Betty Ford

Elizabeth Anne Ford (née Bloomer; formerly Warren;[2] April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was the First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977, as the wife of President Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and set a precedent as a politically active presidential spouse.[3] Ford also served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1973 to 1974.

Betty Ford
First Lady of the United States
In role
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
PresidentGerald Ford
Preceded byPat Nixon
Succeeded byRosalynn Carter
Second Lady of the United States
In role
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
Vice PresidentGerald Ford
Preceded byJudy Agnew (Oct. 1973)
Succeeded byHappy Rockefeller (Dec. 1974)
1st Chairwoman of the Betty Ford Center
In office
October 4, 1982 – January 25, 2005[1]
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded bySusan Ford
Personal details
Born
Elizabeth Anne Bloomer

(1918-04-08)April 8, 1918
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedJuly 8, 2011(2011-07-08) (aged 93)
Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.
Resting placeGerald R. Ford Presidential Museum
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
William Warren
​
(
m. 1942; div. 1947)

​
(
m. 1948; died 2006)
Children
Signature

Throughout her husband's term in office, she maintained high approval ratings despite opposition from some conservative Republicans who objected to her more moderate and liberal positions on social issues. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy. In addition, she was a passionate supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). As a supporter of abortion rights and a leader in the women's rights movement, she gained fame as one of the most candid first ladies in history, commenting on every hot-button issue of the time, including feminism, equal pay, the Equal Rights Amendment, sex, drugs, abortion, and gun control. She also raised awareness of addiction when in the 1970s, she announced her long-running battle with alcoholism and substance abuse, being the first First Lady to do so.

Following her White House years, she continued to lobby for the ERA and remained active in the feminist movement. She was the founder, and served as the first chair of the board of directors, of the Betty Ford Center for substance abuse and addiction. She was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal (co-presentation with her husband on October 21, 1998) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (presented 1991 by George H. W. Bush).

Early life and career
Betty Bloomer at age 18, 1936

Ford was born Elizabeth Anne Bloomer in 1918 in Chicago, Illinois, the third child and only daughter of Hortense (née Neahr; 1884 – 1948) and William Stephenson Bloomer, Sr. (1874 – 1934), who was a traveling salesman for Royal Rubber Co.[4] She was called Betty as a child.

Hortense and William married on November 9, 1904, in Chicago. Betty's two older brothers were Robert (d. 1971) and William Jr. After the family lived briefly in Denver, Colorado, she grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she graduated from Central High School.[5]

At the age of 11, she began modeling clothes and teaching children popular dances, such as the foxtrot, waltz, and big apple, to earn money in the wake of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. She worked with children with disabilities at the Mary Free Bed Home for Crippled Children. She studied dance at the Calla Travis Dance Studio, graduating in 1935.[4][6]

When Bloomer was age 16, her father died of carbon monoxide poisoning in the family's garage while working under their car, despite the garage doors being open.[7][8] He died the day before his 60th birthday.[4]

In 1936, after graduating from high school, Bloomer proposed continuing her study of dance in New York City, but her mother refused. She instead attended the Bennington School of Dance in Bennington, Vermont, for two summers, where she studied under director Martha Hill with choreographers Martha Graham and Hanya Holm. After being accepted by Graham as a student, Bloomer moved to New York City to live in its Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood; she worked as a fashion model for the John Robert Powers firm in order to finance her dance studies. She joined Graham's auxiliary troupe and eventually performed with the company at Carnegie Hall in New York City.[4]

Bloomer's mother was opposed to her pursuing a career and insisted that she return home, and, as a compromise, they agreed that Bloomer would return home for six months and, if she still wanted to return to New York City at the end of that time, her mother would not protest further. Bloomer became immersed in her life in Grand Rapids and did not return to New York. Her mother remarried, to family friend and neighbor Arthur Meigs Goodwin, and Bloomer lived with them. She got a job as assistant to the fashion coordinator for Herpolsheimer's, a local department store. She also organized her own dance group and taught dance at various sites in Grand Rapids.[4]

