Automotive industry in Indonesia

The automotive industry in Indonesia plays an important role to the economic growth of the nation, contributing 10.16 percent of the GDP.[1] Indonesia automotive product exports is currently higher in value than their imports.[2] In 2017, Indonesia is the 17th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world and the 5th largest passenger vehicle producer in Asia, producing 0.98 million vehicles.[3]

Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show (GIIAS), the largest auto show in Southeast Asia.

Most of the vehicles built in Indonesia are from foreign brands, notably Japanese, and produced in the country through a joint venture plant with a local partner or a fully owned plant. While full manufacturing with a high percentage of local components in the country is usually preferred by manufacturers and encouraged by the government, several plants in the country also conducted a CKD assembly. CBU imports of new cars in the country is also allowed since 1999 with considerably light import tariffs, although it is discouraged by the government.

Indonesia predominantly produces compact MPVs (52 percent of total production), SUVs and light pickup trucks under one ton. In 2019, a total 26 percent of its production output was exported. Around 7.2 percent of total automobile sales in Indonesia consists of imported vehicles, notably from Thailand and Japan.

Most automobile manufacturers in Indonesia (including passenger car manufacturers and commercial truck manufacturers) are a member of the non-governmental Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries (Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia, GAIKINDO).

Characteristics

The Toyota Avanza has been the best selling car in Indonesia consecutively since 2006.

Traditionally, Indonesia is a market heavily oriented to Japanese cars like most of its Southeast Asian neighbours. However, while other Southeast Asian markets prefer compact sedans, Indonesian car market has a strong preference to three-row MPVs.[4][5][6] In 2019, 96.3 percent of cars and trucks sold in Indonesia are from Japanese brands.[7] The percentage is even higher than the proportion of Japanese brands in Japan itself which stood at 90 percent.[8] In the same year, around 550,000 cars or 68 percent of passenger cars sold in Indonesia consists of MPVs, crossovers and SUVs equipped with three rows of seats.[7] The percentage is one of the highest in the world.

Japanese manufacturer Toyota is leading the market share in Indonesia for decades since the early 80s. Despite that, the largest manufacturer in Indonesia is Daihatsu as several popular Toyota-branded models sold in Indonesia is developed and produced by Daihatsu. The company is wholly owned by Toyota since 2016. The subsidiary, Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) operates several plants capable of producing a total 530,000 cars per year.[9] Around 2 out of 5 automobiles sold in Indonesia is produced by ADM.

Japanese cars was first imported by the government in 1961 as a fleet for cooperative across Indonesia. It was a Toyota Land Cruiser Canvastop. The main reason the Toyota was picked is its low price compared to the nominated Land Rover. At the same year, A.H. Budi, the founder of Nasmoco Toyota dealership network in Central Java bought a Toyopet Tiara from an importer in Jakarta. Impressed by the quality of the car, Budi founded the PT Ratna Dewi Motor Coy to retail Toyota cars.[10]

Apart from Indonesian consumers wanting a large car to carry the whole family, the popularity of MPVs or three-row cars in general could be explained by the regulations and the car culture that followed after. When the complete ban on car imports on 22 January 1974 by a decree No. 25/74 was imposed, the Indonesian government also imposed a discriminative tax scheme which saw pickup trucks and minibuses with wagon body style free from luxury goods tax, while sedan cars were charged a 100% luxury goods tax. As the result, a sedan is a luxury for most consumers while minibuses enjoyed soaring popularity even when at the time, despite its natural practicality, minibuses are much less comfortable to drive or to ride in.[10] The legacy persists until today, as cars with a sedan body style is still taxed higher than cars with hatchback or wagon body style. As the result, unlike its neighbouring countries in Southeast Asia that prefers mostly compact sedans, Indonesian consumers are predominantly buying three-row MPVs.

According to GAIKINDO, 82 percent of the national automobile sales in 2018 is contributed by the Java island.[11] In 2017, West Java province contributed 19.6 percent of the national car sales at around 207,000 vehicles, DKI Jakarta at 19.3 percent, and East Java at 13.1 percent.[12][13]

History

The first motor vehicle to arrive in Indonesia is reported to have been a German Hildebrand & Wolfmüller two-cylinder motorcycle, brought in by Briton John C Potter who was a machinist at the Oemboel Sugar Factory in Probolinggo, East Java.[10] The first car arrived shortly thereafter, an 1894 Benz Viktoria belonging to Pakubuwono X, the Susuhunan of Surakarta.[14]

Local production of automobiles began in 1964, originally with SKD assembly of imported cars and commercial vehicles.[15]

