineteenth century. Since then, successive popes have added to and developed the church's body of social teaching, principally through the medium of encyclical letters.

Rerum novarum

The publication of Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum in 1891 marked the beginning of the development of a recognizable body of social teaching in the Catholic Church. It dealt with persons, systems and structures, the three co-ordinates of the modern promotion of justice and peace, now established as integral to the church's mission. In the years which followed there have been numerous encyclicals and messages on social issues; various forms of Catholic action developed in different parts of the world; and social ethics taught in schools and seminaries. To mark the 40th anniversary of Rerum novarum, Pope Pius XI issued Quadragesimo anno, which expanded on some of its themes.[12]

Pope John XXIII

Further development came in the post–Second World War period when attention turned to the problems of social and economic development and international relations. On 15 May 1961 Pope John XXIII released Mater et magistra, subtitled "Christianity and Social Progress". This encyclical expanded the church's social doctrine to cover the relations between rich and poor nations, examining the obligation of rich countries to assist poor countries while respecting their particular cultures. It includes an examination of the threat of global economic imbalances to world peace. On 11 April 1963, Pope John expanded further on this in Pacem in terris (Latin: Peace on Earth), the first encyclical addressed to both Catholics and non-Catholics. In it, the Pope linked the establishment of world peace to the laying of a foundation consisting of proper rights and responsibilities between individuals, social groups, and states from the local to the international level. He exhorted Catholics to understand and apply the social teachings:

Once again we exhort our people to take an active part in public life, and to contribute towards the attainment of the common good of the entire human family as well as to that of their own country. They should endeavor, therefore, in the light of the Faith and with the strength of love, to ensure that the various institutions—whether economic, social, cultural or political in purpose – should be such as not to create obstacles, but rather to facilitate or render less arduous people's perfectioning of themselves both in the natural order as well as in the supernatural.[13]

This document, issued at the height of the Cold War, also included a denunciation of the nuclear arms race and a call for strengthening the United Nations.[14]

Second Vatican Council

The primary document from the Second Vatican Council concerning social teachings is Gaudium et spes, the "Pastoral Constitution on the Church and the Modern World", which is considered one of the chief accomplishments of the Council. Unlike earlier documents, this is an expression of all the bishops, and covers a wide range of issues of the relationship of social concerns and Christian action. At its core, the document asserts the fundamental dignity of each human being, and declares the church's solidarity with both those who suffer, and those who would comfort the suffering:

The joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the people of this age, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties of the followers of Christ.[15]

Other conciliar documents such as Dignitatis humanae, drafted largely by John Courtney Murray, an American Jesuit, have important applications to the social teachings of the church on freedom today.[16]

Pope Paul VI

Like his predecessor, Pope Paul VI gave attention to the disparities in wealth and development between the industrialized West and the Third World in his 1967 encyclical Populorum progressio (Latin: The Development of Peoples). It asserts that free international trade alone is not adequate to correct these disparities and supports the role of international organizations in addressing this need. Paul called on rich nations to meet their moral obligation to poor nations, pointing out the relationship between development and peace. The intention of the church is not to take sides, but to be an advocate for basic human dignity:

There can be no progress towards the complete development of individuals without the simultaneous development of all humanity in the spirit of solidarity.[17] Experienced in human affairs, the Church ... "seeks but a solitary goal: to carry forward the work of Christ Himself under the lead of the befriending Spirit." ... But, since the Church lives in history, she ought to "scrutinize the signs of the times and interpret them in the light of the Gospel." Sharing the noblest aspirations of men and women and suffering when she sees them not satisfied, she wishes to help them attain their full flowing, and that is why she offers all people what she possesses as her characteristic attribute: a global vision of man and of the human race.[18]

The May 1971 apostolic letter Octogesima adveniens addressed the challenge of urbanization and urban poverty and stressed the personal responsibility of Christians to respond to injustice. For the tenth anniversary of the Second Vatican Council (26 October 1975), Paul issued Evangelii nuntiandi (Latin: Evangelization in the Modern World). In it he asserts that combating injustice is an essential part of evangelizing modern peoples.[14]

Pope John Paul II
See also: Pope John Paul II § Teachings

John Paul II continued his predecessors' work of developing the body of Catholic social doctrine. Of particular importance were his 1981 encyclical Laborem exercens and Centesimus annus in 1991.