Marriages and family
Betty and Gerald Ford on their wedding day, 1948

In 1942, Elizabeth Bloomer married William G. Warren,[5] who worked for his father in insurance sales, and whom she had known since she was 12. William Warren began selling insurance for another company shortly after their marriage. He later worked for Continental Can Co., and after that for Widdicomb Furniture. The couple moved frequently because of his work. At one point, they lived in Toledo, Ohio, where Elizabeth was employed at the department store Lasalle & Koch as a demonstrator, a job that entailed being a model and saleswoman. She worked a production line for a frozen-food company in Fulton, New York. When they returned to Grand Rapids, she worked again at Herpolsheimer's, this time as the fashion coordinator.[9] Warren was an alcoholic and in poor health. Just after Betty decided to file for divorce, he went into a coma. She took care of him for another two years as he convalesced, at his family's home. She stayed upstairs while he was nursed downstairs. After he recovered, they were divorced on September 22, 1947.[4]

On October 15, 1948, Elizabeth married Gerald Ford, a lawyer and World War II veteran, at Grace Episcopal Church, in Grand Rapids. Gerald Ford was then campaigning for what would be his first of thirteen terms as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. In the first of adjustments for politics, he asked her to delay the wedding until shortly before the elections because, as The New York Times reported, "Jerry was running for Congress and wasn't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced ex-dancer."[4][10]

Betty Ford (third from left) and her family in the White House in 1974

Gerald and Elizabeth Ford had four children together: Michael Gerald Ford (born 1950), John Gardner Ford (nicknamed Jack; born 1952), Steven Meigs Ford (born 1956), and Susan Elizabeth Ford (born 1957).[11] Betty Ford never spanked or hit her children, believing that there were better, more constructive ways to deal with discipline and punishment.[12]

The Fords moved to the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., and lived there for twenty-five years. Gerald Ford rose to become the highest-ranking Republican in the House. After Spiro Agnew resigned as Vice President in 1973, President Richard Nixon appointed Gerald Ford to the position. He succeeded to the presidency in 1974, upon Nixon's resignation in the wake of the Watergate scandal.[13]

The Fords, who were married 58 years until Gerald's death, were among the more openly affectionate First Couples in United States history. Neither was shy about their mutual love and equal respect, and they were known to have a strong personal and political partnership.[14]

First Lady of the United States

National influence and candor
Vice President Gerald Ford is sworn in as the 38th President of the United States by Chief Justice Warren Burger in the East Room at the White House as Betty Ford looks on.

Reporters wondered what kind of first lady Ford would be, as they thought her predecessor, Pat Nixon, as noted by one reporter, to be the "most disciplined, composed first lady in history."[15] In the opinion of The New York Times and several presidential historians, "Mrs. Ford's impact on American culture may be far wider and more lasting than that of her husband, who served a mere 896 days, much of it spent trying to restore the dignity of the office of the president."[16]

Steinhauer of The New York Times described Ford as "a product and symbol of the cultural and political times — doing the Bump dance along the corridors of the White House, donning a mood ring, chatting on her CB radio with the handle First Mama — a housewife who argued passionately for equal rights for women, a mother of four who mused about drugs, abortion and premarital sex aloud and without regret."[17] In 1975, in an interview with McCall's, Ford said that she was asked just about everything, except for how often she and the president had sex. "And if they'd asked me that I would have told them," she said, adding that her response would be, "As often as possible."[8]

Gerald and Betty Ford in the presidential limousine, 1974
The Fords host Queen Elizabeth II and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh in the President's Dining Room during a 1976 state visit.

