Sport utility vehicle

A Sport utility vehicle or SUV is a car classification that combines elements of road-going passenger cars with features from off-road vehicles, such as raised ground clearance and four-wheel drive.

"SUV" redirects here. For other uses, see SUV (disambiguation).

1992–1996 Ford Bronco large SUV
2002-2009 GMC Envoy mid-size SUV
1997–2001 Jeep Cherokee compact SUV

There is no commonly agreed-upon definition of an SUV, and usage of the term varies between countries. Some definitions claim that an SUV must be built on a light truck chassis; however, broader definitions consider any vehicle with off-road design features to be an SUV. A crossover SUV is often defined as an SUV built with a unibody construction (as with passenger cars), however in many cases crossovers are simply referred to as SUVs. In some countries — such as the United States — SUVs have been classified as "light trucks", resulting in more lenient regulations compared to passenger cars.

The predecessors to SUVs date back to military and low-volume models from the late 1930s, and the four-wheel drive station wagons and carryalls that began to be introduced in 1949. The 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) is considered to be the first SUV in the modern style. Some SUVs produced today use unibody construction; however, in the past, more SUVs used body-on-frame construction.

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the popularity of SUVs greatly increased, often at the expense of the popularity of large sedans and station wagons. More recently, smaller SUVs, mid-size and crossovers have become increasingly popular. SUVs are currently the world's largest automotive segment and accounted for 36.8% of the world's passenger car market in 2017.

Definitions

There is no universally accepted definition of the sport utility vehicle.[1] Dictionaries, automotive experts, and journalists use varying wordings and defining characteristics, in addition to regional variations of usage by both the media and the general public. The auto industry also has not settled on one definition of the SUV.[1]

The actual term "Sport Utility Vehicle" did not come into wide popular usage until the late 1980s—prior to then, such vehicles were marketed as four-wheel drives, jeeps, station wagons, or other monikers.

American English

Automotive websites' descriptions of SUVs range from specifically "combining car-like appointments and wagon practicality with steadfast off-road capability" with "chair-height seats and picture-window visibility"[2] to the more general "nearly anything with available all-wheel drive and raised ground clearance".[3] It is also suggested that the term "SUV" has replaced "jeep" as a general term for off-road vehicle.[4]

American dictionary definitions for SUVs include:

  • "rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis"[5]
  • "automobile similar to a station wagon but built on a light truck frame"[6]
  • "large vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces but that is often used on city roads or highways"[5]
  • "passenger vehicle similar to a station wagon but with the chassis of a small truck and, usually, four-wheel drive"[7]

British English

In British English, the terms "four-by-four" (often abbreviated to "4x4"), "jeep" or "off-road vehicle" were generally used instead of sport utility vehicle. However, in recent years the term SUV has become dominant in the U.K.[8][9][10][11]

The Collins English Dictionary defines a sport utility vehicle as a "powerful vehicle with four-wheel drive that can be driven over rough ground. The abbreviation SUV is often used."[12]

Other countries

In Europe, the term SUV is generally used for road-oriented vehicles. "Four-by-four" or the brand name of the vehicle is typically used for off-road oriented vehicles. Similarly, in New Zealand, vehicles designed for off-road use are typically referred to as "four-wheel drives" instead of SUVs.

In Europe, an SUV might also be considered a G/J-segment.

Best-selling SUVs in Europe: by segment
SUV Model sold units[13]
Small SUVRenault Captur186 220
Mid-size SUVNissan Qashqai206 636
Large SUVPeugeot 500867 913
Small premium SUVBMW X193 164
Mid-size premium SUVMercedes-Benz GLC-Class108 323
Large premium SUVBMW X526 733

Government regulations

In the United States, many government regulations simply have categories for "off-highway vehicles" which are loosely defined and often result in SUVs (along with pick-up trucks and minivans) being classified as light trucks.[1][14] For example, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations previously included "permit greater cargo-carrying capacity than passenger carrying volume" in the definition for trucks, resulting in SUVs being classified as light trucks.[15]

This classification as trucks allowed SUVs to be regulated less strictly than passenger cars under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for fuel economy, and the Clean Air Act for emissions.[16] However, from 2004 onwards, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars.[17] In 2011, the CAFE regulations were changed to classify small, two-wheel drive SUVs as passenger cars.[18]

