Bilabial click

The bilabial clicks are a family of click consonants that sound something like a smack of the lips. They are found as phonemes only in the small Tuu language family (currently two languages, one moribund), in the ǂ’Amkoe language of Botswana (also moribund), and in the extinct Damin ritual jargon of Australia. However, bilabial clicks are found paralinguistically for a kiss in various languages, including integrated into a greeting in the Hadza language of Tanzania, and as allophones of labial–velar stops in some West African languages (Ladefoged 1968), as of /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as Ndau and Tonga.

Labial click
(plain velar)
k͡ʘ
ʘ
IPA Number176
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʘ
Unicode (hex)U+0298
X-SAMPAO\
Braille
Audio sample
source · help
Voiced labial click
ʘ̬
ᶢʘ
Encoding
X-SAMPAO\_t
Nasal labial click
ʘ̃
ᵑʘ ᵐʘ
Encoding
X-SAMPAO\_~

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ⟨ʘ⟩. This may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks, and increasingly a diacritic is used instead. Common labial clicks are:

IPA IIPA IIDescription
⟨ʘ⟩tenuis bilabial click
⟨ʘʰ⟩aspirated bilabial click
⟨ʘ̬⟩⟨ᶢʘ⟩voiced bilabial click
⟨ʘ̃⟩⟨ᵑʘ⟩bilabial nasal click
⟨ʘ̥̃ʰ⟩⟨ᵑ̊ʘʰ⟩aspirated bilabial nasal click
⟨ʘ̃ˀ⟩⟨ᵑʘˀ⟩glottalized bilabial nasal click

The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.

Damin also had an egressive bilabial [ʘ↑], which may be an egressive click (if it is not buccal).

Features

Features of ingressive labial clicks:

  • The basic articulation may be voiced, nasal, aspirated, glottalized, etc.
  • The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier.[1] In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip.[2]
  • Clicks may be oral or nasal, which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth, or passes through the nose as well.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream. (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual egressive, which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.)

The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a [p] than a [w], and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss.

Symbol

The bullseye or bull's eye (ʘ) symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as U+0298 LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK.

Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are:

  • Gothic 𐍈 ƕair
  • astronomical symbol ☉ "Sun"
  • mathematical operators ⊙ "circled dot operator" and ⨀ and "n-ary circled dot operator"
  • geometrical symbol ◉ "fisheye"
  • Cyrillic Ꙩ, ꙩ (monocular O)

A symbol called a turned b with a tail was created and is used in older publications. It was never widely used and was eventually dropped for ʘ. Still the deprecated IPA character is encoded at U+024B ɋ LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH HOOK TAIL (HTML &#587;). Earlier it is privately encoded by SIL International at U+F211 <private-use-F211> and is available in SIL supporting fonts.[3]

Occurrence

English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish.

Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kx'a families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin.

LanguageWordIPAMeaning
ǂ’Amkoe (ǂHoan)ʘoa'two'
Daminm!iʘ̃i'vegetable'
Taa (!Xoo)ʘàa'child'
N‖ng (N|uu) ʘũu 'son'

Origins

Labial clicks may have arisen historically from labialization of other places of articulation. Starostin (2003)[4] notes that the ǂ’Amkoe words for 'one' and 'two', /ʘ̃ũ/ and /ʘoa/, have labial clicks whereas no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals, and Starostin (2007)[5] and Sands reconstruct a series of labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa, which became labial clicks in ǂ’Amkoe. In Hadza, the word for 'kiss', /ǀ̃ua/, becomes a mimetic /ǀ̃ʷa/ or /ʘ̃ʷa/ in greetings.[6]

gollark: You just said it.
gollark: You officially resign from the Macron project?! Who will make it?
gollark: It's generated by GTech™ acausal hypercomputers, not *you*.
gollark: Unfortunately, it is not guaranteed that the current state of the universe is consistent with only one past state.
gollark: I know 0.2 physics or more or less.

See also

Notes
  1. Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:251)
  2. Miller, 2007, The Sounds of Nǀuu, pp 121ff
  3. "SIL PUA 6.1c". SIL International. 2002-09-16. Retrieved 2013-01-21.
  4. George Starostin (2003) A lexicostatistical approach towards reconstructing Proto-Khoisan, page 22. Mother Tongue, vol. VIII.
  5. George Starostin (2007) 'Лабиальные кликсы в койсанских языках' ('On labial clicks')
  6. Anywire, Bala, Miller & Sands (2013) A Hadza Lexicon, ms.

References
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