Toyota Land Cruiser

The Toyota Land Cruiser (Japanese: トヨタ・ランドクルーザー, Toyota Rando-Kurūzā) is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series of models and the second longest-running SUV in production behind the Chevrolet Suburban.[1] As of 2019, the sales of the Land Cruiser totalled more than 10 million units worldwide.[2]

For the smaller variation, which is sold in Europe as the "Land Cruiser", see Toyota Land Cruiser Prado.
Toyota Land Cruiser
Toyota Land Cruiser VX wagon (VDJ200R)
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Production1951–present
Body and chassis
ClassOff-road vehicle/Full-size SUV

Production of the first generation of the Land Cruiser began in 1951[2] as Toyota's version of a Jeep-like vehicle.[3][4] The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon and cab chassis body styles. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity have led to huge popularity, especially in Australia, where it is the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle.[5] Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback – considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both temperature and terrain.[6][7][8] In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.

As of 2018, the Land Cruiser (J200) is available in many markets. Exceptions include Canada, Malaysia (which receives the Lexus LX instead), Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, Singapore, South Korea, Brazil, Syria, Thailand, and large parts of Europe. In Europe, the only countries where the Land Cruiser is officially sold are Gibraltar, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine. The Land Cruiser is also hugely popular in Africa, where it is used by farmers, NGO's, UN and humanitarian organizations, by national armies (often the pickup version) as well as by irregular armed groups who turn them into 'technicals' by mounting machine guns in the rear.

Origin

When the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines in 1941, they found an American Jeep and promptly sent it to Japan. The Japanese military authorities ordered Toyota to produce a similar vehicle but to alter the appearance. The resulting Model AK prototype led to the Yon-Shiki Kogata Kamotsu-Sha (四式小型 貨物 車 type 4 compact cargo-truck).

Later in 1941, the Japanese government instructed Toyota to produce a light truck for Japan's military. In 1942, Toyota developed the AK10 prototype by reverse-engineering a Bantam GP. The half-ton truck features an upright front grille, flat front wheel arches that angled down and back like the FJ40, headlights mounted above the wheel arches on either side of the radiator, and a folding windshield.

The AK10 is powered by the 2,259 cc (2.3 L), 4-cylinder Type C engine from the Toyota Model AE sedan coupled to a three-speed manual transmission and a two-speed transfer gearbox. Unlike the U.S. Jeep, the AK10 had limited use and photographs of it in the battlefield are rare.

In June 1954, responding to claims of trademark violation by the Willys Company that produced the original Jeep, then Director of Technology Hanji Umehara renamed the vehicle "Land Cruiser."

The postwar Toyota "Jeep" BJ is completely different from the AK10 and inherits no mechanical parts from it. However, a lot of lessons learned while developing the AK10 were applied when developing the BJ.[9]

Off-road oriented models

BJ and FJ (1951–1955)
BJ and FJ
Overview
Production1951–1955
AssemblyToyota City, Japan (Arakawa Auto Body)
Body and chassis
Body style2-door softtop
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • 3.4 L B I6
  • 3.9 L F I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,650 mm (104.3 in)

History

In 1950, the Korean War created demand for a military light utility vehicle. The war put a Jeep on Japan's doorstep. The United States government ordered 100 vehicles with the then-new Willys specifications and tasked Toyota to manufacture them. The Toyota "Jeep" BJ prototype was developed in January 1951. This came from the demand for military-type utility vehicles, much like the British Land Rover Series 1 that was developed in 1948. The Jeep BJ was larger than the original U.S. Jeep and more powerful courtesy of its Type B 3.4-litre six-cylinder OHV Four-stroke petrol engine which generated a power output of 85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 3,600 rpm and 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) of torque at 1,600 rpm. It had a part-time four-wheel drive system like the Jeep. However, and unlike the Jeep, the Jeep BJ had no low-range transfer case. In July 1951, Toyota's test driver Ichiro Taira drove the next generation of the Jeep BJ prototype up to the sixth stage of Mount Fuji, the first vehicle to climb that height. The test was overseen by the National Police Agency (NPA). Impressed by this feat, the NPA quickly placed an order for 289 of these offroad vehicles, making the Jeep BJ their official patrol car.[10]

For the first two years, manufacture was exclusively to order and in small volumes.[11] In 1953, however, regular production of the "Toyota Jeep BJ" began at the Toyota Honsya Plant (rolling chassis assembly). The body assembly and painting was done at Arakawa Bankin Kogyo KK, later known as ARACO (now an affiliate of Toyota Auto Body Company).[10] The "Toyota Jeep BJ" Series was introduced in the following variants:

  • BJ-T (Touring),
  • BJ-R (Radio),
  • BJ-J (Cowl-chassis for a fire-engine).

The next year, the name "Land Cruiser" was coined by the technical director Hanji Umehara. "In England we had another competitor — Land Rover. I had to come up with a name for our car that would not sound less dignified than those of our competitors. That is why I decided to call it 'Land Cruiser'", he recalls.[10] The name had already been used on the Studebaker Land Cruiser which was produced from 1934 to 1954. The 92 kW (123 hp; 125 PS), 3.9 L Type F petrol engine was added to the Land Cruiser range for the first time, originally only in the fire-engine chassis. The models were renamed:

  • BJ-T (Touring),
  • BJ-R (Radio),
  • BJ-J (Cowl-chassis for a fire-engine),
  • FJ-J (Cowl-chassis for a fire-engine).