Government programs

From 1969, the National Plan for Industrial Development was aimed at substituting imports in all areas of manufacture.[16] A series of laws were enacted in the following years to create this situation, affecting passenger cars as well as commercial vehicles.[15] Gradual limitations on CBU vehicle imports were introduced, reaching a complete ban on CBUs by 1974.[16] A localization program commenced with Decree no. 307 of 1976, which led to other decrees designed to minimize its harmful impacts. Beginning in 1980, new rules were also enacted to inhibit the sprawl of brands, with the government limiting local assembly to 71 models of 42 different makes.[16] All assemblers and agents were to be forced into eight separate groups manufacturing everything except engines. Engines were to be supplied by separate corporations.[17] GAAKINDO, made up in large part of small pribumi operations, was opposed to these programs and also had an outspokenly anti-Chinese leader from 1981 to 1984.[18] The companies most in favor of localization were the large Chinese firms like the Liem Group and PT Astra Motor.[19]

In 1981, the Government declared that no engine built in Indonesia was to be of less than one liter's displacement by 1985. As a result, manufacturers of local microvans and trucks scrambled to install larger engines.[20] Daihatsu and Suzuki already manufactured suitable engines for other vehicles, but Mitsubishi did not and used a Daihatsu engine for a few years, while Honda withdrew from the mini pick-up/microvan segment. In October 1982, the VAT on certain diesel vehicles were raised dramatically. Diesel sedans and station wagons, as well as diesel off-roaders, were hit with a 40 percent VAT, while light commercial vehicles (Category 1) in the form of small trucks, pickups, and passenger vans received a twenty per cent VAT.[21] Some commentators expected this to spell the end of diesel vehicles in Indonesia.[22]

Low Cost Green Car

Main article: Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)

The Daihatsu Ayla, one of the first Low Cost Green Car alongside the Toyota Agya.

In 2007, the Indonesian government announced a set of tax incentives intended to help develop a "Low Cost Green Car" (LCGC) as an Indonesian people's car. The initial rules required a low price, set lower for villagers, a fuel efficiency of at least 20 km/l (56 mpg_‑imp; 47 mpg_‑US), and at least 60 percent domestic content.[23] A few projects were shown but none made it to market, and in May 2013 a new set of regulations were issued, meaning a 0% luxury tax for cars under 1,200 cc (1,500 cc for diesels) as long as they could meet the same 20 km/l mileage goal. The luxury tax is between 50 and 75 percent for larger and less fuel efficient vehicles.[24]

Local manufacture encouraged

Indonesia levies an import tax of 10% on foreign imported luxury cars, while the import tariff for imported cars from outside the free trade area is currently at 50 percent.[25][26][27][28]

Associations

From 1969 until 1975, sole agents and assemblers were represented by separate groups, GAM (Gabungan Asembler Mobil) and GAKINDO.[29] In 1972 the government decreed that assemblers and agencies be consolidated and since 1975 the industry was represented by the unified GAAKINDO trade group (Gabungan Agen-agen dan Asembler Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia, "Association of Indonesia Sole Agents and Automobile Assemblers").[30] In the first half of the 1980s, GAAKINDO was an outspoken opponent of the government's localization programs.[18] In 1985 the group was reconsolidated into a new organization called GAIKINDO (Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia, "the Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries").

Manufacturers

The Toyota-Astra Motor headquarters in Sunter, North Jakarta.

The dominant manufacturer in Indonesia is the Astra International; their products represented around half of the annual vehicle sales in Indonesia in the early 2010s - in large part thanks to the success of the Toyota Kijang.[31]

Most cars sold in Indonesia were originally European in origins; In the 1950s, the most popular cars were Morris and Austin.[32] Japanese imports commenced on a small scale in 1959 with the Mitsubishi Jupiter truck, but by the 1970s this had changed considerably as the Japanese took an ever-growing share of the market. The January 1974 Malari incident started as a protest against Japanese trading practices and included the burning of a Toyota dealership, but sales of Japanese cars reached new heights soon afterwards.[32] By 1980, from 181,100 new registrations, 88.5 percent were Japanese in origin.[33]

Distribution and manufacture

In Indonesia, the import, marketing, distribution, and after sales service rights of foreign brands are usually held by firms called ATPMs (Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merk, or Sole Agent Brand Holder).[34] ATPMs may be foreign or locally owned, with certain differences to their licensing requirements and scope. Foreign firms, for instance, may not sell directly to Indonesian consumers (Agency), although Distribution may be foreign-controlled.[34] ATPMs may carry out the manufacture under license, or contract the manufacture to third parties (subject to approval of the principal), or may simply act as distributors and retailers. In the case of special-bodied vehicles, such as the angkots offered by countless body builders (karoseri, from Dutch word carrosserie), ATPMs also have relationships with specific companies and often sell their designs through their own showrooms.[35]

Active manufacturers

BMW

NV Spemotri was BMW's main importer of motorcycles during the 1950s; they mainly brought in the 250cc one-cylinder R25, R26, and R27.[36] A handful of BMW 700s were imported to Indonesia by NV Spemotri in the early 1960s; the Salim Group held the import rights until they sold the tiny concession to the Astra Group in the late 1970s.[31] Astra sells BMW through a wholly owned subsidiary called PT Tjahja Sakti Motor. The first BMW to be assembled locally was the 520/4, which was sent CKD and built in Jakarta by PT Indonesia Service Coy. 780 E12 were assembled from 1976 until 1981, with the 520/6 replacing the four-cylinder in 1978.[37] Indonesia Service Coy later built the E28, E30, E36, and E34 models, until assembly was taken over by the PT Gaya Motor company in 1993.