However, the licensing and traffic enforcement regulations in the United States vary from state to state, and an SUV may be classified as a car in some states but as a truck in others.[19] For industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment.[20]

In India, all SUVs are classified in the "Utility Vehicle" category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) definitions and carry a 27% excise tax.[21] Those that are 4 metres (13 feet) long, have a 1,500 cc (92 cu in) engine or larger, along with 170 mm (6.7 in) of ground clearance, are subject to a 30% excise duty.[22]

In Australia, SUV sales were helped by having lower import duties than passenger cars. Up until January 2010, SUVs were subject to a 5% import tariff, compared with 10% for passenger cars.[23][24]

Characteristics

Chassis
1955–1958 GAZ M-72 Pobeda
1977–1993 Lada Niva

Many years after most passenger cars had transitioned to a unibody construction, most SUVs continued to use a separate body-on-frame method, due to being based on the chassis from a light truck, commercial vehicle, pickup truck, or off-road vehicle.

The first mass-produced unibody four-wheel drive passenger car was the Russian 1955 GAZ-M20 Pobeda M-72,[25][26] which could be considered the first crossover car. The 1977 Lada Niva was the first off-road vehicle to use both a unibody construction and a coil-sprung independent front suspension. The relatively compact Niva is considered a predecessor to the crossover SUV and combines a hatchback-like passenger car body with full-time four-wheel drive, low-range gearing and lockable center differential.

Nonetheless, unibody SUVs remained rare until the 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was introduced and became a sales success. The introduction of the 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee resulted in all Jeep SUV models using unibody construction,[27] with many other brands following suit since the mid-1990s. Today, most SUVs in production use a unibody construction and relatively few models continue to use a body-on-frame construction.

Body style

SUVs are typically of a two-box design similar to a station wagon. The engine compartment is up front, followed by a combined passenger/cargo area (unlike a sedan, which has a separate trunk/boot compartment).

Up until approximately 2010, many SUV models were available in 2-door body styles. Since then, manufacturers began to discontinue the 2-door models as 4-door models became more popular.[28][29][30] Only a few 2-door SUVs remain today, such as the body-on-frame Suzuki Jimny and Jeep Wrangler, and the Range Rover Evoque crossover SUV.[31]

Safety
Further information: Criticism of sport utility vehicles
Side impact damage on a Ford Focus small car when struck by a Ford Explorer SUV

SUVs typically have high ground clearance and a tall body. Unless the SUV is powered by a battery in the floor, this results in a high centre of mass, which makes gasoline powered SUVs more prone to roll-over accidents.[32][33] In 2003, SUVs were quoted as 2.5 times more likely to roll over in a crash than regular cars and that SUV roofs are more likely to cave in on passengers than in other cars, resulting in increased harm to passengers.[32][34]

Between 1991 and 2001, the United States saw a 150% increase in sport-utility vehicle rollover deaths. In 2001, though roll-overs constituted just 3% of vehicle crashes overall, they caused over 30% of occupant fatalities in crashes;[32] and in crashes where the vehicle does roll over, SUV occupants in the early 2000s were nearly three times as likely to be killed as other car passengers.[32]

The increasing popularity of SUVs in the 1990s and early 2000s was partly due to buyers perceiving that SUVs provide greater safety for occupants, due to their larger size and raised ride height.[32][35][36][37] Regarding the safety to other road users, SUVs are exempted from the regulation that a passenger car bumper must protect the area between 16 to 20 inches (41 to 51 cm) above the ground. This often increases the damage to the other car in a collision with an SUV, because the impact occurs at a higher location on the other car.[38][39] In 2000–2001, 60% of fatal side-impact collisions were where the other vehicle was an SUV, an increase from 30% in 1980–1981.[40]

The high danger for cyclists and pedestrians of being seriously injured or even killed by SUV drivers (who due to age, fatigue or drug use, are not carefully observing the street) has caused some public protests against SUVs in urban areas.[41]

Environmental impact
Further information: Criticism of sport utility vehicles

SUVs generally have poorer fuel efficiency than smaller cars,[42] and thus contribute more to environmental degradation and global warming.