J20, J30 (1955–1960)
J20/J30
Overview
Also calledToyota Bandeirante (Brazil)
Production1955–1960
Assembly
  • Toyota City, Japan (Arakawa Auto Body)
  • São Bernardo, Brazil (Toyota do Brasil)
Body and chassis
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • 3.4 L B I6
  • 3.9 L F I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • 2,285 mm (90.0 in)
  • 2,430 mm (95.7 in)
  • 2,650 mm (104.3 in)

History
  • 1955 – The Second generation of the Land Cruiser called the 20 Series was introduced. It was designed to have a more civilian appeal than the BJ for export reasons. It also had more stylish bodywork and a better ride courtesy of longer four-plate leaf springs which had been adapted from the Toyota Light Truck. It had a more powerful 99 kW (135 PS; 133 hp) 3.9 L six-cylinder Type F petrol engine, but adopted the previous generation's three-speed gearbox. The interior of the vehicles were made more comfortable by moving the engine 120 mm (4.7 in) forward. The 20 Series still had no low range transfer case, but had synchronism on the third and fourth gears.
  • 1957 – A 4-door Station Wagon was added called the FJ35V which was based on a 2,650 mm (104.3 in) wheelbase. The Land Cruiser first imported into Australia by B&D Motors as the FJ25/28 cab chassis with Australian made bodies.[12] The Land Cruiser was the first Japanese vehicle to be regularly exported to the country.[13] A small number of Land Cruisers were initially used in the Snowy Mountains Scheme by contractor Theiss Constructions.[14]
  • 1958 – FJ25 production commenced in Brazil; this being the first Toyota vehicle built outside Japan. These were sold as the "Toyota Bandeirante" from January 1962 when the Toyota petrol engine was replaced with a Mercedes-Benz diesel engine. The FJ25 models were built until August 1968 in Brazil.[15] Production numbers were fairly low; in 1965, the production total was 961 vehicles.[16]

Bandeirante timeline
  • 1959:
    • FJ25 – Short open (topless) bushdrive car – motor Toyota F (May 1959 to 1960/61) – new in 1959 (also referred to as FJ251)
  • 1960/1961:
    • FJ25L – Short soft top bushdrive car – motor Toyota F (1960/1961 to 1960/1961) – new in 1960/1961 (also referred to as FJ251L)
    • FJ151L – Short soft top bushdrive car – motor Toyota 2F (1960/1961 to December 1961) – replaces the FJ25/FJ251 and the FJ25L/FJ251L (there are few mentions in literature and no preserved ones known; it could be even doubted if it's ever been actually built)
  • 1962:
    • TB25L – Short soft top bushdrive car – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (January 1962 to – 1966?) – replaces the FJ151L (or FJ25L/FJ251L?)
    • TB25L – Short hard top bushdrive car – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (January 1962 to – 1966?) – new in 1962
    • TB41L – Long hard top bushdrive car  – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1962 to July 1968) – new in 1962
    • TB51L – Short pickup with native bed – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1962 to January 1966)
  • 1965:
    • TB51L3 – Short 3-door double cabin pickup with native bed and steel bed cover – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (1965 to ?) – new in 1965; possibly only one unit was built
  • 1962–1968:
    • OJ32L – Short soft top bushdrive car – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (1966? – to August 1968) – replaces the soft top TB25L
    • OJ31L – Short hard top bushdrive car – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (1966? – to August 1968) – replaces the hard top TB25L
    • TB81L – Short pickup with native bed – motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (February 1966 to August 1968) – replaces the TB51L

J40 (1960–1984)
J40
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Bandeirante (Brazil)
  • Toyota Macho (Venezuela)
Production1960–1984
Assembly
  • Toyota City, Japan
  • São Bernardo, Brazil (Toyota do Brasil)
  • Cumana, Venezuela
  • Jakarta, Indonesia[17]
Body and chassis
Body style
LayoutFront engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 3-speed manual
  • 4-speed manual (from 1974)
  • 5-speed manual (from 1984)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • 2,285 mm (90.0 in)
  • 2,430 mm (95.7 in)
  • 2,650 mm (104.3 in)
  • 2,950 mm (116.1 in)
Length3,840.5 mm (151.2 in)
Width1,666.2 mm (65.6 in)
Height
  • 1,950.7 mm (76.8 in) (softtop)
  • 2,000 mm (78.8 in) (hardtop)
Curb weight
  • 1,480 kg (3,263 lb) (softtop)
  • 1,554 kg (3,427 lb) (hardtop)
Main article: Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)

History
  • 1960 – The 20 Series was upgraded to the now classic 40 Series. Toyota made many production changes by buying new steel presses. Mechanically, the FJ40 was given a new 93 kW (126 PS; 125 hp), 3.9 L F engine and the Land Cruiser finally received low-range gearing, but continued the three-speed main gearbox.
  • 1965 – Global production surpassed 50,000 vehicles. The Land Cruiser was the best selling Toyota vehicle in the United States.
  • 1968 – The 100,000th Land Cruiser was sold worldwide. Brazilian J40 production, as the Bandeirante, commenced in September. The Bandeirante has a Mercedes-Benz-built diesel engine generating a power output of 58 kW (79 PS; 78 hp).
  • 1972 – The 200,000th Land Cruiser was sold.
  • 1973 – The 300,000th Land Cruiser was sold. The first diesel Land Cruiser was introduced for export based on a long wheelbase with a six-cylinder H engine.
  • 1974 – A four-cylinder 3.0 L B diesel engine was offered. The introduction of this engine boosted sales in Japan by putting the Land Cruiser in a lower tax compact freight-car category as compared to the 3.9 L petrol version.