She was open about the benefits of psychiatric treatment, and spoke understandingly about marijuana use and premarital sex. The new First Lady noted during a televised White House tour that she and the President shared the same bed. Ford was a guest on 60 Minutes and, in a characteristically candid interview, she discussed how she would counsel her daughter if she was having an affair. She said she "would not be surprised" by that,[18] and also acknowledged that her children may have experimented with marijuana, which was popular among the young. Some conservatives called her "No Lady" for her comments and demanded her "resignation", but her overall approval rating was at a high seventy-five percent. As she later said, during her husband's failed 1976 presidential campaign, "I would give my life to have Jerry have my poll numbers."[17]

Her outspoken comments also caused President Ford's advisors dismay due to their attempts at restoring America's composure in the wake of Watergate.[19]

Social policy and political activism

During her time as First Lady, Ford was an outspoken advocate of women's rights and was a prominent force in the Women's Movement of the 1970s. She supported the proposed ERA and lobbied state legislatures to ratify the amendment, and took on opponents of the amendment. She was also un-apologetically pro-abortion rights.[20] Her active political role prompted Time to call her the country's "Fighting First Lady" and name her a Woman of the Year in 1975, as representing American women, along with other feminist icons.[3]

In May 1975, during a four-day trip,[21] Ford met with former Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ to discuss Southeast Asia refugees, Ford afterward stating she was impressed with the conduct of the refugees.[22]

On June 30, 1976, Ford attended the opening of "Remember the Ladies", a Revolutionary War era women exhibit. She drew boos from demonstrators against the Equal Rights Amendment in stating, "This exhibit about neglected Americans should give us strength and courage to seek equal rights for women today."[23]

For a time, it was unclear whether Gerald Ford shared his wife's pro-abortion rights viewpoint. In December 1999, he told interviewer Larry King that he, too, was pro-abortion rights and had been criticized for that stance by conservative forces within the Republican Party.[20]

Health and breast cancer awareness
Betty Ford hosts actress Rosalind Russell at the White House on May 11, 1976. Russell was suffering from breast cancer, and would die 6 months later.

Weeks after Ford became First Lady, she underwent a mastectomy for breast cancer on September 28, 1974, after having been diagnosed with the disease.[24] Ford decided to be open about her illness because "There had been so much cover-up during Watergate that we wanted to be sure there would be no cover-up in the Ford administration."[25] Her openness about her cancer and treatment raised the visibility of a disease that Americans had previously been reluctant to talk about.

"When other women have this same operation, it doesn't make any headlines," she told Time. "But the fact that I was the wife of the President put it in headlines and brought before the public this particular experience I was going through. It made a lot of women realize that it could happen to them. I'm sure I've saved at least one person — maybe more."[26]

Adding to heightened public awareness of breast cancer were reports that several weeks after Ford's cancer surgery, Happy Rockefeller, the wife of vice president Nelson Rockefeller, also had a mastectomy.[26] The spike in women self-examining after Ford went public with the diagnosis led to an increase in reported cases of breast cancer, a phenomenon known as the "Betty Ford blip".[25]

According to Tasha N. Dubriwny, the massive media coverage of Ford's mastectomy was constrained by stereotypical gender roles, particularly the need for breast cancer patients to maintain their femininity. Betty Ford was portrayed as an ideal patient within a success narrative that presented the key sequences of her breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in a progressive, linear fashion that inspired optimism. Her coverage minimized the complexity of breast cancer as a disease and ignored the debates surrounding best treatment practices. It amounted to as aestheticization of breast cancer and her coverage became the major discursive model for looking at all breast cancer survivors.[27]

The arts

As First Lady, Ford was an advocate of the arts; she was instrumental in gaining award of the Presidential Medal of Freedom for choreographer and dancer Martha Graham in 1976. She received an award from Parsons The New School for Design in recognition of her style.[4]

Television

In January 1976, Ford made a cameo appearance on The Mary Tyler Moore Show.

Conceding the 1976 election
Betty Ford reads her husband's concession speech to the press

After Gerald Ford's defeat by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election she delivered her husband's concession speech because he had lost his voice while campaigning.[11]

On January 19, 1977,[28] Betty Ford used her training as a Martha Graham dancer to jump up on the Cabinet Room table. White House photographer David Hume Kennerly took a photo of her on the table.[29] A Ford family friend said Gerald Ford "about fell off his chair" when he saw the photo for the first time.[30]