On one hand there is a growing moral sensitivity alert to the value of every individual as a human being without any distinction of race, nationality, religion, political opinion, or social class. On the other hand these proclamations are contradicted in practice. How can these solemn affirmations be reconciled with the widespread attacks on human life and the refusal to accept those who are weak, needy, elderly, or just conceived? These attacks go directly against respect for life; they threaten the very meaning of democratic coexistence, and our cities risk becoming societies of people who are rejected, marginalized, uprooted, and oppressed, instead of communities of "people living together."[19]

While not endorsing any particular political agenda, the church holds that this teaching applies in the public (political) realm, not only the private.

Laborem exercens qualifies the teaching of private ownership in relation to the common use of goods that all men, as children of God, are entitled to. The church "has always understood this right within the broader context of the right common to all to use the goods of the whole creation: the right to private property is subordinated to the right to common use, to the fact that goods are meant for everyone."[20] Many of these concepts are again stressed in Centesimus annus, issued on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Rerum novarum, which encompasses a critique of both socialism and unfettered capitalism. Another major milestone under Pope John Paul II's papacy occurred in 2005, with the publication of the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, a work entrusted to the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

Pope Benedict XVI
See also: Theology of Pope Benedict XVI § Past and present views on social issues

Pope Benedict XVI's 2009 encyclical Caritas in veritate added many additional perspectives to the Social Teaching tradition, including in particular relationships with the concepts of Charity and Truth, and introduced the idea of the need for a strong "World Political Authority" to deal with humanity's most pressing challenges and problems. This idea has proven to be controversial and difficult to accept, particularly by right-of-center U.S. Catholic thinkers who are generally suspicious, or even disdainful, of supranational and international organizations, such as the United Nations. The concept was further developed in a 2011 Note issued by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace entitled "Towards reforming the International Financial and Monetary Systems in the context of World Political Authority".

In Caritas in veritate, Benedict also lifted up Paul VI's social encyclical Populorum Progressio, setting it as a new point of reference for Catholic social thought in the 21st century. Noted scholar Thomas D. Williams wrote that "by honoring Populorum progressio with the title of 'the Rerum novarum of the present age,' Benedict meant to elevate Populorum Progressio, conferring on it a paradigmatic status not dissimilar to that enjoyed by Rerum novarum throughout the twentieth century." Williams claims that the reason for this elevation is that Populorum Progressio, "for all its real deficiencies, effected an important conceptual shift in Catholic social thinking, by moving from the worker question (with its attendant concerns of just wages, private property, working environment, and labor associations) to the broader and richer social benchmark of integral human development."[21]

Pope Francis
See also: Theology of Pope Francis § Primacy of charity

Pope Francis, in his apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium, explicitly affirmed "the right of states" to intervene in the economy to promote "the common good".[22] He wrote:

While the earnings of a minority are growing exponentially, so too is the gap separating the majority from the prosperity enjoyed by those happy few. This imbalance is the result of ideologies which defend the absolute autonomy of the marketplace and financial speculation. Consequently, they reject the right of states, charged with vigilance for the common good, to exercise any form of control. A new tyranny is thus born, invisible and often virtual, which unilaterally and relentlessly imposes its own laws and rules.[22]

Pope Francis has warned about the "idolatry of money"[22] and wrote:

[S]ome people continue to defend trickle-down theories which assume that economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world. This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naïve trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system.[22]

In his second encyclical, Laudato si', the pope lays forth a "biting critique of consumerism and irresponsible development with a plea for swift and unified global action" to combat environmental degradation and climate change.[23]

With respect to climate change, some critics have argued that Pope Francis is departing from the positions of his predecessors. Daniel Schwindt observed that "some writers seem to suggest (as is common among persons who’ve never taken the time to read the encyclicals themselves), that Pope Francis' Laudato Si' represents some new venture on the part of the Church—a departure from its customary range of subject matter."[24] But, Schwindt argues,[25] his attitude toward climate change is a precise continuation of the attitude of his immediate predecessor. Pope Benedict XVI had written:

The order of creation demands that a priority be given to those human activities that do not cause irreversible damage to nature, but which instead are woven into the social, cultural, and religious fabric of the different communities. In this way, a sober balance is achieved between consumption and the sustainability of resources.[26]

Principles

Every commentator has his or her own list of key principles and documents, and there is no official 'canon' of principles or documents.[27]

Human dignity

Human dignity is one principle of Catholic social thought.[28] "Being in the image of God, the human individual possesses the dignity of a person, who is not just something, but someone. He is capable of self-knowledge, of self-possession and of freely giving himself and entering into communion with other persons. And he is called by grace to a covenant with his Creator, to offer him a response of faith and love that no other creature can give."[29]

