Louisa May Alcott

Louisa May Alcott (/ˈɔːlkət, -kɒt/; November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist, short story writer and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886).[1] Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.[2]

Louisa May Alcott
Alcott, c. 1870
Born(1832-11-29)November 29, 1832
Germantown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedMarch 6, 1888(1888-03-06) (aged 55)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting placeSleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.
Pen nameA. M. Barnard
OccupationNovelist
NationalityAmerican
PeriodAmerican Civil War
GenreProse, poetry
SubjectYoung adult fiction
Notable worksLittle Women, Little Men, Jo's Boys, Eight Cousins
Signature

Alcott's family suffered from financial difficulties, and while she worked to help support the family from an early age, she also sought an outlet in writing. She began to receive critical success for her writing in the 1860s. Early in her career, she sometimes used the pen name A. M. Barnard, under which she wrote lurid short stories and sensation novels for adults that focused on passion and revenge.

Published in 1868, Little Women is set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House, in Concord, Massachusetts, and is loosely based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her three sisters, Abigail May Alcott Nieriker, Elizabeth Sewall Alcott, and Anna Alcott Pratt. The novel was well-received at the time and is still popular today among both children and adults. It has been adapted many times to the stage, film, and television.

Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist and remained unmarried throughout her life. All her life she was active in such reform movements as temperance and women's suffrage.[3] She died from a stroke, two days after her father died, in Boston on March 6, 1888.

Early life

Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832,[1] in Germantown,[1] which is now part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on her father's 33rd birthday. She was the daughter of transcendentalist and educator Amos Bronson Alcott and social worker Abby May and the second of four daughters: Anna Bronson Alcott was the eldest; Elizabeth Sewall Alcott and Abigail May Alcott were the two youngest. As a child, she was a tomboy who preferred boys’ games.[4] The family moved to Boston in 1834,[5] where Alcott's father established an experimental school and joined the Transcendental Club with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Bronson Alcott's opinions on education and tough views on child-rearing as well as his moments of mental instability shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to achieve perfection, a goal of the transcendentalists.[6] His attitudes towards Alcott's wild and independent behavior, and his inability to provide for his family, created conflict between Bronson Alcott and his wife and daughters.[6][7] Abigail resented her husband's inability to recognize her sacrifices and related his thoughtlessness to the larger issue of the inequality of sexes. She passed this recognition and desire to redress wrongs done to women on to Louisa.

External video
Tour of Orchard House, June 19, 2017, C-SPAN

In 1840, after several setbacks with the school, the Alcott family moved to a cottage on 2 acres (0.81 ha) of land, situated along the Sudbury River in Concord, Massachusetts. The three years they spent at the rented Hosmer Cottage were described as idyllic.[8] By 1843, the Alcott family moved, along with six other members of the Consociate Family,[6] to the Utopian Fruitlands community for a brief interval in 1843–1844. After the collapse of the Utopian Fruitlands, they moved on to rented rooms and finally, with Abigail May Alcott's inheritance and financial help from Emerson, they purchased a homestead in Concord. They moved into the home they named "Hillside" on April 1, 1845, but had moved on by 1852 when it was sold to Nathaniel Hawthorne who renamed it The Wayside. Moving 22 times in 30 years, the Alcotts returned to Concord once again in 1857 and moved into Orchard House, a two-story clapboard farmhouse, in the spring of 1858.

Louisa May Alcott

Alcott's early education included lessons from the naturalist Henry David Thoreau who inspired her to write Thoreau's Flute based on her time at Walden Pond. Most of the education she received though, came from her father who was strict and believed in "the sweetness of self-denial."[6] She also received some instruction from writers and educators such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Julia Ward Howe, all of whom were family friends. She later described these early years in a newspaper sketch entitled "Transcendental Wild Oats." The sketch was reprinted in the volume Silver Pitchers (1876), which relates the family's experiment in "plain living and high thinking" at Fruitlands.[9]

Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as a teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her sisters also supported the family, working as seamstresses, while their mother took on social work among the Irish immigrants. Only the youngest, May, was able to attend public school. Due to all of these pressures, writing became a creative and emotional outlet for Alcott.[6] Her first book was Flower Fables (1849), a selection of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson.[9] Alcott is quoted as saying "I wish I was rich, I was good, and we were all a happy family this day"[10] and was driven in life not to be poor.