SUVs emit about 700 megatonnes of carbon dioxide per year,[43] a gas that is linked to global warming. According to the International Energy Agency, from 2010 SUVs have been the second-largest contributor to the increase in global CO2 emissions, second only to the power sector.[43]

In fact, SUVs were responsible for all of the 3.3 million barrels a day growth in oil demand from passenger cars between 2010 and 2018, whereas efficiency improvements in smaller cars saved over 2 million barrels a day, with electric cars reducing oil demand by under 100,000 barrels a day.[43]

Whereas SUVs can be electrified,[44] or converted to run on a variety of alternative fuels, including hydrogen,[45] their (manufacturing) emissions will always be larger than smaller electric cars.[46] On average, SUVs consume about a quarter more energy than medium-size cars.[43] Furthermore, the vast majority of these vehicles are not converted to use alternative fuels.

Types of SUV

Crossover SUV
Main article: Crossover (automobile)

The "crossover SUV" segment (also known as "CUVs" or simply "crossovers") has become increasingly popular since around 2010. Crossovers are often based on a platform shared with a passenger car, as a result they typically have better comfort and fuel economy, but less off-road capability (many crossovers are sold without all-wheel drive) than pickup truck-based SUVs.[47][48][49]

The difference between crossovers and other SUVs is sometimes defined as a crossover being built using a unibody platform (the type used by most passenger cars), while an SUV is built using a body-on-frame platform (the type used by off-road vehicles and light trucks).[50][51][52] However, these definitions are often blurred in practice, since unibody vehicles are also often referred to as SUVs.[53][54] Also, crossover is a relatively recent term and early unibody SUVs (such as the 1984 Jeep Cherokee) are rarely called crossovers. Due to these inconsistencies, the term SUV is often used as a catch-all for both crossovers and SUVs.[55]

Outside of the United States, the term crossover tends to be used for C-segment (compact) or smaller vehicles, with large unibody vehicles—such as the Dodge Durango, Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class, BMW X7 and Range Rover—usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers. In the United Kingdom, a crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback model with raised ride height and SUV-like styling features.[56][57]

Examples: Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles ( 423 )

Mini SUV

The smallest size class of SUV is the "mini SUV". In Japan, SUVs under 3,400 mm (133.9 in)—such as the Mitsubishi Pajero Mini—are included in the kei car category and therefore attract lower taxes.

Many recent vehicles labelled as mini SUVs are technically subcompact crossovers and are built on the platform of a subcompact (also called supermini or B-segment) passenger car.

Examples: Category:Mini sport utility vehicles ( 118 )

Compact SUV
Main article: Compact sport utility vehicle

The "compact SUV" is the next bigger size class after mini SUVs.

Many recent vehicles labelled as compact SUVs are technically compact crossovers and are built on the platform of a compact (C-segment) passenger car.

Examples: Category:Compact sport utility vehicles ( 231 )

Mid-size SUV

The next larger size is called the "mid-size SUV". Outside of North America, this term is not commonly used, with mid-size SUVs being grouped together with full-size SUVs. Some mid-size SUVs are based on platforms shared with passenger cars and are therefore crossovers. Other mid-size SUVs are based on compact or mid-size pickups.

Examples: Category:Mid-size sport utility vehicles ( 168 )

Full-size SUV

Full-size SUVs are the largest size of commonly produced SUVs. Some are marketed for their off-road capabilities, while others are marketed as luxury vehicles. A few full-size SUVs are built on dedicated platforms; most share their platforms with full-sized pickups.

Examples: Category:Full-size sport utility vehicles ( 57 )

Extended-length SUV

Some North American SUVs are available as a long-wheelbase version of a full-size SUV, which is called an "extended-length SUV". The additional length is used to provide extra space for rear passengers or cargo. As per the full-size SUVs they are based on, most extended-length SUVs are built on dedicated platforms, full-sized pickups or heavy-duty pickups.

Extended-length SUVs are mostly sold in North America, South America, the Middle East, and the Philippines.