Subsidiarity

The origins of subsidiarity as a concept of Catholic social thought lie with Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, who served as Bishop of Mainz in the mid- to late 19th Century.[30] It is most well-known, however, from its subsequent incorporation into Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quadragesimo anno. This encyclical's formulation of subsidiarity is the touchstone from which further interpretations tend to depart: "Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do. For every social activity ought of its very nature to furnish help to the members of the body social, and never destroy and absorb them."[31] As with many social encyclicals in the modern period, this one occurs in the historical context of the intensifying struggle between communist and capitalist ideologies, exactly forty years – hence the title – after the Vatican's first public stance on the issue in Rerum novarum. Promulgated in 1931, Quadragesimo anno is a response to German National Socialism and Soviet communism, on the one hand, and to Western European and American capitalist individualism on the other. It broke the surface of Catholic social teaching in this context, and it is helpful to keep this in mind. The main author of the 1931 encyclical's "subsidiarity" part was the German Jesuit and economist Oswald von Nell-Breuning. [32]

Gregory Beabout suggests that subsidiarity draws upon a far older concept as well: the Roman military term subsidium. He writes that "the role of the ‘subsidium’ (literally, to sit behind) is to lend help and support in case of need."[33] Employing Beabout's etymology, subsidiarity indicates that the higher social unit ought to "sit behind" the lower ones to lend help and support in case of need. Another etymological interpretation states that subsidiarity literally means "to 'seat' ('sid') a service down ('sub') as close to the need for that service as is feasible".[34] Either interpretation indicates a hermeneutic of subsidiarity in which the higher social body's rights and responsibilities for action are predicated upon their assistance to and empowerment of the lower.

Francis McHugh states that in addition to the "vertical" dimension of subsidiarity, there is also a "horizontal" dimension which "calls for a diversity of semi-autonomous social, economic, and cultural spheres".[35] Quadragesimo anno presents these "spheres" as occupying the space between the poles of individual and State: "...things have come to such a pass through the evil of what we have termed "individualism" that, following upon the overthrow and near extinction of that rich social life which was once highly developed through associations of various kinds, there remain virtually only individuals and the State. This is to the great harm of the State itself; for, with a structure of social governance lost, and with the taking over of all the burdens which the wrecked associations once bore. the State has been overwhelmed and crushed by almost infinite tasks and duties."[36] These associations or "lesser societies" are encouraged because they are the vehicle by which society functions most effectively and corresponds most closely with human dignity.[37] Examples of these associations today would include the family, unions, nonprofit organizations, religious congregations, and corporations of all sizes.

Subsidiarity charts a course between the Scylla of individualism and Charybdis of collectivism by locating the responsibilities and privileges of social life in the smallest unit of organization at which they will function. Larger social bodies, be they the state or otherwise, are permitted and required to intervene only when smaller ones cannot carry out the tasks themselves. Even in this case, the intervention must be temporary and for the purpose of empowering the smaller social body to be able to carry out such functions on its own.[38]

Solidarity and the common good

Solidarity is a firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good, not merely "vague compassion or shallow distress at the misfortunes of others" (Joseph Donders, John Paul II: The Encyclicals in Everyday Language). Solidarity, which flows from faith, is fundamental to the Christian view of social and political organization. Each person is connected to and dependent on all humanity, collectively and individually.

Charity

In Caritas in veritate, the Catholic Church declared that "Charity is at the heart of the Church". Every responsibility and every commitment spelt out by that doctrine is derived from charity which, according to the teaching of Jesus, is the synthesis of the entire Law (Matthew 22:36–40). It gives real substance to the personal relationship with God and with neighbour; it is the principle not only of micro-relationships but with friends, family members or within small groups.[39]

The church has chosen the concept of "charity in truth" to avoid a degeneration into sentimentality in which love becomes empty. In a culture without truth, there is a fatal risk of losing love. It falls prey to contingent subjective emotions and opinions, the word love is abused and distorted, to the point where it comes to mean the opposite. Truth frees charity from the constraints of an emotionalism that deprives it of relational and social content, and of a fideism that deprives it of human and universal breathing-space. In the truth, charity reflects the personal yet public dimension of faith in God and the Bible.[40]

Distributism and social justice

Distributism is a school of economic and social thought developed by Catholic thinkers G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc. It holds that social and economic structures should promote social justice, and that social justice is best served through a wide distribution of ownership. For support, distributists cite Rerum novarum, which states:

We have seen that this great labor question cannot be solved save by assuming as a principle that private ownership must be held sacred and inviolable. The law, therefore, should favor ownership, and its policy should be to induce as many as possible of the people to become owners.[41]

This principle is then used as a basis for progressive tax rates, anti-trust laws and economic cooperatives including credit unions.[42] Rerum novarum, Quadragesimo anno and Centesimus annus are all documents which advocate a just distribution of income and wealth.[43] Still more recently, in Caritas in veritate, Pope Benedict XVI emphasized the point to such an extent that the term "redistribution" is mentioned no less than eight times throughout the encyclical, each time in a positive manner.[44]

Key themes

As with the principles above, there is no official list of key themes.[27] The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) has identified these seven key themes of Catholic Social Teaching set out here. Other sources identify more or fewer key themes based on their reading of the key documents of the social magisterium.[45][46]

Sanctity of human life and dignity of the person

The foundational principle of all Catholic social teachings is the sanctity of human life. Catholics believe in an inherent dignity of the human person starting from conception through to natural death. They believe that human life must be valued infinitely above material possessions. Pope John Paul II wrote and spoke extensively on the topic of the inviolability of human life and dignity in his watershed encyclical, Evangelium Vitae, (Latin for "The Gospel of Life").

Catholics oppose acts considered attacks and affronts to human life, including abortion,[47] fornication[48] (including contraception),[49] capital punishment, euthanasia,[50] genocide, torture, the direct and intentional targeting of noncombatants in war, and every deliberate taking of innocent human life. In the Second Vatican Council's Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, Gaudium et spes (Latin for "Joy and Hope"), it is written that "from the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care."[51] The church does not oppose war in all circumstances. The church's moral theology has generally emphasized just war theory.

The post–Vatican II Catechism of the Catholic Church says of capital punishment:

The traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude, presupposing full ascertainment of the identity and responsibility of the offender, recourse to the death penalty, when this is the only practicable way to defend the lives of human beings effectively against the aggressor.

"If, instead, bloodless means are sufficient to defend against the aggressor and to protect the safety of persons, public authority should limit itself to such means, because they better correspond to the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person.

"Today, in fact, given the means at the State's disposal to effectively repress crime by rendering inoffensive the one who has committed it, without depriving him definitively of the possibility of redeeming himself, cases of absolute necessity for suppression of the offender 'today ... are very rare, if not practically non-existent.'[John Paul II, Evangelium vitae 56.]."[52][53]

Applying this argument to the situation in the United States today, in 2005 the USCCB launched "a major Catholic campaign to end the use of the death penalty."[54]

Believing men and women are made in the image and likeness of God,[55] Catholic doctrine teaches to respect all humans based on an inherent dignity. According to John Paul II, every human person "is called to a fullness of life which far exceeds the dimensions of his earthly existence, because it consists in sharing the very life of God."[56] Catholics oppose racial prejudice and other forms of discrimination. In 2007 the USCCB wrote:

Catholic teaching about the dignity of life calls us ... to prevent genocide and attacks against noncombatants; to oppose racism; and to overcome poverty and suffering. Nations are called to protect the right to life by seeking effective ways to combat evil and terror without resorting to armed conflicts except as a last resort, always seeking first to resolve disputes by peaceful means. We revere the lives of children in the womb, the lives of persons dying in war and from starvation, and indeed the lives of all human beings as children of God.[57]

A belief in the inherent dignity of the human person also requires that basic human needs are adequately met, including food, health care, shelter, etc. The bishops have see this as a basis for the support of social welfare programs and of governmental economic policies that promote equitable distribution of income and access to essential goods and services.

Call to family, community, and participation in the pursuit of the Common Good

According to the Book of Genesis, the Lord God said: "It is not good for the man to be alone".[58] The Catholic Church teaches that man is not only a sacred but also a social person and that families are the first and most basic units of a society. It advocates a complementarian view of marriage, family life, and religious leadership. Full human development takes place in relationship with others. The family—based on marriage (between a man and a woman)—is the first and fundamental unit of society and is a sanctuary for the creation and nurturing of children. Together families form communities, communities a state and together all across the world each human is part of the human family. How these communities organize themselves politically, economically and socially is thus of the highest importance. Each institution must be judged by how much it enhances, or is a detriment to, the life and dignity of human persons.

