Bremen (state)

Bremen (German: [ˈbʁeːmən] (listen)), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called Land Bremen ("State of Bremen"), although this is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen as well as the small exclave of Bremerhaven in Northern Germany, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony.

This article is about the German state. For the similarly named German city, see Bremen. For other uses, see Bremen (disambiguation).

Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Freie Hansestadt Bremen
State
Bremen City Hall
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 53°4′33″N 8°48′27″E
Country	Germany
Capital	Bremen
Government
• Body	Bürgerschaft of Bremen
• Senate President	Andreas Bovenschulte (SPD)
• Governing parties	SPD / Alliance 90/The Greens / The Left
• Bundesrat votes	3 (of 69)
Area
• City	419.38 km^2 (161.92 sq mi)
Population  (2017-12-31)[1]
• City	681,032
• Density	1,600/km^2 (4,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Bremer (m), Bremerin (f)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code	DE-HB
Vehicle registration	HB (1906–1947; again since 1956) BM (1947), AE (1947–1956)
GRP (nominal)	€34 billion (2019)[2]
GRP per capita	€49,000 (2019)
NUTS Region	DE5
HDI (2018)	0.951[3] very high · 3rd of 16
Website	bremen.de

Geography

The state of Bremen consists of two separated enclaves. These enclaves contain Bremen, officially the 'City' (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) which is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven (Stadt Bremerhaven). Both are located on the River Weser; Bremerhaven is further downstream than the main parts of Bremen and serves as a North Sea harbour (the name Bremerhaven means "Bremen's harbour"). Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). The two cities are the only administrative subdivisions the state has.

The territory of Bremen in the 14th and 18th centuries

The territory of Bremen since 1800

The highest point in the state is in Friedehorst Park (32.5m).

History

At the unwinding of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 the Free Imperial City of Bremen (as of 1646, after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) was not mediatised but became a sovereign state officially titled Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. Its currency was the Bremen thaler (until 1873). In 1811 the First French Empire annexed the city-state. Upon the first, albeit only preliminary, defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte, Bremen resumed its pre-1811 status as city-state in 1813.

The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Bremen's—as well as Frankfurt's, Hamburg's, and Lübeck's—independence after pressuring by Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster, Johann Smidt. Bremen became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation. In 1827 the state of Bremen bought the tract of land from the Kingdom of Hanover, where future Bremerhaven would be established. Bremen became part of the North German Confederation in 1867 and became an autonomous component state of the newly founded German Empire in 1871 and stayed with Germany in its following forms of government.

Bremen, which in 1935 had become a regular city at the de facto abolition of statehood of all component German states within the Third Reich, was reestablished as a state in 1947. Being—at that time—actually located in the British Zone of Occupation the Control Commission for Germany - British Element and the Office of Military Government for Germany, U.S. (OMGUS) agreed in 1947 to constitute the cities of Bremen and then Wesermünde—in their borders altered in 1939—as a German state named again Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, becoming at that occasion an exclave of the American Zone of Occupation within the British zone.[4] In 1949 the city-state joined the then West German Federal Republic of Germany.

Religion in Bremen – 31 December 2018[5]
religion			percent
Others or none			57.2%
EKD Protestants			32.7%
Roman Catholics			10.1%

Politics

Political system

The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 83-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen, elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate (Senatspräsident), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen (Bürgermeister) and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of the president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party.

On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately:

• The administration of the city of Bremen is headed by the two mayors and controlled by the portion of the Bürgerschaft elected in the city of Bremen (68 members).
• Bremerhaven, on the other hand, has a municipal assembly distinct from the state legislature and an administration under a distinct head mayor (Oberbürgermeister) and a distinct second mayor.

Political majorities

The political majorities in Bremen are based on a traditionally self-awareness of the Bremensians as liberal and open minded people. It is influenced historically by the pride to be an independent hanseatic city. Beside a trade-based class of merchants, in post-war Bremen, there was a majority of working class people, working at the shipyards. Since the 1990s the maritime industry has become more and more insignificant, but the priority to social themes in politics has remained.

Since the founding of the state of Bremen 1947, it has been ruled by a social democratic prime-minister. Comedian Jan Böhmermann, born and raised in Bremen said ironically that nobody in Bremen knowns anymore if there is a legislation or if it is just a scientific law that the mayor is always from the SPD.[6]

Historically the SPD has formed coalitions with FDP, CDU, Grüne and Linke.