As of April 2001, BMW has their own wholesale company in Indonesia, PT BMW Indonesia, although Astra continues to assemble BMW automobiles through PT Gaya Motor.[38] Assembly is currently of a limited variety of semi-knocked down cars, while the remainder of the range is available CBU.[37]

Daihatsu

Main article: Astra Daihatsu Motor

The Astra Daihatsu Motor headquarters in Sunter, North Jakarta.

In the 1970s and 1980s, PT Daihatsu Indonesia were distributing Daihatsus while assembly was carried out by Gaya Motor - both companies were located in Sunter, Jakarta. PT Daihatsu Indonesia was a joint venture between a Japanese holding company (30%) and PT Astra International (70%), while PT Gaya Motor was a joint venture between the Indonesian government, PT Astra International, PT Multi France and PT Multi Astra.[39] Gaya Motor was a general assembler and also built Peugeot and Renault automobiles in the early 1980s.[39] Daihatsu's Hijet was very popular in Indonesia, especially after the larger one-litre engine from the Charade was introduced - one out of eight four-wheeled vehicles built in Indonesia in 1983 was a Hijet.[20]

In 2003, Daihatsu through PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) launched its joint project with Toyota, which spawned the Toyota Avanza and Daihatsu Xenia.[40][41][42] Both cars are designed according to Indonesian needs in mind. As an entry-level MPV, it complements the role of Toyota Kijang, offering similar capability in a smaller and cheaper package. Both cars would later send Astra Daihatsu Motor as the largest car manufacturer in the country, surpassing Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, and saw the Avanza as the best selling car in Indonesia since 2007 until today. 40.8% of Indonesia's total vehicle production output (four-wheel or above) in 2019 was contributed by ADM.

Honda

Main article: Honda Prospect Motor

Honda first entered Indonesia in the 1960s through PT Imora Motor, with its first model Honda T360 pickup. In 1972, Honda also introduced the two-door Civic to the country.[43] As a response to the vehicle import ban, PT Prospect Motor began local assembly of Honda automobiles in Sunter, North Jakarta. The brand then gained reputation for its passenger cars, contrary to several other Japanese brands which relied on commercial pickups and minivans. Honda's best selling products at the time were the Civic and Accord.

In 1999, Honda established a new joint venture company, PT Honda Prospect Motor (HPM). HPM integrated Honda's Indonesian automobile businesses, which was previously conducted by four separate companies ranging across vehicle assembly, engine and component manufacturing, and wholesale distribution. A new manufacturing plant in Karawang was opened in 2003.

Mercedes-Benz

Main article: Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia

Mercedes-Benz officially entered Indonesian market in 1970, when PT Star Motors Indonesia (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia/MBDI) established together with PT German Motor Manufacturing (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia) in collaboration with Volkswagen in Tanjung Priok. They have since then become the dominant market leader on premium vehicles in Indonesia. Currently, the following models that are locally assembled including the C-Class, GLC-Class, E-Class, GLE-Class, S-Class, GLS-Class, Axor trucks, and some Mercedes-Benz buses.

Mitsubishi

The Mitsubishi Colt L300 is the vehicle with the longest production run in Indonesia under one generation. Production started in 1982.

Main article: Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia

Mitsubishi through PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors (KTB) has a long presence in Indonesia, but their first true hit was the Colt T120. This was a locally built version of the first generation Mitsubishi Delica, and from its introduction in the early 1970s it became a seminal vehicle. It was mostly alone in its class and for a generation of Indonesians "Colt" became synonymous with minibus.[44] The T120 was finally discontinued in 1982 and replaced by the L300 (also a Delica); but sales never reached their earlier highs. Mitsubishi finally revived the T120 nametag with a Mitsubishi-engined version of the Suzuki Carry Futura called the Mitsubishi Colt T120SS.[44] This alliance with Suzuki was an attempt to challenge the dominance of the Astra Group's Toyota, Daihatsu, and Isuzu.[45]

In 2014, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation announced to build an MMC-owned plant in Indonesia. On March 24, 2015, the construction of a new manufacturing plant in Cikarang, West Java was started. The plant was designed with a maximum production capacity of 160,000 vehicles per year. PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia, owned 51% by MMC was established to operate the plant. The plant was started its operation in April 2017 by producing the Mitsubishi Pajero Sport. At the same time, the passenger cars and LCV operations were transferred from PT KTB to PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Sales Indonesia (MMKSI).[46][47] Mitsubishi Xpander was launched in August 2017 and nearly doubled Mitsubishi Motors sales in the country between 2017 and 2018 from 79,807 units to 142,861 units, emerging as the largest market for MMC. In 2019, MMKI surpassed Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia as the second largest car manufacturer in Indonesia by a production output of 193,954 units.