Catholic Social Teaching opposes collectivist approaches such as Communism but at the same time it also rejects unrestricted laissez-faire policies and the notion that a free market automatically produces social justice. The state has a positive moral role to play as no society will achieve a just and equitable distribution of resources with a totally free market.[59] All people have a right to participate in the economic, political, and cultural life of society[60] and, under the principle of subsidiarity, state functions should be carried out at the lowest level that is practical.[61] A particular contribution of Catholic social teaching is a strong appreciation for the role of intermediary organizations such as labor unions, community organizations, fraternal groups and parish churches.

Rights and responsibilities; social justice

Every person has a fundamental right to life and to the necessities of life. The right to exercise religious freedom publicly and privately by individuals and institutions along with freedom of conscience need to be constantly defended. In a fundamental way, the right to free expression of religious beliefs protects all other rights.

The church supports private property and teaches that "every man has by nature the right to possess property as his own."[62][63] The right to private property is not absolute, however, and is limited by the concepts of the "universal destiny of the goods of the earth" and of the social mortgage.[64] It is theoretically moral and just for its members to destroy property used in an evil way by others, or for the state to redistribute wealth from those who have unjustly hoarded it.[14]

Corresponding to these rights are duties and responsibilities—to one another, to our families, and to the larger society. Rights should be understood and exercised in a moral framework rooted in the dignity of the human person and social justice. Those that have more have a greater responsibility to contribute to the common good than those who have less.

We live our lives by a subconscious philosophy of freedom and work. The encyclical Laborem exercens (1981) by Pope John Paul II, describes work as the essential key to the whole social question. The very beginning is an aspect of the human vocation. Work includes every form of action by which the world is transformed and shaped or even simply maintained by human beings. It is through work that we achieve fulfilment. So in order to fulfil ourselves we must cooperate and work together to create something good for all of us, a common good. What we call justice is that state of social harmony in which the actions of each person best serve the common good.

Freedom according to Natural Law is the empowerment of good. Being free we have responsibilities. With human relationships we have responsibilities towards each other. This is the basis of human rights. The Roman Catholic Bishops of England and Wales, in their document "The Common Good" (1996) stated that, "The study of the evolution of human rights shows that they all flow from the one fundamental right: the right to life. From this derives the right to a society which makes life more truly human: religious liberty, decent work, housing, health care, freedom of speech, education, and the right to raise and provide for a family" (section 37). Having the right to life must mean that everyone else has a responsibility towards me. To help sustain and develop my life. This gives me the right to whatever I need to accomplish without compromising the mission of others, and it lays on others the corresponding responsibility to help me. All justice is the power of God compensated solely in terms of individual relationships.

The Ten Commandments reflect the basic structure of the Natural Law insofar as it applies to humanity. The first three are the foundation for everything that follows: The Love of God, the Worship of God, the sanctity of God and the building of people around God. The other seven Commandments are to do with the love of humanity and describe the different ways in which we must serve the common good : Honour your father and mother, you shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not bear false witness against your neighbour, you shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbour (Exodus 20:3–17). Our Lord Jesus Christ Summarized the Commandments with the New Commandment: "Love one another, as I have loved you" (John 13:34, 15:9–17). The mystery of Jesus is a mystery of love. Our relationship with God is not one of fear, of slavery or oppression; it is a relationship of serene trust born of a free choice motivated by love. Pope John Paul II stated that love is the fundamental and innate vocation of every human being. By his law God does not intend to coerce our will, but to set it free from everything that could compromise its authentic dignity and its full realization. (Pope John Paul II to government leaders, 5 November 2000.)

Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable
Main article: Option for the poor

Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each of us did to help the poor and needy: "Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me."[65] This is reflected in the church's canon law, which states, "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote social justice and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor from their own resources."[66]

Through our words, prayers and deeds we must show solidarity with, and compassion for, the poor. When instituting public policy we must always keep the "preferential option for the poor" at the forefront of our minds. The moral test of any society is "how it treats its most vulnerable members. The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. We are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor."[67]

Pope Benedict XVI has taught that "love for widows and orphans, prisoners, and the sick and needy of every kind, is as essential as the ministry of the sacraments and preaching of the Gospel".[68] This preferential option for the poor and vulnerable includes all who are marginalized in our nation and beyond—unborn children, persons with disabilities, the elderly and terminally ill, and victims of injustice and oppression.