In 1847 she and her family served as station masters on the Underground Railroad, when they housed a fugitive slave for one week and had discussions with Frederick Douglass.[11] Alcott read and admired the "Declaration of Sentiments", published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights, advocating for women's suffrage and became the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts in a school board election.[12] The 1850s were hard times for the Alcotts, and in 1854 Louisa found solace at the Boston Theatre where she wrote The Rival Prima Donnas, which she later burned due to a quarrel between the actresses on who would play what role. At one point in 1857, unable to find work and filled with such despair, Alcott contemplated suicide. During that year, she read Elizabeth Gaskell's biography of Charlotte Brontë and found many parallels to her own life.[13][14] In 1858, her younger sister Elizabeth died, and her older sister Anna married a man named John Pratt. This felt, to Alcott, to be a breaking up of their sisterhood.[6]

Literary success
Louisa May Alcott

As an adult, Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist. In 1860 Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly. When the American Civil War broke out, she served as a nurse in the Union Hospital in Georgetown, DC, for six weeks in 1862–1863.[9] She intended to serve three months as a nurse, but halfway through she contracted typhoid and became deathly ill, though she eventually recovered. Her letters home—revised and published in the Boston anti-slavery paper Commonwealth and collected as Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with additions in 1869)[9]—brought her first critical recognition for her observations and humor.[15] She wrote about the mismanagement of hospitals and the indifference and callousness of some of the surgeons she encountered, and about her own passion for seeing the war first hand[16]. Her main character, Tribulation Periwinkle, showed a passage from innocence to maturity and is a "serious and eloquent witness".[6] Her novel Moods (1864), based on her own experience, was also promising.[17]

After her service as a nurse, Alcott's father wrote her a heartfelt poem titled "To Louisa May Alcott. From her father".[18] The poem describes how proud her father is of her for working as a nurse and helping injured soldiers as well as bringing cheer and love into their home. He ends the poem by telling her she's in his heart for being a selfless faithful daughter. This poem was featured in the book "Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journals (1889)". This poem is also featured in the book "Louisa May Alcott, the Children's Friend" that talks about her childhood and close relationship with her father.[19]

"Since 1975, scholars of Louisa May Alcott have recovered thirty-three hitherto unknown gothic 'thrillers,' as she called them, published anonymously in popular magazines and 'story papers' such as The Flag of Our Union, from 1863-1872."[20] In the mid-1860s Alcott wrote passionate, fiery novels and sensational stories akin to those of English authors Wilkie Collins and Mary Elizabeth Braddon under the nom de plume A. M. Barnard. Among these are A Long Fatal Love Chase and Pauline's Passion and Punishment. Her protagonists for these books, like those of Collins and Braddon (who also included feminist characters in their writings), are strong, smart, and determined. She also produced stories for children, and after they became popular, she did not go back to writing for adults. Other books she wrote are the novelette A Modern Mephistopheles (1875), which people thought Julian Hawthorne wrote, and the semi-autobiographical novel Work (1873).

Alcott became even more successful with the first part of Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868), a semi-autobiographical account of her childhood with her sisters in Concord, Massachusetts, published by the Roberts Brothers. Alcott originally delayed writing the novel, seeing herself incapable of writing a story for girls, despite her publisher, Thomas Niles' urges for her to do so. Part two, or Part Second, also known as Good Wives (1869), followed the March sisters into adulthood and marriage. Little Men (1871) detailed Jo's life at the Plumfield School that she founded with her husband Professor Bhaer at the conclusion of Part Two of Little Women. Jo's Boys (1886) completed the "March Family Saga".

Louisa May Alcott commemorative stamp, 1940 issue

In Little Women, Alcott based her heroine "Jo" on herself. But whereas Jo marries at the end of the story, Alcott remained single throughout her life. She explained her "spinsterhood" in an interview with Louise Chandler Moulton, "I am more than half-persuaded that I am a man's soul put by some freak of nature into a woman's body. … because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit with any man.”[21] However, Alcott's romance while in Europe with the young Polish man Ladislas "Laddie" Wisniewski was detailed in her journals but then deleted by Alcott herself before her death.[22][23] Alcott identified Laddie as the model for Laurie in Little Women.[24] Likewise, every character seems to be paralleled to some extent, from Beth's death mirroring Lizzie's to Jo's rivalry with the youngest, Amy, as Alcott felt a sort of rivalry for (Abigail) May, at times.[25][26] Though Alcott never married, she did take in May's daughter, Louisa, after May's untimely death in 1879, caring for little "Lulu" for the next eight years.[27]

Little Women was well-received, with critics and audiences finding it suitable for many age groups. A reviewer of Eclectic Magazine called it "the very best of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty".[28] It was a fresh, natural representation of daily life. With the success of Little Women, Alcott shied away from the attention and would sometimes act as a servant when fans would come to her house.

Louisa May Alcott's grave in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.