Suzuki

Main article: Suzuki Indomobil Motor

PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor is a joint venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation and the Indomobil Group. Until recently, the company was known as PT Indomobil Suzuki International. The company is located in Jakarta, Indonesia and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the local market. Their first products were the ST10 Carry and Fronte LC20 of 1976. The Carry (soon replaced by the ST20) saw extensive use as an Angkot.[48] Suzuki's first Indonesian activity was in 1970 through its import firm PT Indohero Steel & Engineering Company. Six years later they had built their manufacturing facility in Jakarta, which is the oldest part of the Indomobil Group. Suzuki's sales rose exponentially in the mid-1980s as sales of minitrucks boomed and the Forsa/Swift was introduced: Suzuki Indonesia sold 13,434 vehicles in 1984, followed by 58,032 in 1985.[49]

Since 2004, Suzuki Indonesia's APV (All Purpose Vehicle) budget MPV has been assembled exclusively in Indonesia. Designed in Japan, it is exported to numerous countries since 2005, to the ASEAN and beyond. It is also available with Mitsubishi badging (as the "Maven").

Toyota

The Toyota Kijang, an Indonesian automotive industry icon.

Main article: Toyota Astra Motor

PT Toyota Astra Motor (TAM) was founded in April 1971.[50] Vehicle production began in September 1974 at the PT Multi-Astra manufacturing subsidiary.[50] Toyota Indonesia's most famous product is the Kijang series of light trucks and vans. The Kijang, developed from the Philippine market Tamaraw Revo of 1976, has spawned an entire range of vehicles and is now built in a number of Asian countries including India. The Kijang was one of a series of BUV's, or Basic Utility Vehicles, developed for developing markets by several global manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. The Kijang was very successful for Toyota Astra Motor, with the 100,000th example leaving the line in February 1985.[51] Production was almost entirely localized by the mid-eighties, with engine parts as well beginning to be produced in Indonesia by January 1985.[51] The Kijang also caused major upheavals amongst Indonesia's host of small body builders, as the body was built to a whole new standard of quality and was offered directly by Toyota in a number of variants that had hitherto been the purview of the body builders.[35] The success of the Kijang was helpful for TAM as the Crown, Mark II, Land Cruiser, and Corona GL were all struggling in the market place in the first half of the 1980s.[52]

The Land Cruiser dominated the "Jeep" category until the early 1980s, when lighter and more economical competitors began taking away its market share.[52] Unable to compete with the smaller offerings from Suzuki and Daihatsu, Toyota chose to not further increase the local content levels of the Land Cruiser and had withdrawn it from the Indonesian market by 1986.[53] Currently Toyota Astra Motor's production is carried out by PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), which consists of the erstwhile PT Multi-Astra as well as PT Toyota Mobilindo (which was established in December 1976 with production commencing in May 1977).

Toyota and the Astra Group remains dominant in Indonesia, with their market share historically hovering from 35 to 50 percent. They are bigger than the two second biggest brands combined.[54]

Volkswagen

Volkswagen advertising pavilion by the National Monument.

Volkswagen and their local partner PT Garuda Mataram was a major player until the mid-1970s but sales dropped precipitously in the latter half of the decade. In 1970, Volkswagen entered into a collaboration with Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia to set up a manufacturing line in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta. The resulting company was called PT German Motor Manufacturing, with Garuda Mataram retaining the Volkswagen distribution rights. The partnership was dissolved in 1979 and Volkswagen went their own way.[55] In or just before 1971 Indonesia's Army Strategic Command (Kostrad) took over the local Volkswagen operations as part of a trend of direct government involvement in vehicle manufacturing (and industry in general).[56] Kostrad owned the Volkswagen agency through its Yayasan Dharma Putra business group, in partnership with two Chinese entrepreneurs.[57]

As with Volkswagen in the Philippines, sales dropped precipitously as the Japanese brands took hold. By 1980, the locally developed Mitra project had come to an end as had assembly of the Beetle and the Typ 181 (Camat). Assembly of German-made Kombis and Transporters ended in 1978.[58] Volkswagen replaced this on their Indonesian assembly lines with the Brazilian-made Volkswagen Combi Clipper. This remained Volkswagen's single model on offer in Indonesia until the middle of the 1980s.[59] By 1986, Volkswagens were no longer available in Indonesia, after 13,162 Volkswagens had been assembled between 1976 and 1985.[60]

In 1998, a new distributor company called PT Garuda Mataram Motor was founded as a joint venture between Volkswagen Group and Indomobil Group, currently, the company assembles and distributes Volkswagens passenger cars in Indonesia.