Post-White House career

After leaving the White House in 1977, Ford continued to lead an active public life. In addition to founding the Betty Ford Center, she remained active in women's issues, taking on numerous speaking engagements and lending her name to charities for fundraising.[31] In March 1977, Ford signed with NBC News to appear in two news specials within the following two years along with contributing to Today,[32] and jointly signed with her husband to write their memoirs.[33] In June, Ford was a speaker at the Arthritis Association Convention.[34] In September of that year, Ford traveled to Moscow for a television program taping and to serve as hostess for The Nutcracker.[35] In November, Ford appeared at the opening session of the National Women's Conference in Houston, Texas.[36]

In January 1984, Betty Ford said the six years since beginning her alcohol and drug abuse treatment "have been the best years in my life from the standpoint of feeling healthier and feeling more comfortable with myself" during an address at a program in Michigan.[37]

The Betty Ford Center
Main article: Betty Ford Center
August 1975 support in Portland, Maine for Ford's stance on various women's issues

In 1978, the Ford family staged an intervention and forced her to confront her alcoholism and an addiction to opioid analgesics, which had been prescribed in the early 1960s for a pinched nerve.[4] "I liked alcohol," she wrote in her 1987 memoir. "It made me feel warm. And I loved pills. They took away my tension and my pain". She went into treatment for substance abuse.[38]

In 1982, after her recovery, she established the Betty Ford Center (initially called the Betty Ford Clinic) in Rancho Mirage, California, for the treatment of chemical dependency,[39] including treating the children of alcoholics.[40] She served as chair of the board of directors. She also co-authored with Chris Chase a book about her treatment, Betty: A Glad Awakening (1987). In 2003, Ford produced another book, Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery. In 2005, Ford relinquished her chair of the center's board of directors to her daughter Susan. She had held the top post at the center since its founding.[14]

Barbara Bush, one of Ford's successors as First Lady, observed that Ford, after discovering she was dependent on drugs, "transformed her pain into something great for the common good. Because she suffered, there will be more healing. Because of her grief, there will be more joy."[41]

Women's movement
A handmade flag given to Betty Ford that demonstrates her support for the Equal Rights Amendment

Ford continued to be an active leader and activist of the feminist movement after the Ford administration. She continued to strongly advocate and lobby politicians and state legislatures for passage of the ERA. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter appointed Ford to the second National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year (the first had been appointed by President Ford). That same year, she joined First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson and Rosalynn Carter to open and participate in the National Women's Conference in Houston, Texas, where she endorsed measures in the convention's National Plan of Action, a report sent to the state legislatures, the U.S. Congress, and the President on how to improve the status of American women.[42] Ford continued to be an outspoken supporter of equal pay for women, breast cancer awareness, and the ERA throughout her life.[43]

In 1978, the deadline for ratification of the ERA was extended from 1979 to 1982, resulting largely from a march of a hundred thousand people on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington. The march was led by prominent feminist leaders, including Ford, Bella Abzug, Elizabeth Chittick, Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. In 1981, Eleanor Smeal, the National Organization for Women's president, announced Ford's appointment to be the co-chair, with Alan Alda, of the ERA Countdown Campaign.[44] In November 1981, Ford stated that Governor of Illinois James R. Thompson had not done enough in support of the ERA as well as her disappointment with First Lady Nancy Reagan not being in favor of the measure, though also relayed her hopes to change the incumbent First Lady's mind in further encounters with her.[45] As the deadline approached, Ford led marches, parades and rallies for the ERA with other feminists, including First Daughter Maureen Reagan and various Hollywood actors. Ford was credited with rejuvenating the ERA movement and inspiring more women to continue working for the ERA. She visited states, including Illinois, where ratification was believed to have the most realistic chance of passing.[46] The amendment did not receive enough states' ratification. In 2004, Ford reaffirmed her pro-abortion rights stance and her support for the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, as well as her belief in and support for the ratification of the ERA.[47]

Later life and honors
Betty Ford is awarded the nation's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by President George H. W. Bush, 1991. First Lady Barbara Bush holds the medal.
Betty Ford with her husband and President George W. Bush on April 23, 2006

In 1987, Ford underwent quadruple coronary bypass surgery and recovered without complications.[48]

In November 18, 1991, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George H.W. Bush[4][49] and a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. That same year, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her and her husband.[50]