Along with Elizabeth Stoddard, Rebecca Harding Davis, Anne Moncure Crane, and others, Alcott was part of a group of female authors during the Gilded Age, who addressed women's issues in a modern and candid manner. Their works were, as one newspaper columnist of the period commented, "among the decided 'signs of the times'".[29]

Later years

In 1877 Alcott was one of the founders of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union in Boston.[30] After her youngest sister May died in 1879, Louisa took over the care of her niece, Lulu, who was named after Louisa. Alcott suffered chronic health problems in her later years,[31] including vertigo.[32] She and her earliest biographers[33] attributed her illness and death to mercury poisoning. During her American Civil War service, Alcott contracted typhoid fever and was treated with a compound containing mercury.[23][31] Recent analysis of Alcott's illness suggests that her chronic health problems may have been associated with an autoimmune disease, not mercury exposure. However, mercury is a known trigger for autoimmune diseases as well. An 1870 portrait of Alcott does show her cheeks to be quite flushed, perhaps with the "butterfly rash" across cheeks and nose which is often characteristic of lupus,[31][33] but there is no conclusive evidence available for a firm diagnosis.

Alcott died of a stroke at age 55 in Boston, on March 6, 1888,[32] two days after her father's death. Louisa's last known words were, "Is it not meningitis?"[34] She is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, near Emerson, Hawthorne, and Thoreau, on a hillside now known as "Authors' Ridge".[35] Her niece Lulu was only eight years old when Louisa died. She was cared for by Anna Alcott Pratt, then reunited with her father in Europe and lived abroad until her death in 1976.

Louisa frequently wrote in her journals about going on long walks and runs. She challenged prevailing social norms regarding gender by encouraging her young female readers to run as well.[36][37]

The Alcotts' Concord, MA home, Orchard House (c. 1650), where the family lived for 20 years and where Little Women was written and set in 1868, has been a historic house museum since 1912, and pays homage to the Alcotts by focusing on public education and historic preservation. Her Boston home is featured on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[38] Harriet Reisen wrote Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind "Little Women," which later became a PBS documentary directed by Nancy Porter. In 2008, John Matteson wrote Eden's Outcasts - The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography. Louisa May Alcott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1996.[39]

Selected works
Bust of Louisa May Alcott

The Little Women trilogy
  • Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868)
  • Part Second of Little Women, or "Good Wives", published in 1869; and afterward published together with Little Women.
  • Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys (1871)
  • Jo's Boys and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men" (1886)

Novels

As A. M. Barnard

Published anonymously
  • A Modern Mephistopheles (1877)

Short story collections for children
  • Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag (1872–1882). (66 short stories in six volumes)
    • 1. Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag
    • 2. Shawl-Straps
    • 3. Cupid and Chow-Chow
    • 4. My Girls, Etc.
    • 5. Jimmy's Cruise in the Pinafore, Etc.
    • 6. An Old-Fashioned Thanksgiving, Etc.
  • Lulu's Library (1886–1889) A collection of 32 short stories in three volumes.
  • Flower Fables (1849)
  • On Picket Duty, and other tales (1864)
  • Morning-Glories and Other Stories (1867) Eight fantasy stories and four poems for children, including: *A Strange Island, (1868); * The Rose Family: A Fairy Tale (1864), A Christmas Song, Morning Glories, Shadow-Children, Poppy's Pranks, What the Swallows did, Little Gulliver, The Whale's story, Goldfin and Silvertail.
  • Kitty's Class Day and Other Stories (Three Proverb Stories), 1868, (includes "Kitty's Class Day", "Aunt Kipp" and "Psyche's Art")
  • Spinning-Wheel Stories* (1884). A collection of 12 short stories.
  • The Candy Country (1885) (One short story)
  • May Flowers (1887) (One short story)
  • Mountain-Laurel and Maidenhair (1887) (One short story)
  • A Garland for Girls (1888). A collection of eight short stories.
  • The Brownie and the Princess (2004). A collection of ten short stories.

Other short stories and novelettes

Little Women inspired film versions in 1933, 1949, 1994, 2018, and 2019. The novel also inspired television series in 1958, 1970, 1978, and 2017, and anime versions in 1981 and 1987.

Little Men inspired film versions in 1934, 1940, and 1998. This novel also was the basis for a 1998 television series.

Other films based on Alcott novels and stories are An Old-Fashioned Girl (1949), The Inheritance (1997), and An Old Fashioned Thanksgiving (2008). In 2009 PBS produced an American Masters episode titled "Louisa May Alcott – The Woman Behind 'Little Women' ". In 2016 a Google Doodle of the author was created by Google artist Sophie Diao.[40]

A dramatized version of Alcott appeared as a character in the television series Dickinson, in the episode "There's a Certain Slant of Light," which premiered on November 1, 2019. Alcott was portrayed by Zosia Mamet.[41].

gollark: Ale: that doesn't fix the issue that it's still running on top of a bloated spying mess.
gollark: Alas, it's currently not really suitable for everyday use (no data/calls/texts on basically all supported devices, etc).
gollark: There's a cool project called PostmarketOS for running proper GNU/Linux on phones.
gollark: I run LineageOS, but it's still bad.
gollark: _is osmarks_