Wuling

Main article: SGMW Motor Indonesia

Wuling Motors (Indonesia) is established in August 2015 as a subsidiary of SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company Limited (SGMW) with share composition 50.1 percent of SAIC (Shanghai Automotive International Corporation), 44 percent of GM China and 5.9 percent Guangxi Automobile Group. The company has 60 hectares land in Cikarang, 30 hectares is for the manufacturing and 30 hectares is for supplier park for accessibility of the parts.[61][62][63]

Defunct manufacturers

General Motors (1927–2015)

A 1948 Chevrolet Advance Design being unloaded in Makassar in 1949.

The General Motors complex in Tanjung Priok, Batavia (now Jakarta) in 1939.

A variety of General Motors vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. General Motors established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in Tanjung Priok in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.[32] In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the Netherlands East Indies government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.[64] Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December General Motors wrote off the entire enterprise.[64] The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.[65]

In 1946 General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.[64] By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. General Motors dissolved this paper operation a year later.[64] The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 percent of the run-down assets were sold to PT Astra Motor (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.[66] Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing Toyotas instead.[66]

A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of General Motors products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived Morina national Basic Transportation Vehicle project.[67] In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the Rekord. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.

Holden

At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the FC series.[68] Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled Holden Gemini arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the HQ Statesman was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.

Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the Isuzu KB, called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the Isuzu Trooper, but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and Pacific Island countries in the middle of the 1980s.[69] A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars Malcolm Bricklin planned on importing, following his success with the Yugo.[70] While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the VL Calais. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.[71]

Opel

In January 1993 General Motors again began direct local operations as PT General Motor Buana Indonesia (GMBI) was formed, with a plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in Bekasi, West Java.[64] 60 percent of the company was held by GM, with the remainder belonging to local partner PT Garmak Motor. In 1997 General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made productof the new company was the Opel Vectra (1994), followed by the Opel Optima and the Opel Blazer in 1995.[64] As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.[64] Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the Opel P4 being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.[72] The taxi model was called Oplet (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for share taxis until the type was abolished in 1979.

Chevrolet

Chevrolet manufactured the Spin MPV in Bekasi, Indonesia between 2013 and 2015.

Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the Chevrolet LUV and Trooper.

In 2002, Chevrolet replaced Opel as GM's only marque in Indonesia. At the time, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to Chevrolet Blazer. It was sold alongside Tavera, a rebadged Isuzu Panther and the imported Zafira. In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of Chevrolet-badged Daewoo cars from Thailand and South Korea.

In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the Chevrolet Spin for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of USD 150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.[73] GM says that the Bekasi plant is a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location fulfills GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."[74] GM closed the plant in 2015, citing low sales and rising costs.[75][76] GM status in Indonesia was reverted as an importer.

In October 2019, General Motors Indonesia announced that it would exit the Indonesian market entirely by 31 March 2020.[77][78] Later in February 2020 GM also exited Thailand and Australia, leaving GM without any major presence in right-hand drive markets.[79][80]

Mazda (1985–1998)

Mazda MR90

Mazda Baby Boomer

Mazda Vantrend

Mazda first entered the Indonesian market in the 1960s as an imported brand. In 1985, Indomobil started manufacturing Mazda vehicles in Indonesia through its fully owned plant and was distributed through PT Unicor Prima Motor.[81] In 1989, Indomobil together with and Sumitomo Trading Corporation started PT Mazda Indonesia Manufacturing (MIM) plant through a joint venture.[82] The plant would manufacture the Mazda MR90, a car based on the third generation Mazda 323 Familia. It was designated as a 'people's car' to compete with Toyota Kijang. MR90 stands for 'Mobil Rakyat 1990', ('people's car of the 1990s'), as the car was introduced around July 1990. To achieve a competitive price for the car, Indomobil proposed to the government to lower the luxury goods tax from 30% to 0-10%. The proposal was then unexpectedly rejected by the government, citing the absence of a 'national car' regulation and the fact that the car is categorized as a sedan, which means it is considered as a luxury goods. As the result, sales were below expectations, since the car was significantly more expensive than the Toyota Kijang.[83] The Mazda MR90 was later revised and renamed to Mazda Vantrend and Mazda Baby Boomer, hoping to improve sales. In 1998, PT MIM went bankrupt in the midst of Southeast Asian financial crisis and the plant in Tambun was sold to Suzuki.[83]

Between 1998 and 2006, Mazda cars were imported and distributed by PT Unicor Prima Motor before the distribution was taken over by Mazda Motor Corporation, creating PT Mazda Motor Indonesia as the sole importer and distributor.[84] The handover marked the end of production of the locally-assembled Mazda E2000 which was introduced in 1996,[85] and also saw PT Unicor Prima Motor transformed into Chery car distributor.[86] Mazda Motor Indonesia solely relied on importing its line-up of vehicles from Japan, Thailand and the Philippines, except the Suzuki-made Mazda VX-1 (a rebadged Ertiga).