Dignity of work

Society must pursue economic justice and the economy must serve people, not the other way around. Employers must not "look upon their work people as their bondsmen, but ... respect in every man his dignity as a person ennobled by Christian character."[69] Employers contribute to the common good through the services or products they provide and by creating jobs that uphold the dignity and rights of workers.

Workers have a right to work, to earn a living wage, and to form trade unions[70] to protect their interests. All workers have a right to productive work, to decent and fair wages, and to safe working conditions.[71] Workers also have responsibilities—to provide a fair day's work for a fair day's pay, to treat employers and co-workers with respect, and to carry out their work in ways that contribute to the common good. Workers must "fully and faithfully" perform the work they have agreed to do.

In 1933, the Catholic Worker Movement was founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. It was committed to nonviolence, voluntary poverty, prayer, and hospitality for the marginalized and poorest in Society. Today over 185 Catholic Worker communities continue to protest injustice, war, racial prejudice, and violence of all forms.

Solidarity and the universal destiny of the goods of the Earth

Pope John Paul II wrote in the 1987 encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis, "Solidarity is undoubtedly a Christian virtue. It seeks to go beyond itself to total gratuity, forgiveness, and reconciliation. It leads to a new vision of the unity of humankind, a reflection of God's triune intimate life. ..."[72] It is a unity that binds members of a group together.

All the peoples of the world belong to one human family. We must be our brother's keeper,[73] though we may be separated by distance, language or culture. Jesus teaches that we must each love our neighbors as ourselves and in the parable of the Good Samaritan we see that our compassion should extend to all people.[74] Solidarity includes the Scriptural call to welcome the stranger among us—including immigrants seeking work, a safe home, education for their children, and a decent life for their families.

Solidarity at the international level primarily concerns the Global South. For example, the church has habitually insisted that loans be forgiven on many occasions, particularly during Jubilee years.[75] Charity to individuals or groups must be accompanied by transforming unjust political, economic and social structures.

The world and its goods were created for the use and benefit of all of God's creatures and any structures that impede the realization of this fundamental goal are not right. This concept ties in with those of Social Justice and of the limits to private property.

Care for God's creation

A Biblical vision of justice is much more comprehensive than civil equity; it encompasses right relationships between all members of God's creation. Stewardship of creation: The world's goods are available for humanity to use only under a "social mortgage" which carries with it the responsibility to protect the environment. The "goods of the earth" are gifts from God, and they are intended by God for the benefit of everyone.[76] Man was given dominion over all creation as sustainer rather than as exploiter,[77] and is commanded to be a good steward of the gifts God has given him.[78] We cannot use and abuse the natural resources God has given us with a destructive consumer mentality.

Catholic Social Teaching recognizes that the poor are the most vulnerable to environmental impact and endure disproportional hardship when natural areas are exploited or damaged. US Bishops established an environmental justice program to assist parishes and dioceses who wanted to conduct education, outreach and advocacy about these issues. The US Conference of Catholic Bishops Environmental Justice Program (EJP)[79] calls Catholics to a deeper respect for God's creation and engages parishes in activities that deal with environmental problems, particularly as they affect the poor.

Encyclicals and other official documents

Catholic social teaching in action

The Holy See

Several organs of the Holy See are dedicated to social issues. The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace is tasked with promoting "justice and peace in the world, in the light of the Gospel and of the social teaching of the Church."[80] It works to clarify, expand upon, and develop new teachings in the areas of peace, justice, and human rights. The council also collaborates with local and international Catholic organizations working in those areas, and works with the social welfare organs of the United Nations, through the Secretariat of State.[81] The Pontifical Council Cor Unum is the Holy See's primary organ devoted to charitable works. The council supervises the activities of Caritas Internationalis. It also operates the John Paul II Foundation for the Sahel and the Populorum Progressio Foundation.[82] The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences promotes the study and progress of social sciences. The academy works with various dicasteries, especially the Council for Justice and Peace, to contribute to the development of the church's social teachings.[83]

The Holy See has established the World Movement of Christian Workers as the church's organization for working men and women to advance Catholic social initiatives.[84]

Europe and the Americas
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Christian democracy, a political movement in numerous European and Latin American countries, is significantly influenced by Catholic social teaching. It has influenced other political movements in varying degrees throughout the world.

The subsidiarity principle which originated in Rerum novarum was established in European Union law by the Treaty of Maastricht,[85] signed on 7 February 1992 and entered into force on 1 November 1993. The present formulation is contained in Article 5 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (consolidated version following the Treaty of Nice, which entered into force on 1 February 2003).