Note: the new B diesel engine was different from the B petrol engine used in the original BJ.

  • 1975 – The 3.9 L petrol engine was replaced by a larger, more powerful 4.2 L 2F unit and the FJ55 received front disc brakes. The 3.6 L H diesel engine was optional in some markets in the HJ45.[18]
  • 1976 – FJ40 Land Cruiser (United States-version) received front disc brakes like the FJ55. The Toyota Land Cruiser Association was founded in California.
  • 1977 – The Irish Army took delivery of the first of 77 FJ45 Land Cruisers. Although fast, reliable and with good off-road performance the vehicle tended to rust excessively in the wet Irish climate. A few which did not succumb to the effects of weather were repainted in gloss olive green and survive as ceremonial gun tractors at military funerals.
  • 1978 – The first BJ/FJ40 and FJ55 models were officially sold in West Germany with both diesel (BJ40) and petrol engines (FJ40/55).
  • 1979 – FJ40 (United States-version) was updated this year with a new wider, square bezel surrounding the headlights. Power steering and cooler were offered in FJ40 for the first time The diesel engine was improved, evolving into the 3.2 L 2B unit but only in Japanese markets.
  • 1980 – The H diesel engine (HJ45) was replaced by the 4.0 L 2H engine (now with chassis code HJ47).[18]
  • 1981 – the Diesel version received front disc brakes and the more powerful 3.4 L 3B engine, and the LWB BJ45 with 3B engine was added to the range.
  • 1983 – the last FJ40s imported to the U.S. were 1983 models (mid-1982 to mid-1983). It is unknown how many were imported by Toyota, but many guess the number to be around 300. The 1983 FJ40s typically bring a premium for their rarity, though they are not much different from 1982 models (mid-1981 to mid-1982).
  • 1984 – the North American market was limited to Canada with the BJ42, which had a 5-speed (overdrive) transmission that was widely sought. The originally cost around CA$14,000.
  • 1980 Toyota Land Cruiser hardtop (FJ40)
  • 1963 Toyota Land Cruiser Station Wagon (FJ45)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser pickup (FJ45)

J70 (1984–present)
Main article: Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)
J70
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Machito (Venezuela)
  • Zo Reken (Haiti)
Production1984–present
Assembly
Body and chassis
Body style
LayoutFront engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 5-speed manual
  • 4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • 2,310 mm (90.9 in)
  • 2,600 mm (102.4 in)
  • 2,730 mm (107.5 in)
  • 2,980 mm (117.3 in)
  • 3,180 mm (125.2 in)
Length4,995 mm (196.7 in)
Width1,870 mm (73.6 in)
Height2,070 mm (81.5 in)

History
  • 1984 – J70 was introduced as a soft-top, hard-top, Fibre-reinforced plastic top, utility, cab-chassis, and Troop Carrier (inward facing rear seats). The petrol engine was replaced with a 4.0 L 3F engine. The 70 Light had a four-wheel coil spring solid-axle suspension for better ride quality. This lighter duty version of the Land Cruiser had the 22R 2.4 L four-stroke petrol engine, which actually were the 2L and 2L-T (turbocharged) 2.4 L diesel engines commonly found in the Toyota Hilux. The 70 Light was sold in some markets as the Bundera or the Landcruiser II, later called 70 Prado. The 70 Prado eventually became popular and evolved into the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado (J90). An automatic transmission (A440F) was introduced making it the first four-wheel drive Japanese vehicle with an automatic transmission.
  • 1990 – New-generation of diesel engines were introduced for the Land Cruiser including a 3.4 L five-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated engine (1PZ), and a 4.2 L six-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated engine (designated the 1 HZ).
  • 1993 to 1996 – the KZ 3.0 L turbocharged diesel engine replaced the LJ in the 70 series in European markets where this model was known as the KZJ70.
  • 1993 – An advanced 24-valve, 4.5 L six-cylinder petrol engine, 1FZ-FE was introduced.
  • 1999 – Toyota updated the 70 series in several ways. The solid front axle received coil-spring suspension. The rear leaf springs were lengthened for increased ride comfort and wheel travel. The six-bolt wheels were replaced with five-bolt wheels. Several smaller modifications to the drivetrain provided increased durability. The long-wheel-base models received new designations: 78 for the troop carrier, and 79 for the pickup.
  • 2002 — HDJ79 was introduced to Australia with the 1HD-FTE 4.2 L six-cylinder 24-valve turbodiesel EFI engine.
  • 2007 – Toyota's first turbodiesel V8 engine, the 1VD-FTV was introduced in some countries for the 70 Series Land Cruiser. Other modifications include the addition of a 4-door medium-wheel-base model (the 76) and an updated front-end on all models.
  • 2012 – the 79 Double Cab pickup was introduced in the South African markets (with the 4.2 L Diesel or 4.0 L Petrol engines) and in the Australian market (with 4.5 L V8 Diesel engine).
  • 2014 to 2015 – the 30th Anniversary Series 70 sold in Japan as a 4-door wagon or 4-door pickup with the 1GR-FE V6 petrol engine and 5-speed manual transmission.[21]

The Sixth and Seventh generations of the Land Cruiser are still being produced and sold in African and Latin American regions. Production of the Land Cruiser in Venezuela ended in 2008.