In 2017, Mazda Motor Corporation transferred its operations in Indonesia to Eurokars Motor Indonesia.[87] Mazda remained as an import brand, sourcing Mazda vehicles from Japan, Thailand and Malaysia.

Timor (1996–2000)

Main article: Timor Putra Nasional

Timor S515

In 1996, the Ministry of Industry and Trade announced a president instruction (Inpres) No. 2 year 1996 regarding the development of the national car industry, instructing the Minister of Industry and Trade, the Minister of Finance, and the State Minister for Mobilization of Investment Funds to immediately realize the national car industry. It also mentioned the pioneer company to do so is PT Timor Putra Nasional (TPN), owned by Hutomo Mandala Putra, the son of president Suharto. TPN is the only car manufacturer to be declared free from luxury goods tax.[88] TPN partnered with Kia Motors to import Kia Sephia sedan as the Timor S515i by a semi knock down (SKD) scheme. The sedan was introduced in 8 July 1996. Due to its low price, the car quickly gained some traction in Indonesia.

However, several countries such as Japan, the United States, and the European Communities immediately protested the national car program and privilege of Timor cars. A lawsuit was then brought to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The program was declared incompatible with WTO rules by Dispute Settlement Body of WTO in 1998. It was proved that the "national car program" violated the World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties because the exemption from taxes is a subsidy contingent upon the use of domestic goods.[89] As such, the company had to stop its operations by a presidential decree (Keppres) No 20 1998 issued in 21 January 1998.

Volvo

A fleet of Volvo 144's being used as police cars in 1976, a result of Liem's close relationship with the Indonesian government.

Volvo automobiles have been regularly imported to Indonesia since 1971, when Liem Sioe Liong's PT Central Sole Agency gained the concession.[90] By 1975, industrial policy dictated that the cars be assembled locally and Liem responded by creating a joint venture called PT Salim Jaya Motor, operated by his son Albert. They assembled two Volvo models and had a steady market in the form of military and government officials. The venture lost money though, due to the difficulties of collecting money from government officials during the Suharto era. A small number of heavy trucks were also imported. Even with government favor, sales were never very large: between 1976 and 1985, only 1015 Volvo passenger cars (and 201 heavy trucks) were assembled in Indonesia.[91]

The Salim Group still imports Volvo trucks, buses, and construction equipment as of 2017, through a company called PT Indotruck Utama. Since January 2017, Garansindo is the sole importer and distributor of Volvo automobiles in Indonesia.[92]

Passenger cars currently manufactured in Indonesia

The Toyota Calya, exclusively built and sold in Indonesia.

BMW: 3-series, 5-series, 7-series, X1, X3, X5

Daihatsu: Ayla, Gran Max, Luxio, Sigra, Terios, Xenia

DFSK: Gelora, Glory 560, Glory 580/i-Auto

Honda: Brio, BR-V, CR-V, HR-V, Jazz, Mobilio

Hyundai: H-1

Mercedes-Benz: C-Class, E-Class, S-Class, GLC-Class, GLE-Class, GLS-Class

MINI: Cooper, Countryman

Mitsubishi: Pajero Sport, Xpander

Nissan: Livina

Suzuki: APV, Ertiga, XL7, Karimun Wagon R

Toyota: Agya, Avanza, Calya, Fortuner, Kijang Innova, Rush, Sienta, Vios, Yaris

Volkswagen: Tiguan Allspace

Wuling: Almaz, Formo, Confero, Cortez

Italic: CBU exported model

Active manufacturing facilities

Automotive manufacturing facilities in Indonesia is currently focused in the western part of Java, mainly in the Jakarta–Cikampek toll road corridor in Bekasi and Karawang, where few industrial estates were located there. It is reported that Hyundai Motor Company would open a new manufacturing plant in Karawang around 2021 capable of producing 120,000 vehicles per year (planned upgrade to 250,000) including electric cars.[93][94]