The 2019 Bremen state election was held on 26 May 2019 to elect the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen, as well as the city councils of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The election took place on the same day as the 2019 European Parliament election.[7][8][9] The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) became the largest party in the Bürgerschaft, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) fell to second place. The Greens and The Left made small gains. After the election, the SPD, Greens, and Left agreed to form a coalition government. Carsten Sieling resigned as mayor and was replaced by fellow SPD member Andreas Bovenschulte.[10][11]

Summary of the 26 May 2019 election results for the Bürgerschaft of Bremen

Party		Votes	%	+/-	Seats		Total seats	+/-	Seats %
					Bremen	Bremerhaven
	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	391,709	26.7	4.3	20	4	24	4	28.6
	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	366,375	24.9	7.9	19	4	23	7	27.4
	Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)	256,181	17.4	2.3	13	3	16	2	19.0
	The Left (Linke)	166,378	11.3	1.8	9	1	10	2	11.9
	Alternative for Germany (AfD)	89,939	6.1	0.6	4	1	5	1	6.0
	Free Democratic Party (FDP)	87,420	5.9	0.7	4	1	5	1	6.0
	Citizens in Rage (BiW)	35,808	2.4	0.8	0	1	1	0	1.2
	Die PARTEI (PARTEI)	24,433	1.7	0.2	0	0	0	±0	0
	Free Voters (FW)	14,205	1.0	1.0	0	0	0	±0	0
	Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)	14,143	1.0	0.5	0	0	0	±0	0
	Others	22,915	1.6		0	0	0	±0	0
Total		1,469,506	100.0		69	15	84	1
Voter turnout			64.1	13.9

Popular Vote CDU   26.66% SPD   24.93% B'90/GRÜNE   17.43% DIE LINKE   11.32% AfD   6.12% FDP   5.95% BiW   2.44% Other   5.15%

Bürgerschaft seats CDU   28.57% SPD   27.38% B'90/GRÜNE   19.05% DIE LINKE   11.90% AfD   5.95% FDP   5.95% BiW   1.19%

Coat of arms

The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include:

• 
  Flag of Bremen
• 
  Greater coat of arms
• 
  Medium coat of arms
• 
  Lesser coat of arms
• 
  Coat of arms symbol/logo, free to use

Economy

The unemployment rate stood at 9.5% in October 2018 and was the highest of all 16 German states.[12]

Year[13]	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Unemployment rate in %	13.0	12.4	12.5	13.2	13.2	16.8	14.9	12.7	11.4	11.8	12.0	11.6	11.2	11.1	10.9	10.9	10.5	10.2

Education

The University of Bremen is the largest university in Bremen. Furthermore, Bremen has a University of the Arts Bremen, a University of Applied Sciences in Bremen and another one in Bremerhaven, and more recently the Jacobs University Bremen.

See also

• Bombing of Bremen in World War II
• Former countries in Europe after 1815
• Timeline of Bremen (city) history

References

1. "Bevölkerung, Gebiet - Aktuelle Statistische Berichte - Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Land Bremen". Statistisches Landesamt Bremen (in German). September 2018.
2. https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp
3. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
4. This situation earned the state its new prefix "AE" for vehicle registration, meaning "American Exclave", used until the federal reform of vehicle registration with effect of 1 July 1956.
5. Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018 EKD, January 2020
6. https://www.brandeins.de/magazine/brand-eins-neuland/land-bremen-mut-macht-erfinderisch/eten-supen-un-pupen-dat-mook-buten
7. "Bürgerschaftswahl 2019 in Bremen: Die wichtigsten Fakten im Überblick". www.merkur.de (in German). 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
8. "Bürgerschaftswahl 2019 in Bremen: Fragen und Antworten zur Wahl in Bremen". handelsblatt.com (in German). Retrieved 5 May 2019.
9. "Bürgerschaftswahl 2019 - Wahlen zur Bremischen Bürgerschaft". landesportal.bremen.de (in German). Retrieved 5 May 2019.
10. "Bremen: So tickt Andreas Bovenschulte (SPD)". 8 July 2019 – via www.welt.de.
11. "Bremer SPD schließt Koalition mit CDU aus - buten un binnen". www.butenunbinnen.de.
12. "Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista". Statista (in German). Retrieved 13 November 2018.
13. (Destatis), © Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). "Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online". www-genesis.destatis.de. Retrieved 13 November 2018.

External links

• Official state portal
• Official governmental portal
• Constitution of the state, German only
• Geographic data related to Bremen (state) at OpenStreetMap