The 70 series is also still marketed in Australia as 4-door wagon, 2-door 'Troop Carrier', 2-door cab-chassis and 4-door cab-chassis.

The 70 series is also still being marketed in the Middle East as a 2-door and 4-door version as an SUV, and a 2-door and 4-door version as a pickup, and it is very popular there along with the regular Land Cruiser.

  • BJ74 Mid wheelbase FRP-top 3.4D-T LX
  • VDJ78R Troop Carrier
  • VDJ76R GXL 5-door wagon

Comfort oriented models

J50 (1967–1980)
J50
1979 FJ55 (US)
Overview
Production1967–1980
AssemblyToyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Body and chassis
Body style4-door station wagon
LayoutFront engine, four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 3-speed manual
  • 4-speed manual (J30, H41 or H42)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length4,675 mm (184.1 in)
Width1,735 mm (68.3 in)
Height1,865 mm (73.4 in)

The Land Cruiser 55 was produced from 1967 to 1980. Toyota refers to the FJ55G and FJ55V as the first "real" station wagon in the Land Cruiser series, thus marking the beginning of the station wagon bodystyle. It was the first Land Cruiser to have fully enclosed box frame members. Of all the Land Cruiser wagons sold in the U.S., including the FJ45, it is the only one to not have hatch and tailgate in the rear, but rather a tailgate only with an electrically operated window that can be retracted into the tailgate.[22]

History
  • 1967 – Production of the FJ55 began. The FJ55 was a 4-door station wagon version based on the FJ40's Drive-train, replacing the 4-Door FJ45V (I). It was colloquially known as the "Moose". It has also been referred to as a "pig" or an "iron pig". The FJ55 had a longer wheelbase (at 2,700 mm (106 in)) and was mainly designed to be sold in North America and Australia. Fire engine versions were also available, using the regular front clip but with open bodywork and no doors.[23]
  • 1975 – January 1975 saw the F series engine being replaced by the 2F engine.[18] Unusual for Toyota, the model designation (e.g. FJ55) did not change, except in Japan, where it was changed to FJ56.
  • July 1980 – Production ends.

Gallery

  • Rear view

J60 (1980–1990)
J60
Overview
Also calledToyota Samurai (Venezuela)
Production1980–1990
Assembly
  • Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
  • Cumana, Venezuela
Body and chassis
Body style4-door station wagon
LayoutFront engine, four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • Petrol:
    • 4.2 L 2F I6 (FJ60)
    • 4.0 L 3F I6 (FJ62)
    • 4.0 L 3F-E I6 (FJ62 from 1988)
  • Diesel:
    • 3.4 L 3B I4 (BJ60)
    • 4.0 L 2H I6 (HJ60)
    • 4.0 L 12H-T turbocharged I6 (HJ61)
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,730 mm (107.5 in)
Length4,675 mm (184.1 in)
Width1,800 mm (70.9 in)
Height1,750 mm (68.9 in)

The Land Cruiser 60 series was produced from 1980 through 1990 for most markets but the Cumana Plant in Venezuela continued production until 1992 for their local market. It is a front engine, four-door wagon which can seat five to eight people. Like all of the Land Cruiser generations, it is well known in the off-road world for its off-road abilities but was somewhat limited by its awkward departure angles. The 60 series was available in the following exterior colours: Alpine White, Brown, Desert Beige, Freeborn Red, Royal Blue; and in the following metallic exterior colours: Charcoal Gray, Cognac, Gray-Blue, Rootbeer, Sky Blue, Stardust Silver.

History
  • 1980 — The 60 series was introduced. While still retaining the rugged off-road characteristics of previous Land Cruisers, the 60 was designed to better compete in the emerging sport utility vehicle market. The 60 was given a variety of creature comforts like air conditioning, a rear heater and an upgraded interior. The FJ60's "2F" petrol engine was left unchanged from the "40" series while the six-cylinder 4.0 L 2H and the four-cylinder 3.4 L 3B diesel engines were added to the lineage. Less equipped versions were also available in many markets. In Europe this model was sold as the Land Cruiser Wagon Van.[24]
  • 1981 – Land Cruiser sales surpassed 1 million and a high-roof version was introduced. The 60 series was introduced to South Africa when a stock Land Cruiser competed in the Toyota 1000 km Desert Race in the punishing wilds of Botswana.
  • 1984 – This was the final year for the 40 series.
  • 1984 – Alongside the 60 series, the 70 series was introduced.
  • 1985 – The Direct-injection 12H-T turbodiesel engine was introduced.
  • 1988 – The petrol engine was upgraded to a 4.0 L 3F-E EFI engine. The FJ62G VX-Series was introduced allowing the Land Cruiser to be sold in Japan as a passenger vehicle.