On May 8, 2003, Ford received the Woodrow Wilson Award in Los Angeles for her public service, awarded by the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution.[4]

During these years, she and her husband resided in Rancho Mirage and in Beaver Creek, Colorado.[4] Gerald Ford died, aged 93, of heart failure on December 26, 2006 at their Rancho Mirage home. Despite her advanced age and own frail physical condition, Ford traveled across the country and took part in the funeral events in California, Washington, D.C., and Michigan.[4]

Following her husband's death, Ford continued to live in Rancho Mirage. Poor health and increasing frailty due to operations in August 2006 and April 2007 for blood clots in her legs caused her to largely curtail her public life. Her ill health prevented her from attending Lady Bird Johnson's funeral in July 2007; her daughter Susan Ford represented her mother at the funeral service.[4]

In July 2018, a statue of Betty Ford was unveiled outside of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan.[51]

Death and funeral

Betty Ford died of natural causes on July 8, 2011, three months after her 93rd birthday, at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage.[11][52] Coincidentally, she and her husband Gerald Ford were both 93 when they died, Gerald's lifespan being 74 days longer than Betty's.

Funeral services were held in Palm Desert, California, on July 12, 2011, with over 800 people in attendance, including former president George W. Bush, then-First Lady Michelle Obama, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, former First Ladies Rosalynn Carter[31] and Nancy Reagan.[53]

On July 14, a second service was held at Grace Episcopal Church with eulogies given by Lynne Cheney, former Ford Museum director Richard Norton Smith, and Ford's son Steven. In attendance were former president Bill Clinton, former vice president Dick Cheney and former first lady Barbara Bush.[31] In her remarks, Mrs. Cheney noted that July 14 would have been Gerald Ford's 98th birthday.[54] After the service, she was buried next to her husband on the museum grounds.[55]

Legacy and awards

By repeatedly speaking out on women's issues, Betty Ford became a leader in the changing status of women in American society. She surprised the media and the public by explicitly supporting a woman's right to an abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, and grass roots activism. She knew her new roles caused a political risk of conservative backlash against the president. Not everything was innovative. She enjoyed the traditional role as hostess of the White House and on a daily basis she spent most of her energy on the family, health, and filling in for her husband on the hustings.[56]

According to John Robert Greene:

Only a part of Betty Ford's legacy will be that of her role as first lady. Throughout her post-Washington life, she established herself as one of the nation's first public advocates for women's self-examination, a prodigious fund-raiser for arthritis research, and, most important, a tireless campaigner for the rights and dignity of those afflicted with the disease of substance abuse. Her role as a public health advocate distinguishes her as one of the most influential women of the latter part of the twentieth century.[57]

In 1985, Ford received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[58]

In 2013, Ford was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[59]

Bibliography
  • Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. New York City, New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-011298-1.
  • Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1987). Betty — A Glad Awakening. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-23502-0.
  • Ford, Betty; Betty Ford Center (2003). Healing and Hope — Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery. New York City, New York: Putnam (Penguin Group). ISBN 978-0-399-15138-5.
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gollark: Okay, that's all resolved.
gollark: ++delete <@319753218592866315> (typing)
gollark: ++delete <@559418497734803470> (out of memory)
gollark: That's it. I am OOM-killing you.

See also
  • List of breast cancer patients according to occupation
  • List of First Ladies of the United States
  • Second-wave feminism