Progressio Ireland, a nongovernmental development organization based in Dublin, is also founded on the principles of Catholic social teaching. It works to achieve sustainable development the eradication of poverty in the world's underdeveloped nations.

Mondragon Cooperative Corporation, a cooperative based in Mondragón, Spain, was founded on the then extant principles of Catholic social teaching.

The International Movement of Catholic Professionals and Intellectuals, "Pax Romana", is another organization firmly based on Catholic Social Teaching principles. It is active in all continents, particularly Europe, the Americas, and Africa.

In the run up to the 2010 General Election, the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales produced the booklet Choosing the Common Good in order to clarify the principals of Catholic Social Teaching.

United States
Main article: Catholic social activism in the United States

There is an important movement of Catholic social activism in the United States.

gollark: There's also no less than *two* stupidly isolated bunkers you could in theory take over when it launches!
gollark: I *was* looking at running a server on my own hardware a while ago, but it's annoying to do and my server is underpowered.
gollark: ˙
gollark: ↑
gollark: Or I could build then fire orbital lasers.

See also

Notes
  1. Enrique Nardoni, translated by Sean Martin (2004). Rise Up, O Judge: A Study of Justice in the Biblical World. Baker Books.
  2. (Pope Benedict XVI, Deus Caritas Est, 28).
  3. (John Paul II, 1999 Apostolic Exhortation, Ecclesia in America, 55).
  4. Ellen C. Mayock, Domnica Radulescu (24 August 2010). Feminist Activism in Academia: Essays on Personal, Political and Professional Change. McFarland. ISBN 9780786457700. Retrieved 8 April 2011. Catholic institutions are often dependent upon the generosity of benefactors who are politically and religiously conservative, wary of or outright disapproving of feminism. Catholic traditions and current official church stands are at odds with many feminist positions.
  5. Lynne Bravo Rosewater, Lenore E. Walker (15 June 1985). A Handbook of Feminist Therapy: Women's Issues in Psychotherapy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780826149701. Retrieved 8 April 2011. Other feminist concerns, such as changes in sexist language, have been an issue for almost a decade in the Roman Catholic Church and most other churches as well.
  6. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Burns & Oates. 23 June 2002. ISBN 9780860123248. Retrieved 8 April 2011. 2123 'Many... of our contemporaries either do not at all perceive, or explicitly reject, this intimate and vital bond of man to God. Atheism must therefore be regarded as one of the most serious problems of our time.'
  7. S. Adamiak, E. Chojnacka, D. Walczak, Social security in Poland – cultural, historical and economical issues, Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting, Vol 2, No 2, p. 16.
  8. See encyclical Mit brennender Sorge, 1937
  9. S. Adamiak, D. Walczak, Catholic social teaching, sustainable development and social solidarism in the context of social security, Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting, Vol 3, No 1, p. 14.
  10. Daniel Schwindt, Catholic Social Teaching: A New Synthesis (Rerum Novarum to Laudato Si), 2015, p. 4-12
  11. Catholic Front, Catholic Social Teaching is Rooted in the Jubilee
  12. For a summary of Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno.
  13. Pacem in terris § 146.
  14. The Busy Christian's Guide to Social Teaching.
  15. Gaudium et spes § 1.
  16. Curran, Charles E. (2002). Catholic Social Teaching, 1891–present: A Historical, Theological, and Ethical Analysis. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781589012929. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  17. Populorum Progressio §43.
  18. Populorum Progressio §13.
  19. Evangelium Vitae § 18.
  20. "Laborem exercens," Proclaiming Justice and Peace
  21. Thomas D. Williams, The World as it Could Be: Catholic Social Thought for a New Generation (New York: Crossroad, 2011):173-74
  22. "Evangelii Gaudium : Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World (24 November 2013) | Francis". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  23. Jim Yardley & Laurie Goodstein, Pope Francis, in Sweeping Encyclical, Calls for Swift Action on Climate Change, New York Times (18 June 2015).
  24. Daniel Schwindt, Catholic Social Teaching: A New Synthesis (Rerum Novarum to Laudato Si), 2015, p. 163.
  25. Daniel Schwindt, Catholic Social Teaching: A New Synthesis (Rerum Novarum to Laudato Si), 2015, p. 164.
  26. Message to the Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization for the Celebration of World Food Day, 16 October 2006.