Gallery

  • Toyota Land Cruiser post-facelift
  • Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ60) (pre facelift; rear view)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ62RG) GX (post facelift; rear view)

J80 (1990–2008)
J80
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Land Cruiser Autana (Colombia and Venezuela)
  • Wanli Land Cruiser (China, JV)
  • Xinkai HXK5022XSC (China, JV)
Production
  • January 1990 – December 1997[25]
  • 1992–2008 (Venezuela)[26]
Assembly
  • Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
  • Cumaná, Venezuela
  • Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China (Xinkai)
DesignerKitano Kizo (1987)[27][28][29]
Body and chassis
Body style4-door SUV
LayoutFront engine, four-wheel drive
RelatedLexus LX 450
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length
  • 4,780 mm (188.2 in) (1990–94)
  • 4,820 mm (189.8 in) (1995–97)
Width
  • 1,830 mm (72.0 in) (1990–91)
  • 1,930 mm (76.0 in) (1992–97)
Height
  • 1,785 mm (70.3 in) (1990–91)
  • 1,860 mm (73.2 in) (1992–94)
  • 1,870 mm (73.6 in) (1995–97)
Curb weight
  • 2,084 kg (4,594 lb) (1990–92)
  • 2,159 kg (4,760 lb) (1993–97)

The Land Cruiser 80 series was unveiled in October 1989 at the Tokyo Motor Show and launched in early 1990. It had swing-out back doors, which were replaced by a tailgate and hatch in 1994. The Land Cruiser was nicknamed the Burbuja (Bubble) in Colombia and Venezuela due to its roundness. The J80 was initially offered in two versions in these countries: the fully loaded VX and an entry level model that included a vinyl interior with optional air conditioning. In 1996, the entry model was upgraded to a medium equipped model named Autana, including cloth upholstery, standard air conditioning and power driver seat. The name is a reference to the Tepui mesa Autana, a spectacular plateau and cave system along the Guiana Shield craton. Land Cruiser sales reached 2 million vehicles.

History
  • 1990 – The 80 series station wagon was introduced, replacing the 60 series. All 80s sold in North America and Europe now have a full-time four-wheel drive system. In Japan, Africa, and Australia, a part-time system was still available. 80s produced between 1990 and 1991 had an open centre differential which was lockable in 4HI and automatically locked in 4LO. From 1992 onward, vehicles with anti-lock brakes had a viscous coupling that sent a maximum of 30% torque to the non-slipping axle. The differential was lockable in 4HI and automatically locked in 4LO.
  • 1990 – A new generation of diesel engines were introduced, adding to the engines available in the 80 series. The 80 series came with either a (3F-E) six-cylinder naturally aspirated petrol engine, a six-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated diesel engine, (1HZ), or a 1HD-T direct injection turbo diesel.
  • 1991 – By mid-1991 the 3F-E engine was introduced to the Australian market, a fuel injected version of the 3F engine.
  • 1993 – An advanced 24-valve, 4.5 L six-cylinder petrol engine, 1FZ-FE was introduced. Larger brakes were added from October 1992 and the total wheelbase was made slightly longer. Front and rear axle lockers (code k294) were available as an option. The High Pinion Electric Locking front differential become available in the US models. In May 1993, Toyota began using R134 refrigerant in the air conditioning system. Serial numbers lower than JT3DJ81xxxxx38947 use the R12 refrigerant.
  • 1994 – A limited edition called the Land Cruiser Blue Marlin (FZJ80R) was introduced to the Australian market. They have 4.5 L straight 6 petrol engines with double-overhead cams, an automatic or manual transmission and 158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4,600 rpm. The car is blue from the Blue Marlin fish and they have the Blue Marlin logo throughout the car. Some of the features that the Blue Marlin included were altimeters, power windows, disc brakes, leather gear knob and steering wheel, central locking, leather trim, chrome handles and sidesteps, 16-inch alloy wheels, limited-slip differential, anti-lock brakes (ABS), power steering, CD or cassette players, fender flares, and a limited edition bull bar. Only 500 were made.
  • 1995 – Driver and passenger airbags were introduced as were adjustable shoulder-belt anchors and an anti-lock braking system. The "T O Y O T A" badge was replaced with the modern Toyota logo (which is sometimes described as a "bean with a hat" aka "the sombrero").
  • 1996 – In the Dakar Rally, a pair of Land Cruisers finished first and second in the unmodified production class. North American and British models adopted anti-lock brakes and airbags as standard equipment. The Land Cruiser was withdrawn from Canada this year and was replaced by the more luxurious Lexus LX 450.
  • 1997 – A limited run of Land Cruiser 80 was built specifically for collectors and is therefore called the Land Cruiser Collector's Edition. The Collector's Edition has Collectors Edition badging, "Collector's Edition" embroidered floor mats, automatic climate control, wheels with the "D" windows painted dark grey and special grey side moldings along with black pearl badging. The Collector's Edition was only available for the 1997 model year and the package was added to many of the available body colours.
  • 1997 – A total of 4,744 FZJ80 Land Cruisers were sold in the United States as "40th Anniversary Limited Edition" models. They were available in 2 colours; Antique Sage Pearl (often referred to as Riverrock, Pewter, or Grey) and Emerald Green. The 40th Anniversary models included apron badges, a serial number badge on the centre console, black pearl exterior badges, "40th Anniversary Limited Edition" embroidered floor mats, automatic climate control, two-tone tan and brown leather interiors, and wheels with the "D" windows painted dark gray. Many were manufactured with the optional electric front and rear locking differentials, keyless entry, port-installed roof racks and running boards. There are some examples that did not have many of these optional extras. This was the last year for the electric locking front differentials.
  • 2008 – Last 80-Series models was built in Venezuela[30][26] which was the only country producing the vehicles after production ended in Japan in 1997.

