Subdivisions of Indonesia

Indonesia is divided into provinces (Indonesian: Provinsi). Provinces are made up of regencies and cities. Provinces, regencies and cities have their own local governments and parliamentary bodies.

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Since the enactment of Act Number 22 of 1999 on Local Government[1] (the law was revised by Act Number 32 of 2004[2]), local governments now play a greater role in administering their areas. Foreign policy, defence (including armed forces and national police), system of law, and monetary policy, however, remain the domain of the national government. Since 2005, heads of local government (governors, regents and mayors) have been directly elected by popular election.[3]

First level
Main article: Provinces of Indonesia

A province is headed by a governor (Gubernur). Each province has its own regional assembly, called Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD, literally "Regional People's Representative Assembly"). Governors and representative members are elected by popular vote for five-year terms.

Indonesia is divided into 34 provinces.[4] Eight provinces have been created since 2000. Five provinces have special status:

  • Aceh: Aceh has greater role in local government, which includes its own Islamic Sharia law (for Muslim citizens), flag and provincial anthem, local political parties are allowed, and decisions or laws made by the central government which directly affect Aceh's administration must be referred to the local government or legislative body.[5]
  • Yogyakarta Special Region: The Sultan of Yogyakarta is de facto and de jure governor of Yogyakarta since he is given priority when electing the governor. For centuries, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta has reigned in the region.[6] However, in the 2000s the central government proposed a law that required the governor to be popularly elected as in the other provinces, while still giving the sultan significant political power. Since 31 August 2012, the Act No. 13 of 2012 on Specialty of Yogyakarta Special Region has been approved by the central government and according to the act, Yogyakarta refuses to be a province but a region at province-level.[7][8][9] Within the Special Region of Yogyakarta is also the Principality of Pakualaman. The Prince of Pakualaman is also a hereditary position, and serve as the Vice-Governor of Yogyakarta.
  • Papua: Since 2001 local government has a greater role. The governor is required to be of Papuan origins.[10]
  • West Papua: The province had split from Papua in 2003. A 2008 regulation by the national government confirms that special autonomy status in Papua also applies to West Papua.[11]
  • Jakarta Special Capital Region: Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. The Governor of Jakarta has the power to appoint and dismiss mayors and regent within the region. The local government is allowed to co-operate with other cities from other countries.[12]
Provinces of Indonesia

Second level
Main article: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

Regency (kabupaten) and city (kota), collectively known as daerah tingkat II,[13] is a local level of government beneath the provincial level. However, they enjoy greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as provision of public schools and public health facilities.

Both regency and city are at the same level, having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in differing demographics, size and economics.

Generally the regency has a larger area than the city, and the city has non-agricultural economic activities. A regency is headed by a regent (bupati), and a city is headed by a mayor (wali kota). The regent or mayor and the representative council members are elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years.

Third level
See also: Districts of Indonesia

Regencies and cities are divided into districts, which have several variations of terms:

  • Kecamatan headed by a camat. A camat is a civil servant, responsible to the regent (in a regency) or to the mayor (in a city). Kecamatan are found in most parts of Indonesia.[14]
  • Distrik headed by a kepala distrik. Distrik are only found in the provinces of Papua and West Papua and are the equivalent of kecamatan in the rest of Indonesia.[15]
  • Kapanewon (for subdivision of regency), headed by a panewu, and Kemantren (for subdivision of city), headed by a mantri pamong praja.[16][17] The terms are used in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and are the equivalent of kecamatan in the rest of Indonesia.

Fourth level
Main article: Villages of Indonesia

Districts are divided into desa (villages) or kelurahan (urban communities). Both desa and kelurahan are of a similar division level, but a desa enjoys more power in local matters than a kelurahan. An exception is Aceh, where districts are divided into mukim before being subdivided further into gampong.

Desa

In Indonesian, as in English, a village (desa) has rural connotations. In the context of administrative divisions, a desa can be defined as a body which has authority over the local people in accordance with acknowledged local traditions of the area. A desa is headed by a "head of village" (Indonesian: kepala desa), who is elected by popular vote.

Most Indonesian villages use the term "desa", but other terms are used in some regions:

Kelurahan

Although desa and kelurahan are part of a district, a kelurahan has less autonomy than a desa. A kelurahan is headed by a lurah. Lurahs are civil servants, directly responsible to their camats.

Statistics

The following table lists the number of current provinces, regencies and cities in Indonesia.

Level Type (Indonesian) Type (English) Head of government (Indonesian) Head of government (English) Number
I Provinsi Province Gubernur Governor 34[20]
II Kabupaten Regency Bupati Regent 416[20]
Kota City Wali Kota Mayor 98[20]
III Kecamatan, distrik, kapanewon, or kemantren District Camat, kepala distrik, panewu, or mantri pamong praja Head of district 7,024[21]
IV Desa or kelurahan Village/subdistrict Kepala desa or lurah Head of village/subdistrict 81,626[22]
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See also

Notes
  1. "DTE 46 / August 2000: What is regional autonomy?". Dte.gn.apc.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  2. "UNDP Indonesia". Undp.or.id. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  3. "New Order-Style Elections for Indonesian Governors Get 2nd Look". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  4. "INDONESIA MAP - 33 Maps of Indonesia Provinces - PETA INDONESIA". Indonesia-tourism.com. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  5. "The Governing of Aceh". Jaringan Komunitas Masyarajat adat Aceh (pdf). USAID. 1 August 2006. Chapter IV, Article 8. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  6. indahnesia.com. "Provinces of Indonesia - Yogyakarta - Motto: Tut Wuri Handayani - Discover Indonesia Online". indahnesia.com. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  7. "Yogyakarta Debate Moves From Street to House". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  8. "Wisdom Is Key in Yogyakarta's Status Controversy, Taufiq Kiemas". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  9. "Minister sticks to direct election for Yogyakarta governor". Antara News. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  10. "Pasal 12 Ayat 1 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 21 Tahun 2001 Tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  11. Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang ("Government Regulation in Lieu of Law") No. 1, 2008.
  12. "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  13. "Indonesia Regencies". www.statoids.com.
  14. https://www.lhokseumawekota.go.id/aturan/PP_Nomor_17_Tahun_2018.pdf
  15. RI, Setjen DPR. "J.D.I.H. - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". dpr.go.id.
  16. "Perubahan Nomenklatur Kelembagaan Kabupaten/Kota di DIY" (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Regional Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta). 2 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  17. Muryanto, Bambang (3 December 2019). "Yogyakarta to restore archaic administrative naming convention". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  18. In other places, "dusun" is an administrative division form below "desa".
  19. In other places, "kampung" is equal with "dusun", except in Bungo, Jambi.
  20. "Rekapitulasi Jumlah PPID Provinsi, Kabupaten, dan Kota" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  21. "Jumlah Kecamatan Menurut Provinsi, 2004–2014" (in Indonesian). Central Agency on Statistics of Indonesia. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  22. "Jumlah Desa Menurut Provinsi, 2004–2014" (in Indonesian). Central Agency on Statistics of Indonesia. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
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