List of active automobile manufacturing plants in Indonesia
Name	Founded	Location		Production				Exports
			Operational scope	Make	Models produced (since 2015)	Installed capacity	Volume (2019)
Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) Sunter Assembly Plant	1998	Sunter, North Jakarta, DKI Jakarta	Manufacturing	Daihatsu	Xenia (2004–) Terios (2006–) Gran Max minibus/pick-up (2007–) Luxio (2009–) Hi-Max (2016–2019)	330,000	525,483	Yes
				Toyota	Avanza (2004–) Rush (2006–) Town Ace van/truck (2008–, export only) Lite Ace van/truck (2008–2020, export only)
				Mazda	Bongo van/truck (2020–, export only)
Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) Karawang Assembly Plant	2013	Karawang Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Daihatsu	Xenia (2013–) Ayla (2013–) Sigra (2016–) Terios (2019–)	200,000
				Toyota	Avanza (2013–) Agya/Wigo (2013–) Calya (2016–) Rush (2019–)
Gaya Motor	1969	Sunter, North Jakarta, DKI Jakarta	Manufacturing	Isuzu	Panther (1991–2020) Panther Pick-Up (1991–2020) C-Series (?–)	50,000	24,446 (incl. Isuzu production in IAMI Karawang)
			Assembly	UD Trucks	Quester (2016–)		1,511	No
				BMW	3-series (1993–) 5-series (1993–) 7-series (2016–) X1 (2011–) X3 (2018–) X5 (2015–)		2,337	No
				MINI	Countryman (2018–)		263	No
Hino Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (HMMI)	2003	Purwakarta Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Hino	Dutro (2003–) Ranger (2003–) Profia (2003–)	75,000	32,425	Yes
				Toyota	Dyna (2009–)
Honda Prospect Motor (HPM) Plant 1	2003	Karawang Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Honda	CR-V (2003–) Freed (2009–2016) Mobilio (2014–) HR-V (2015–)	80,000	133,247	Yes
Honda Prospect Motor (HPM) Plant 2	2014				Jazz (2014–) Brio (2013–) Mobilio (2014–) BR-V (2016–)	120,000
Hyundai Indonesia Motor (HIM)	1995	Pondok Ungu, Bekasi City, West Java	Assembly	Hyundai	H-1 (2010–) Starex (2010–)	10,000	3,789	Yes
Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (HMMI)	2021	Cikarang, Bekasi Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Hyundai	production yet to commence	150,000	0	Planned
Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia (IAMI) Karawang Plant	2015	Karawang Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Isuzu	Giga (2015–) Elf (2015–) Traga/Traviz (2018–)	52,000	24,446 (incl. Isuzu production in Gaya Motor)	Yes
Krama Yudha Ratu Motor (KRM)	1973	Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta, DKI Jakarta	Manufacturing	Mitsubishi Fuso	Colt Diesel Canter (?–) Fuso FM (?–) Fighter (?–)		43,965	No
				Mitsubishi Motors	Colt L300 (1981–2018) Colt T120SS (1991–2018) Outlander Sport (2012–2018)		-
Mercedes-Benz Indonesia (MBI)	1978	Wanaherang, Bogor Regency, West Java	Assembly	Mercedes-Benz PC	C-Class (1994–) E-Class (1994–) S-Class (?–) GLC-Class (2019–) GLE-Class (2019–) GLS-Class (2016–)	6,000	N/A	No
	2017		Assembly	Mercedes-Benz CV	Axor (2017–)	5,000	N/A
Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia (MMKI)	2017	Cikarang, Bekasi Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Mitsubishi Motors	Pajero Sport (2017–) Xpander (2017–) Colt L300 (2018–)	220,000	193,954	Yes
				Nissan	Livina (2019–)
National Assemblers Pulogadung Plant	1971	Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta, DKI Jakarta	Assembly	Volkswagen	Golf (2010–2016)	15,000	-	No
				Renault	Duster (2015–2019)		7
National Assemblers Purwakarta Plant	2019	Purwakarta Regency, West Java	Assembly	Volkswagen	Tiguan Allspace (2019–)	6,000	N/A	No
Nissan Motor Indonesia (NMI) Plant 1	2003	Purwakarta Regency, West Java	Manufacturing and assembly	Nissan	X-Trail (2003–2019) Serena (2004–2019) Grand Livina (2007–2019) Livina X-Gear (2008–2015) Juke (2011–2018) Evalia (2012–2016)	180,000	180	Formerly
Nissan Motor Indonesia (NMI) Plant 2	2014		Manufacturing	Datsun	Go (2014–2020) Go+ (2014–2020) Cross (2018–2020)		4,516	No
SGMW Motor Indonesia (SGMW)	2017	Cikarang, Bekasi Regency, West Java	Manufacturing and assembly	Wuling	Confero (2017–) Cortez (2017–) Formo (2018–) Almaz (2019–)	120,000	24,980	Yes
				Chevrolet	Captiva (2019–, export only)
Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)	2017	Cikande, Serang Regency, Banten	Manufacturing and assembly	DFSK	Supercab (2017–) Glory 580 (2017–) Glory 560 (2019–) Gelora (2020–) Glory i-Auto (2020–)	50,000	4,069	Yes
Solo Manufaktur Kreasi (SMK)	2019	Sambi, Boyolali Regency, Central Java	Assembly	Esemka	Bima 1.2 (2019–) Bima 1.3 (2019–)	12,000	N/A	No
Sugity Creatives	1995	Cikarang, Bekasi Regency, West Java	Assembly	Toyota	NAV1 (2012–2017)	N/A	-	No
Suzuki Indomobil Motor (SIM) Plant 1	1991	Tambun, Bekasi City, West Java	Manufacturing	Suzuki	Carry (1991–) APV/Mega Carry (2004–) Ertiga (2012–2015) Karimun Wagon R (2013–)	120,000	124,658	Yes
				Mazda	VX-1 (2013–2015)
Suzuki Indomobil Motor (SIM) Plant 2	2015	Cikarang, Bekasi Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Suzuki	Ertiga (2015–) XL7 (2020–)	120,000		Yes
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN) Plant 1 Karawang	1998	Karawang Regency, West Java	Manufacturing	Toyota	Kijang Innova (2004–) Fortuner (2007–)	130,000	166,600	Yes
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN) Plant 2 Karawang	2013				Vios/Yaris Sedan (2013–) Etios Valco (2013–2017) Yaris (2014–) Sienta (2016–)	120,000		Yes