Gallery

  • Land Cruiser (with swing-out back-doors)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser (pre-facelift with lift up tailgate)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser (FZJ80R) GXL (post facelift)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser (HZJ80R) 40th Anniversary (rear view; post facelift)
  • Interior
DesignationEnginePowerTorqueAvailability
FJ80R/L3F-E 4.0 L petrol I6112 kW (152 PS; 150 hp) at 4,000 rpm290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpmAustralia, North America
FZJ80R/L1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4,600 rpm373 N⋅m (275 lb⋅ft) at 3,200 rpmAustralia, Gulf Cooperation Council states, North Africa, North America
HDJ80R1HD-T 4.2 L turbodiesel I6115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) at 3,600 rpm357 N⋅m (263 lb⋅ft) at 1,800 rpmAustralia
HZJ80R1HZ 4.2 L diesel I696 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) at 4,000 rpm271 N⋅m (200 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpmAustralia

R means Right hand drive version, excluding Japanese domestic market.

J100 (1998–2007)
J100
Toyota Land Cruiser (J100) Pre-facelift
Overview
Also calledLexus LX 470
ProductionJanuary 1998–2007
Assembly
DesignerTakeo Kondo (1993)
Body and chassis
Body style4-door wagon
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length4,890 mm (192.5 in)
Width1,941 mm (76.4 in)
Height1,849 mm (72.8 in)
Curb weight2,320 kg (5,115 lb)

In January 1998, the 100 series Land Cruiser was introduced to replace the 8-year-old 80 series. The 100 series was previewed in October 1997 as the "Grand Cruiser" at the 32nd Tokyo Motor Show. Development began in 1991 under code name 404T, with the final design being frozen in mid-1994.[31][32]

There are two distinct versions of the 100-series, the 100 and the 105. The two versions look very similar, but there are significant differences under the bodywork. Despite these differences and official model names, both the 100 and 105 are collectively known as the 100 series.

The 105 carried over the majority of its chassis and powertrain from the 80-series with coil suspended solid axles front and rear, and straight-6 petrol and diesel engines. These models were only sold in African, Australian, Russian, and South American markets.

In 1998, a suspension system combining Active Height Control (AHC) and Skyhook TEMS Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension on the Land Cruiser J100 was introduced.[33]

In 2002, Toyota introduced Night View, the first worldwide series production active automotive night vision system, on the Toyota Landcruiser Cygnus or Lexus LX470. This system uses the headlight projectors emitting near infrared light aimed like the car's highbeam headlights and a CCD camera then captures that reflected radiation, this signal is then processed by a computer which produces a black-and-white image which is projected on the lower section of the windshield.[34] It was also the first Toyota vehicle with roll-over sensor and control logic[35]

The 100 models were fitted with a slightly wider chassis,[36] independent front suspension (IFS) and two new engines. The change to IFS was a first for a Land Cruiser, and was made (in combination with rack-and-pinion steering) to improve on-road handling. However it also limited the vehicle's off-road capability and durability, hence the decision to offer the solid axle 105 models alongside the IFS 100 models in some markets was made. The table below identifies the range of 100 and 105 models and their worldwide availability.

Despite the 100 and 105 bodies being very similar, there are some exterior visual indications between both models. The most obvious is the front end of the vehicle often appearing lower than the rear on the 100 models, due to the IFS. The other indicator is the design of the wheels. The 100 models have almost flat wheel designs, while the 105 models have dished wheels. This difference allows both versions to retain similar wheel tracks, despite the 100 having a relatively wider axle track to allow for the IFS system.

The introduction of a V8 engine was also a first for a Land Cruiser, and was specifically intended to improve sales in the North-American market, where it was the only engine available. In Australia, the 100 V8 was initially only available in the range-topping GXV model, while entry and mid-range models were the 105 powered by the 1FZ-FE I6 petrol, or 1HZ diesel engines. The new 1HD-FTE turbo-diesel 100 was added to the Australian range in October 2000 after being available in Europe and the UK since the vehicle's launch in 1998. The automotive press in Australia were critical of Toyota's decision to offer the acclaimed 1HD-FTE engine only in combination with IFS. Australian 4WD Monthly magazine stated "We will never forgive Toyota for going independent at the front with the mighty 4.2 turbo-diesel".

The 100 series formed the basis for the Lexus LX 470, which was also sold in Japan as the Toyota Cygnus.

The 100 series was called the Toyota Land Cruiser Amazon in the UK and Ireland from 1998 to 2007.

In 2000, Toyota celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Land Cruiser with commemorative models offered in several countries. Total global production to date was 3.72 million vehicles.

The 100 series remained in production until late 2007, with several minor facelifts such as headlights, taillights, front grille, rear spoiler and specification changes introduced over the years.

DesignationEnginePowerTorqueAvailability
HZJ1051HZ 4.2 L diesel I696 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) at 3,800 rpm271 N⋅m (200 lb⋅ft) at 2,200 rpmAfrica, Asia, Australia, Middle East, South America
FZJ1051FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp) at 4,600 rpm410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpmAfrica, Asia, Australia, Middle East, South America
FZJ1001FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp) at 4,600 rpm410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpmMiddle East, China
UZJ1002UZ-FE 4.7 L petrol V8170 kW (231 PS; 228 hp) at 4,800 rpm410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft) at 3,400 rpmAfrica, Asia, Australia, China, Europe, Japan, Middle East, North America, UK
HDJ10011HD-T 4.2 L turbodiesel I6123 kW (167 PS; 165 hp) at 3,600 rpm352 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpmAfrica, South America
HDJ10021HD-FTE 4.2 L turbodiesel I6150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp) at 3,400 rpm430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 1,400 rpmAustralia*, Europe, Japan, Middle East, New Zealand, UK

*This engine was not introduced in Australia until 2000.