Notes
  1. "Susan Ford - C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
  2. "Wedding". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020. Gerald R. Ford, Jr., and Betty Bloomer Warren at their wedding rehearsal dinner..
  3. "Women: A Fighting First Lady". Time. March 3, 1975. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  4. Staff (n.d.). "First Lady Biography — Betty Ford". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  5. Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. p. 22.
  6. "Betty Ford Dies at Age 93; A Look Back on the Former First Lady". Business 2 Community. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013.
  7. Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. p. 21.
  8. Tucker, Neely (December 29, 2006). "Betty Ford, Again Putting On a Brave Face". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  9. Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. pp. 39, 41.
  10. Abstract; subscription required for full article) Jane Howard (December 8, 1974). "Forward Day by Day; The 38th First Lady: Not a Robot At All", The New York Times, Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  11. (registration required) Nemy, Enid (July 8, 2011). "Betty Ford, Former First Lady, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  12. Ashley, Jeffrey S. (2003). Betty Ford: A Symbol of Strength. Nova Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-59033-407-2.
  13. "The Watergate Story". The Washington Post.
  14. Video documentary (May 16, 2009). Betty Ford — The Real Deal (requires Adobe Flash; 57 minutes). PBS NewsHour (via Public Broadcasting Service). Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  16. "Betty Ford's Legacy Wide and Lasting", National Journal, July 9, 2011
  17. Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 31, 2006). ""Back in View, a First Lady With Her Own Legacy", The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  18. Staff (n.d.). "Elizabeth "Betty" Ford". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  19. "Former First Lady Betty Ford Dies at 93". BET.com. July 9, 2011.
  20. Transcript (December 30, 2006). "Special Encore Presentation — Interview with Gerald Ford". Larry King Live. CNN. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  21. Hunter, Marjorie (May 25, 1975). "Betty Ford 'in Tip‐Top Shape' After Grueling Four‐Day Trip". The New York Times.
  22. Hunter, Marjorie (May 22, 1975). "FIRST LADY VISITS WITH KY ON COAST". The New York Times.
  23. Klemesrud, Judy. "Mrs. Ford Helps 'Remember the Ladies' of Revolutionary Era". The New York Times.
  24. "A Leading Lady," Cancer Today magazine, Fall 2012
  25. Gibbs, Nancy (July 8, 2011). "Betty Ford, 1918–2011". Time. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  26. Staff (November 4, 1974). "Breast Cancer: Fear and Facts". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  27. Tasha N. Dubriwny, "Constructing breast cancer in the news: Betty Ford and the evolution of the breast cancer patient." Journal of Communication Inquiry 33.2 (2009): 104-125.
  28. "Dancing on the table". Gerald R. Ford Library. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  29. "Betty Ford: Gilded Cage, Meet Free Spirit". Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  30. First Women: The Grace and Power of America's Modern First Ladies by Kate Andersen Brower
  31. Staff (July 14, 2011). "After Funeral Service, Betty Ford Buried Next to Husband". NBC News. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  32. Brown, Les (March 12, 1977). "NBC News Signs Betty Ford to Pact For Two Specials". The New York Times.
  33. Mitgang, Herbert (March 9, 1977). "FORD AND WIFE SIGN PACT FOR MEMOIRS". The New York Times.
  34. "Ford Calls B1 Halt 'Very Risky Gamble'". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. July 1, 1977.
  35. "Betty Ford in Moscow". The New York Times. September 25, 1977.
  36. Klemesrud, Judy (November 20, 1977). "Equal Rights Plan and Abortion Are Opposed by 15,000 at Rally". The New York Times.
  37. "Former first lady Betty Ford says the six years..." UPI. January 27, 1984.
  38. Gibbs, Nancy (July 8, 2011). "Betty Ford, 1918–2011". Time. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  39. "Addiction Treatment – Betty Ford Center – Rancho Mirage, CA". bettyfordcenter.org.
  40. "Betty Ford targets children of addicted families". USA Today. January 16, 2002.
  41. Bush, Barbara (2015). Barbara Bush: A Memoir. Scribner. p. 180. ISBN 978-1501117787.
  42. Staff (n.d.). "Sisters of '77: The Conference". Independent Lens. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  43. Barth-Werb, Zoë (July 12, 2011). "Former First Lady and Women's Rights Advocate: Betty Ford". Blog of Rights. ACLU. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  44. Smeal, Eleanor (opinion essay) (July 9, 2011). "Betty Ford, Champion of Women's Rights". CNN. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  45. "Former first lady Betty Ford says she is disappointed..." UPI. November 18, 1981.
  46. Carabillo, Toni; Meuli, Judith; Csida, June Bundy (1993). Feminist Chronicles 1953–1993. Los Angeles, California: Women's Graphics (via Feminist Majority Foundation). ISBN 978-0-9634912-0-6. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  47. Stanley, Tim (opinion essay) (July 9, 2011). "Betty Ford's death marks the passing of a lost generation of moderate Republican women". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  48. "Betty Ford Returns Home". The New York Times. December 2, 1987. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  49. Staff (November 16, 2010). "Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom" (PDF file; 806 KB). National First Ladies' Library. p. 3. Retrieved July 16, 2011. Betty Ford (1918 – ) ... Presidential Medal of Freedom received November 18, 1991
  50. "Palm Springs Walk of Stars: By Date Dedicated" (PDF). palmspringswalkofstars.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2012.
  51. "Betty Ford Sculpture Unveiled at Ford Museum". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  52. Staff (July 9, 2011). "Ex-First Lady, Advocate for Substance Abuse Treatment Betty Ford Dies". CNN. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  53. work= Detroit Free Press | date= July 12, 2011| accessdate=July 16, 2011}}
  54. Gray, Kathleen; Christoff, Chris (July 14, 2011). "Betty Ford Funeral: Family, Friends Eulogize Former First Lady". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  55. Staff (July 12, 2011). "Betty Ford Memorial Schedule". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  56. Leesa E. Tobin, "Betty Ford as first lady: A woman for women." Presidential Studies Quarterly 20.4 (1990): 761-767. online
  57. John Robert Greene. "Ford. Betty" (2013).
  58. "National - Jefferson Awards". Jefferson Awards. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  59. National Women's Hall of Fame, Betty Ford