Statistics

GAIKINDO Indonesian Automobile Industry Data[7][95]

Calendar Year	Production	Wholesales	Retail Sales	Exports (CBU)[96]
2004		483,148		9,572
2005		533,917		17,805
2006		318,904		30,974
2007		433,341		60,267
2008		603,774		100,982
2009	464,816	486,088		56,669
2010	702,508	764,710		85,769
2011	838,388	894,164	890,559	107,932
2012	1,052,895	1,116,230	1,098,331	173,371
2013	1,206,368	1,229,811	1,218,817	170,958
2014	1,298,523	1,208,019	1,195,409	202,273
2015	1,098,780	1,013,518	1,031,842	207,961
2016	1,178,346	1,062,694	1,073,547	194,395
2017	1,217,518	1,077,365	1,067,396	231,169
2018	1,343,743	1,151,284	1,152,641	264,553
2019	1,286,848	1,030,126	1,043,017	332,023

including passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and heavy commercial trucks

Manufacturers (2019)

Production and exports

Rank	Manufacturing plant	Production	Share	Exports
1	Astra Daihatsu Motor	525,483	40.8%	123,227
2	Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia	193,954	15.1%	64,714
3	Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia	166,600	12.9%	89,205
4	Honda Prospect Motor	133,247	10.4%	6,847
5	Suzuki Indomobil Motor	124,658	9.7%	39,613
6	Krama Yudha Ratu Motor (Fuso)	43,965	3.4%	0
7	Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia	32,425	2.5%	2,310
8	SGMW Motor Indonesia	24,980	1.9%	2,696
9	Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia	24,446	1.9%	0
10	Nissan Motor Indonesia	4,696	0.4%	0
others		12,394	1.0%	3,411
Total		1,286,848	100%	332,023

Sales

Rank	Brand	Sales	Market share
1	Toyota	331,797	32.2%
2	Daihatsu	177,284	17.2%
3	Honda	137,339	13.3%
4	Mitsubishi Motors	119,011	11.6%
5	Suzuki	100,383	9.7%
6	Mitsubishi Fuso	42,754	4.2%
7	Hino	31,068	3.0%
8	Isuzu	25,270	2.5%
9	Wuling	22,343	2.2%
10	Nissan	12,302	1.2%
others		30,575	2.9%
Total		1,030,126	100%

Sales by automotive group

Rank	Brand	Sales	Market share
1	Toyota Group	541,574	52.6%
2	Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance	138,079	13.4%
3	Honda	137,339	13.3%
4	Suzuki	100,383	9.7%
5	Daimler Group	45,966	4.5%
6	Isuzu	25,270	2.5%
7	General Motors	23,872	2.3%
others		17,643	1.7%
Total		1,030,126	100%

By car models (2019)

Rank	Model	Sales	Share	Group	Segment
1	Toyota Avanza	86,374	8.4%	Toyota Group	B-segment 3-row compact MPV (low MPV)
2	Honda Brio	70,344	6.8%	Honda	A-segment hatchback (LCGC/city car)
3	Mitsubishi Xpander	62,666	6.1%	Mitsubishi Motors	B-segment 3-row compact MPV (low MPV)
4	Toyota Rush	61,569	6.0%	Toyota Group	B-segment 3-row compact crossover (low SUV)
5	Toyota Calya	54,569	5.3%	Toyota Group	A-segment 3-row compact MPV (LCGC)
6	Toyota Kijang Innova	52,981	5.1%	Toyota Group	3-row MPV/minivan (medium MPV)
7	Daihatsu Sigra	52,283	5.1%	Toyota Group	A-segment 3-row compact MPV (LCGC)
8	Toyota Agya	25,082	2.4%	Toyota Group	A-segment hatchback (LCGC/city car)
9	Suzuki Ertiga	24,549	2.4%	Suzuki	B-segment 3-row compact MPV (low MPV)
10	Daihatsu Terios	22,960	2.2%	Toyota Group	B-segment 3-row compact crossover (low SUV)

excluding light commercial vehicles and heavy commercial trucks

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