The 100-series is generally considered a durable and reliable vehicle, however there have been three known issues identified, generally for vehicles operating in harsh conditions:

  • The IFS 100-series gained a reputation for front suspension failures in operating conditions where the front suspension was prone to hitting the bump stops. Several companies produce strengthened lower wishbones to prevent cracks from developing.[37]
  • Both the IFS 100 and Live-axle 105 models have been reported to be suffering from broken front differential centres when driven in harsh conditions.[38] The most common front differential failures in IFS models are reported in vehicles produced between mid-1997 and mid-1999 (i.e. the model years 1998 and 1999), when Toyota fitted the 100 Series IFS with a 2-pinion front differential (the pinion gear would flex away from the ring gear under shock loads). In 1999 (model year 2000) the IFS Landcruiser received a 4-pinion front differential that was more robust – fewer failures were reported.[39][40]

Gallery

  • Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (FZJ105; rear view)
  • Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (HZJ105; with outback doors)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser (with spare wheel on the rear)
  • First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (UZJ100)
  • First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (HDJ100)
  • First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser DX (HDJ100)
  • Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser VX (UZJ100)

J200 (2007–present)
J200
2011 Toyota Land Cruiser (UZJ200R; pre-facelift)
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Roraima (Venezuela)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser V8 (Europe)
  • Lexus LX570
ProductionSeptember 2007–present
Model years2008–present
Assembly
Designer
  • Takanori Ito (2004)
  • Tetsu Endō (2012 facelift: 2010)
  • Matsuno Keisuke (2015 facelift: 2013)
Body and chassis
Body style5-door SUV
LayoutFront engine, four-wheel drive
RelatedLexus LX
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed automatic
  • 8-speed automatic
  • 5-speed automatic
  • 5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length4,990 mm (196.5 in)
Width1,980 mm (78.0 in)
Height1,945–1,970 mm (76.6–77.6 in) (adjustable)
Curb weight2,405–2,740 kg (5,302–6,041 lb)

In 2002, a 5-year development plan on a successor to the 100-series platform commenced under Sadayoshi Koyari and Tetsuya Tada. By 2004, 10 years after the design selection of its predecessor in 1994, a final production design was settled on for the 2008 J200. Prototype related tests were conducted for over 2 years between 2004 and early 2007. The redesigned Toyota Land Cruiser was introduced in late 2007. Known as the 200 Series, it shares the Lexus LX 570's platform and overall design. The frame was new, derived from the second-generation Tundra but shortened and strengthened by 20 percent. Bigger brake rotors and calipers were added and the front suspension was strengthened. The underbelly is also protected by skid plates. The roof pillars were redesigned to better protect occupants in a rollover.

The 200 Series encountered some criticism due to its bland body restyling, with some claiming that Toyota has 'overdeveloped' the classic trademarked Land Cruiser identity in its efforts to fit the Land Cruiser into modern 21st century motoring and vehicle design.

The vehicle entered production in September 2007 and was available for sale from September or November, depending on country. It became available in Venezuela for sale in early November of the same year under the local nickname of "Roraima" (taken from Mount Roraima).

The 200 Series, offered numerous features and upgrades over its predecessor not limited to the cosmetic changes made to the body and interior, including:

  • Smart Entry — A sensor is triggered when the remote is brought near the vehicle, allowing the user to simply touch the door handle to open it.
  • Smart Start — Start/Stop push button for ignition; a key is not required.
  • 4-zone climate control on Sahara models, with outlet vents increased from 18 to 28
  • 10 airbags (VX & Sahara)
  • A stronger and lighter frame

Various driver assist technologies not offered on previous models are included as standard, including:

  • CRAWL, a four-wheel drive control system that operates like an off-road cruise control, automatically maintaining a low uniform vehicle speed using brakes and throttle
  • Downhill Assist Control
  • Multi-terrain anti-lock braking system (ABS)
  • Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS), allows for greater wheel articulation
  • An optional rear-view camera (VX)
  • Leather seats are available in full option (VX)

Engine and transmission improvements include:

  • An all new optional V8 diesel engine, the Toyota VD engine (a twin-turbocharged version of the engine used in the 70 Series since 2007).
  • Automatic transmission included as standard across all levels of trim of the 200 Series, a five-speed manual transmission is offered only with the 4.0 L GX models (in selected regions). A five-speed automatic gearbox is assigned to the 4.7 L petrol models, while the 4.5 L diesel models receive a six-speed automatic.

In Japan, the Land Cruiser had an update in 2009 when it received the 4.6 L V8 1UR-FE engine and the gearbox was replaced with a 6-speed automatic.[45] Although the new 4608 cc 1UR-FE is smaller than the old 4663 cc 2UZ-FE engine, the power has been increased from 212 to 234 kW (288 to 318 PS; 284 to 314 hp), torque increased from 448 to 460 N⋅m (330 to 339 lb⋅ft) and fuel consumption improved from 6.6 to 7.1 km/L (19 to 20 mpg‑imp; 16 to 17 mpg‑US) (Japan 10·15 mode measurement).