  27. "Australian Catholic Social Justice Council" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  28. "An Introduction to the Principles of Catholic Social Thought". socialconcerns.nd.edu. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  29. "CCC Search Result – Paragraph # 357". www.scborromeo.org. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  30. Michael J. Shuck, "Early Modern Roman Catholic Social Thought, 1740–1890", Modern Catholic Social Teaching: Commentaries and Interpretations, eds. Kenneth Himes, O.F.M., Lisa Sowle Cahill, Charles E. Curran, David Hollenbach, S.J., and Thomas Shannon (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005), 112.
  31. Pope Pius XI, Quadragesimo anno, 15 May 1931, https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/ documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_en.html, §79.
  32. "Documentation: The Drafting of Quadragesimo Anno". Crisis Magazine. 1 February 1985. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  33. Gregory R. Beabout, "Challenges to Using the Principle of Subsidiarity for Environmental Policy", William and Mary Environmental Policy Review 28 (2004): 226.
  34. J. Bryan Hehir, "Catholic Social Teaching and the Challenge of the Future", Woodstock Report, June 1998 (cited in Robert K. Vischer, "Subsidiarity as a Principle of Governance: Beyond Devolution", Indiana Law Review 35, no. 1 (2001): 103).
  35. Francis P. McHugh, Catholic Social Thought: Renovating the Tradition – A Keyguide to Resources (Leuven: Peeters, 2008) 91.
  36. Quadragesimo anno, §78.
  37. For further elaboration, see Pope Leo XIII (15 May 1891). Rerum novarum. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2011., §48–51 and Quadragesimo anno, §29–39.
  38. Robert K. Vischer, "Subsidiarity as a Principle of Governance: Beyond Devolution", Indiana Law Review 35, no. 1 (2001): 119. (Quoting Fred Crosson, "Catholic Social Teaching and American Society", Principles of Catholic Social Teaching, ed. David A. Boileau (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998), 170–171).
  39. Caritas in veritate § 2.
  40. Caritas in veritate §3.
  41. Rerum Novarum § 46.
  42. Caritas in veritate § 65.
  43. Rerum Novarum § 22; Quadragesimo Anno § 5; Centesimus annus § 3.
  44. Caritas in veritate § 32, 36, 37, 39, 42, 49.
  45. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. Major Themes Archived 26 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  47. Evangelium Vitae § 62.
  48. Catechism of the Catholic Church § 2353
  49. Catechism of the Catholic Church § 2370
  50. Evangelium Vitae § 65;, Catechism of the Catholic Church § 2277.
  51. Gaudium et spes § 51.
  52. Catechism of the Catholic Church § 2267.
  53. "Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  54. "Catholic Bishops Launch Major Catholic Campaign to End the Use of the Death Penalty". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  55. see Genesis 1:26.
  56. Evangelium Vitae § 2.
  57. Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship, A Call to Political Responsibility from the Catholic Bishops of the United States, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
  58. Genesis 2:18.
  59. Economic Justice, Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching Archived 26 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
  60. Participation, Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching Archived 26 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
  61. Role of Government and Subsidiarity, Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching Archived 26 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
  62. Sérgio Campos Gonçalves, "Os fundamentos religiosos da pequena propriedade no pensamento católico: uma perspectiva histórica", Revista Brasileira de História das Religiões, GT História das Religiões e das Religiosidades – Associação Nacional de História, v. 2, pp. 196–206, 2008, ISSN 1983-2850.
  63. Rerum novarum § 6.
  64. Sollicitudo rei socialis § 42.
  65. Matthew 25:40.
  66. 1983 CIC, canon 222 §2.
  67. Option for the Poor, Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
  68. Deus Caritas Est Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine §22.
  69. Rerum novarum § 20.
  70. Rerum novarum § 49.
  71. Economic Justice, Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
  72. Sollicitudo rei socialis § 40.
  73. see Genesis 4:9.
  74. see Luke 10:25–37.
  75. Bono recalls pontiff's affection for the poor – and cool sunglasses.
  76. Stewardship of God's Creation, Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching, Office for Social Justice, Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
  77. see Genesis 1:26–30.
  78. see Matthew 25:14–30.
  79. US Conference of Catholic Bishops Environmental Justice Program (EJP)
  80. Pope John Paul II (28 June 1988), Art 142, Pastor Bonus, Holy See
  81. "Profile". Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  82. "History". Pontifical Council Cor Unum. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  83. "Motu Proprio, History and Aim". Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  84. "Directory of associations". www.laityfamilylife.va. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  85. Article 5 of the Treaty of Maastricht

References

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