Examples: Category:Expanded length sport utility vehicles ( 14 )
  • Jeep Commander (2005–2010)
  • Cadillac Escalade ESV (2015–2020)
  • Lincoln Navigator L (2018-present)

History
See also: Four-wheel drive § History

1930s to 1948: Early models and military vehicles
1938–1945 GAZ-61

Just before and during World War II, prototypes and low-volume production examples of cars with sedan or station-wagon type bodies and rugged, off-road capable four-wheel drive chassis began to appear around the world. These early models included the 1936 Kurogane Type 95 from Japan, the 1938 GAZ-61 from Russia, and the 1941 Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen and 1936 Opel Geländesportwagen[58] from Germany. An early predecessor to the design of modern SUVs was the 1940 Humber Heavy Utility, a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle built on the chassis of the Humber Super Snipe passenger car.[59]

The most prohibitive initial factors to the potential civilian popularity of an SUV-like car was their cost and the availability of certain critical parts. Before the war, adding four-wheel drive to a car almost doubled its cost.[60] Compared to a common, rear-wheel drive vehicle, any 4WD (four-wheel drive) needed a number of essential extra components, including a transfer case and a second differential and constant-velocity joints for the driven front axle—which were expensive due to the precision involved in manufacturing gears and other parts. In America prior to World War II, these were produced only by a few specialized firms with limited production capacity. Due to the increase in demand for parts for the war effort, in the spring of 1942 Ford, Dodge and Chevrolet joined in fabricating these parts in mass quantities, boosting their production more than 100-fold.[61]

An early usage of the term was the 1947 Crosley CC Four Sport Utility model, which used a convertible wagon body style and is therefore unrelated to the design of later SUVs.[62][63][64]

1949 to 1970s: Carryalls, station wagons and luxury 4WDs
1962 Willys Jeep Station Wagon
1953 International Harvester Travelall

Several models of carryall wagons began to be offered with four-wheel drive, beginning in 1949 when the Willys Jeep Station Wagon introduced the option of four-wheel drive.[65][66] Four-wheel drive versions of the Chevrolet Suburban were introduced for 1955, followed by the International Harvester Travelall in 1956 (credited as being the first full-size SUV)[67] and the Power Wagon Town Wagon in 1957.[67][68]

Developed as a competitor to the Jeep CJ, the compact International Harvester Scout was introduced in 1961, offering either two- or four-wheel drive and a variety of engine options. The Harvester Scout provided many other options designed to appeal to a wide range of customers for numerous uses as well.[69] The 1963 Jeep Wagoneer (SJ) introduced a sophisticated station wagon body design that was more carlike than any other 4x4 on the market.[70] The 1967 Toyota Land Cruiser FJ55 station wagon was the first comfort-oriented version of the Land Cruiser off-road vehicle. The two-door Chevrolet K5 Blazer (and related GMC K5 Jimmy) were introduced for 1969, and the two-door International Harvester Scout II was introduced in 1971. The first European luxury off-road vehicle was the 1970 Range Rover Classic, which was marketed as a luxury car for both on-road and off-road usage.[71][72]

The first relevant usage of the term SUV was in advertising brochures for the full-sized 1974 Jeep Cherokee (SJ), which used the wording "sport(s) utility vehicle" as a description for the vehicle.[73][74] The 1966 Ford Bronco included a "sport utility" model, however in this case it was used for the two-door pickup truck version.[75]

The AMC Eagle introduced in 1979 is considered to be the first mass market "crossover", although that term had not been coined at the time.[76][77] In contrast to truck or utility-vehicle based designs, American Motors Corporation (AMC) utilized a long-serving existing car platform and designed a new automatic full-time AWD system.[78] The AMC Eagle was developed as a passenger car offering numerous comfort, luxury, and convenience features in sedan, coupe, and station wagon body styles.[79] Four Wheeler magazine described the AMC Eagle as "the beginning of a new generation of cars".[80]

1980s to 1990s: Birth of the modern SUV
1985 Jeep Cherokee (XJ)
1994–2001 Ford Explorer

The compact-sized 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) is often credited as the first SUV in the modern understanding of the term.[81] The use of unibody construction was unique at the time for a four-wheel drive, and reduced the weight of the new Cherokee. It also appealed to urban families due to having a more compact size (compared to the full-size Wagoneer and previous generation Cherokee SJ models) as well as a plush interior resembling a station wagon.[81] As the new Cherokee became a major sales success, the term "sport utility vehicle" began to be used in the national press for the first time.[81] "The advent and immediate success of AMC/Jeep's compact four-door Cherokee turned the truck industry upside down."[82]