Further reading
  • Ashley, Jeffrey S. "The Social and Political Influence of Betty Ford: Betty Bloomer Blossoms" White House Studies 1.1 (2001): 101-109. online
  • Borrelli, Maryanne. "Competing conceptions of the first ladyship: Public responses to Betty Ford's 60 Minutes interview." Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.3 (2001): 397-414. online
  • Brower, Kate Andersen. First women: The grace and power of America's modern First Ladies (HarperCollins, 2017).
  • Dubriwny, Tasha N. "Constructing breast cancer in the news: Betty Ford and the evolution of the breast cancer patient." Journal of Communication Inquiry 33.2 (2009): 104-125.
  • Gould, Lewis L. "Modern first ladies in historical perspective." Presidential Studies Quarterly 15.3 (1985): 532-540. online
  • Greene, John Robert. "Ford, Betty" American National Biography (2013) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501344
  • Greene, John Robert. Betty Ford: Candor and Courage in the White House (2004). entire book online
  • Gregory Knight, Myra. "Issues of Openness and Privacy: Press and Public Response to Betty Ford’s Breast Cancer." American Journalism 17.1 (2000): 53-71.
  • Hummer, Jill Abraham. "First Ladies and the Cultural Everywoman Ideal: Gender Performance and Representation." White House Studies 9.4 (2009) pp. 403–422. Compares Lady Bird Johnson, Betty Ford, and Barbara Bush.
  • McClellan, Michelle L. "Fame through Shame: Women Alcoholics, Celebrity, and Disclosure." Journal of Historical Biography 13 (2013): 93-122, includes Margaret Mann, Lillian Roth, and Betty Ford.
  • Tobin, Leesa E. "Betty Ford as first lady: A woman for women." Presidential Studies Quarterly 20.4 (1990): 761-767. online
  • Troy, Gil. Mr. and Mrs. President: From the Trumans to the Clintons (2d rev. ed., 2000).
  • Warters, T. Alissa. "Ford and Ford" in Scott Kaufman, ed. A Companion to Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter (2015) pp 181–95 online
  • Watson, Robert P. The Presidents’ Wives: The Office of the First Lady in US Politics (2nd ed. 2014)
Honorary titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Judy Agnew		 Second Lady of the United States
1973–1974		 Vacant
Title next held by
Happy Rockefeller
Preceded by
Pat Nixon		 First Lady of the United States
1974–1977		 Succeeded by
Rosalynn Carter
Preceded by
Pat Nixon		 Spouse of the Republican nominee for President of the United States
1976		 Succeeded by
Nancy Reagan
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