In the Middle East, the Land Cruiser 200 series was introduced in late 2007 as a 2008 model, for 2008 to 2010 there was three engine choices:

  • 179 kW (243 PS; 240 hp) 4.0 L 1GR-FE petrol engine
  • 202 kW (275 PS; 271 hp) 2UZ-FE petrol engine
  • 220–235 PS; 217–232 hp (162–173 kW) 1VD-FTV 4.5 L turbo diesel engine[46]

Starting in 2011, the 270 kW (367 PS; 362 hp) 3UR-FE engine was offered alongside with the previous engines.[47] For 2012, the 1GR-FE gained dual VVT-i and power was increased to 202 kW (275 PS; 271 hp), the 4.7 L 2UZ-FE was dropped in favour of the new 227 kW (309 PS; 304 hp) 4.6 L 1UR-FE, and the 5.7 L and 4.5 L diesel were unchanged, although the latter was dropped in some markets.[48]

In North America, the Land Cruiser 200 series is offered with one trim level and engine, the 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol engine producing 284 kW (386 PS; 381 hp) and 544 N⋅m (401 lb⋅ft) of torque channeled through a six-speed automatic. Towing is rated at 3,700 kg (8,200 lb). Beige or black leather upholstery is standard along with a 14 speaker JBL sound system. The only wheel choice is 18 in (460 mm) allowing a lot of sidewall so the vehicle can be driven off-road without modification though a more aggressive tread pattern is advised for deep mud.

For the 2013 model year, Toyota added all previously optional safety and luxury options as standard. The Land Cruiser now gets pushbutton start, HID headlights with beam level adjustment, a power moonroof, automatic rain sensing windshield wipers, heated and ventilated (perforated leather) front and only heated rear seats, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system, bluetooth, rearview camera with parking sensors, navigation system, HD radio and Entune. Another new feature is the Multi-terrain Select system which helps control wheelspin and brake lockup giving the selectable choices of: Rock, Rock & Dirt, Mogul, Loose Rock, and Mud & Sand and with an addition to the Multi-terrain Select system a feature known as adaptive Anti-lock Braking system which adapts to the condition of the road like mud or sand and efficiently uses the ABS to reduce braking distance on any type of terrain.[49]

In Oceania, the 200 Series is offered in four different levels of trim: GX, GXL, VX, and Sahara.

In August 2015, Toyota launched an updated, face-lifted version of the J200 Land Cruiser in Japan, which was later sold globally. This version first appeared in the United States in 2015 for the 2016 model year. The new version has several mechanical changes, including a new 8-speed electronically controlled automatic transmission (ECT-i) mated to the original 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol engine, larger front disc brakes, and a higher axle ratio (3.30:1 vs 3.90:1 in the previous years). Updates to the front fascia, grill, headlamps (with daylight running lamps), rear tail lamps and bumpers were the main exterior highlights of the facelift. Interior changes included a new multimedia system and interface with larger screens front and back, as well as refreshed interior styling.

Toyota dropped the Land Cruiser 200 series from United Kingdom lineup with this facelift. Previous to the facelift, the UK market received the Land Cruiser with the 4.5 L 1VD-FTV V8 turbo diesel as the only engine option.

In China, the Land Cruiser 200 was produced from 2008 to 2016 by Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor. The 4.0 L 1GR-FE V6 and 4.7 L 2UZ-FE V8 were the available engine choices – both paired to a 5-speed automatic gearbox. Trim levels were the 4.0 GX-R, 4.0 VX, 4.7 VX and 4.7 VX-R.[50]

In February 2019, Toyota introduced a Heritage edition of the Land Cruiser at the Chicago Auto Show as part of the 60th anniversary of the introduction of the FJ40. Toyota will only build 1200 vehicles and they will only be available as a 5-seater sold in the United States. Sales are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2019 for the 2020 model year.[51]

Gallery

  • Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser Sahara (J200)
  • First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser Sahara (J200)
  • First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser Sahara (J200)
  • Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser VX (J200)
  • Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser VX (J200)
  • Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GX (rear view)
  • Interior

Sales
Calendar year Australia United States
1999 18,602
2000 15,509[52]
2001 7,591[52]
2002 6,752[53]
2003 6,671[53]
2004 6,778[54]
2005 4,870[54]
2006 3,376[55]
2007 3,251[55]
2008 3,898[56]
2009 2,261[57]
2010 1,807[57]
2011 1,662[58]
2012 2,895[59]
2013 3,082[60]
2014 3,158[60]
2015 9,202 2,687[61]
2016 11,813 3,705[62]
2017 12,814 3,100[63]
2018 42,267[64] 3,222[65]
2019 3,536[65]

In August 2019, Toyota Land Cruiser cumulative global sales surpassed 10 million units.[66]

Use by militant groups
See also: Toyota War
A Toyota Land Cruiser pickup vehicle in use by the Niger Armed Forces (2019).

Owing to its durability and reliability, the Land Cruiser, along with the smaller Toyota Hilux, has become popular among militant groups in war-torn regions.[67] U.S. counter-terror officials enquired of Toyota how the extremist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had apparently acquired large numbers of Toyota Land Cruisers and Hiluxes. Mark Wallace, the CEO of the Counter Extremism Project said, "Regrettably, the Toyota Land Cruiser and Hilux have effectively become almost part of the ISIS brand."[68]

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Further reading
  • Wohlfarth, Alexander (2018). The Land Cruiser Legend. Heel-Verlag. ISBN 978-3958433014.
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