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard that was introduced in 1975 with the aim of reducing fuel usage included relaxed regulations for "light trucks", to avoid business paying extra taxes for work vehicles. This created a loophole which manufacturers increasingly exploited since the 1980s, whereby SUVs were designed to be classified as light trucks (despite their primary use as passenger vehicles) to receive tax concessions and less stringent fuel economy requirements.[83] For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency agreed to classify the new Jeep Cherokee as a light truck following lobbying from its manufacturer; the Cherokee was then marketed by the company as a passenger vehicle.[84] This increased the SUV boom as other manufacturers introduced their own SUVs in response to the compact Cherokee taking sales from their regular cars.[85]

SUVs increased in popularity throughout the 1990s and by 1999 the U.S. sales of SUVs and light trucks for the first time exceeded sales of regular passenger cars.[32]:2

2000s: Market dominance
2007 Mercedes-Benz M-Class

By 2003, there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.[32]

Car manufacturers were keen to promote SUV sales over other types of cars due to higher profits in the segment. An SUV could be sold with a profit margin of US$10,000 or more (US$18,000 per SUV in the case of the Ford Excursion), while compact cars were often sold at a loss of a few hundred dollars per car.[86][87][88] As a result, several manufacturing plants were converted from car production to SUV production (such as the General Motors plant in Arlington, Texas in 1996) and many long-running U.S. sedan models were discontinued.[89][90][91]

From the mid-2000s until 2010, U.S. sales of SUVs and other light trucks experienced a dip due to increasing fuel prices and a declining economy. From 2008 to 2010, General Motors closed four assembly plants that were producing SUVs and trucks.[92] Sales of SUVs and light trucks sales began to recover in 2010, as fuel prices decreased and the North American economy improved.[93]

2010s: Increasing popularity of smaller SUVs, mid-size and crossovers
2012–present Ford Kuga
2018 Nissan Juke

In 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global number of SUVs and crossovers on the road multiplied by six since 2010—from 35 million to 200 million vehicles, and their market share has grown to 40 percent of worldwide new light vehicle sales at the end of the decade.[94]

By 2013, small and compact SUVs had increased to become the third largest market segment.[20] Since the early 2000s, new styles of SUV have been introduced to appeal to a wider audience, such as crossovers and other small SUVs.[95] Larger SUVs also remained popular, with sales of General Motors' large SUV models increasing significantly in 2013.[96]

In 2015, global sales of SUVs overtook the "lower medium car" segment, to become the largest market segment, accounting for 22.9% of "light vehicle" sales in 2015.[95] The following year, worldwide SUV sales experienced further growth of 22%. The world's fastest growing SUV markets in 2014–2015 were: China (+ 47.9%), Italy (+ 48.6%), Spain (+ 42%), Portugal (+ 54.8 %), and Thailand (+ 56.4%).[95] The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.[97][98][95]

In the U.S. at the end of 2016, sales of SUVs and light duty trucks had surpassed traditional car sales for the year by over 3 million units.[99] Manufacturers continued to phase out production of sedan models, replacing them with new models of SUVs.[100]

Luxury brands have increasingly introduced SUV or crossover models in the 2010s, such as the seven models of SUVs (X1 through X7) sold by BMW,[101] the Rolls-Royce Cullinan, Bentley Bentayga, and Lamborghini Urus. Ferrari have announced that they will release an SUV model in 2022.[102]

Motorsport
2007 Bowler Nemesis
See also: Off-road racing

SUVs have competed in various off-road racing competitions, such as the Dakar Rally, Baja 1000, FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup, King of the Hammers, and Australasian Safari. SUVs have also competed in the Trophee Andros ice-racing series.

Nicknames

Several derogatory or pejorative terms for SUVs are based on the combination of an affluent suburb name and "tractor", particularly for expensive vehicles from luxury brands. Examples include "Toorak Tractor" (Melbourne, Australia),[103][104] "Chelsea Tractor" (London, England)[105] and "Remuera Tractor" (Auckland, New Zealand). These terms relate to the theory that four-wheel drive capabilities are not required by affluent SUV owners, and that the SUV is purchased as a status symbol rather than for practical reasons.

In Norway, the term Børstraktor ('Stock Exchange Tractor') serves a similar purpose.[106] In the Netherlands, SUVs are sometimes called "P.C. Hooft-tractors" after the exclusive P.C. Hooftstraat Amsterdam shopping street.[107]

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See also

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