References
  1. Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). Encyclopedia of women's history in America. Infobase Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8.
  2. "Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind 'Little Women'". American Masters. PBS. December 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  3. Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0198691372.
  4. "Washington Post".
  5. "Louisa M. Alcott Dead". The New York Times. March 7, 1888. Retrieved April 2, 2018. The parents of the authoress removed to Boston when their daughter was 2 years old, and in Boston and its immediate vicinity she made her home ever after.
  6. Louisa May Alcott (1988). Showalter, Elaine (ed.). Alternative Alcott. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813512723. Alternative Alcott By Louisa May Alcott by Elaine Showalter.
  7. "Alcott: 'Not the Little Woman You Thought She Was'". Morning Edition. NPR. December 28, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  8. Cheever, Susan (2011) [2010]. Louisa May Alcott: A Personal Biography (1st ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 45. ISBN 978-1416569923.
  9. Richardson, Charles F. (1911). "Alcott, Louisa May" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 529.
  10. Reisen, Harriet (December 29, 2009). "Alcott: 'Not The Little Woman You Thought She Was'". NPR. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  11. "Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women, The Alcotts". Nancy Porter Productions, Inc. 2015.
  12. Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (September 19, 2011). "Louisa May Alcott: The First Woman Registered to Vote in Concord". History of Massachusetts. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  13. Showalter, Elaine (March 1, 2004). "The beguiling Bronte sisters". Slate Magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  14. Doyle, Christine (2003). Louisa May Alcott and Charlotte Bronte: Transatlantic Translations. Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 3. ISBN 1572332417.
  15. Peck, Garrett (2015). Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 73–76. ISBN 978-1626199736.
  16. Dromi, Shai M. (2020). Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780226680101.
  17. Elbert 1984)
  18. To Louisa May Alcott. By Her Father.
  19. "Oxford Art".
  20. Rosemary F. Franklin, "Louisa May Alcott's Father(s) and "The Marble Woman"" in ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly) Vol. 13, No. 4 (1999).
  21. Martin, Lauren (November 29, 2016). "Louisa May Alcott's Quotes That Lived 184 Years". Words of Women. Words of Women. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  22. Stern, Madeleine B.; Daniel Shealy, eds. (1993). "Introduction". The Lost Stories of Louisa May Alcott. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-1654-2. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  23. Hill, Rosemary (February 29, 2008). "From little acorns, nuts: Review of 'Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father' by John Matteson". The Guardian. Louisa succumbed to typhoid pneumonia within a month and had to be taken home. Although she narrowly survived the illness she did not recover from the cure. The large doses of calomel—mercurous chloride—she was given poisoned her and she was never well again.
  24. Sands-O'Connor, Karen (March 1, 2001). "Why Jo Didn't Marry Laurie: Louisa May Alcott and The Heir of Redclyffe". American Transcendental Quarterly. Questia Online Library. 15 (1): 23. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  25. Reisen, Harriet (2009). Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women. John MacRae Books. ISBN 978-0805082999.
  26. "Introduction". Little Women. Penguin Classics. 1989. ISBN 0-14-039069-3.
  27. Stern, Madeleine B. (1999). Louisa May Alcott: A Biography: with an Introduction to the New Edition. UPNE. ISBN 978-1555534172.
  28. Clark, Beverly Lyon (2004). Louisa May Alcott: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521827805.
  29. "Review 2 – No Title". The Radical. May 1868.
  30. Sander, Kathleen Waters (1998). The business of charity: the woman's exchange movement, 1832–1900. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 0252067037.
  31. Lerner, Maura (August 12, 2007). "A diagnosis, 119 years after death". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
  32. Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). How Did They Die?. Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-40302-1.
  33. Hirschhorn, Norbert; Greaves, Ian (Spring 2007). "Louisa May Alcott: Her Mysterious Illness". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 50 (2): 243–259. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0019. PMID 17468541.
  34. McGuire, Michael S. "Famous Last Words". Union College. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012.
  35. Isenberg, Nancy; Andrew Burstein, eds. (2003). Mortal Remains: Death in Early America. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 244 n42.
  36. Reisen, Harriet (2009). Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women. New York City: Henry Holt & CO. p. 188. ISBN 978-0312658878.
  37. Allen, Amy Ruth (1998). Louisa May Alcott. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group. pp. 22. ISBN 978-0822549383.
  38. "Louisa May Alcott". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
  39. National Women's Hall of Fame, Louisa May Alcott
  40. "Louisa May Alcott Google doodle marks 184th birthday of 'Little Women' author". Search Engine Land. November 29, 2016.
  41. ""Dickinson" There's a Certain Slant of Light". IMDB.

Bibliography

Further reading
Library resources about
Louisa May Alcott
By Louisa May Alcott
External video
Presentation by Harriet Reisen on Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women, November 12, 2009, C-SPAN

Sources

Archival materials

Other

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