2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses

The 2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses, the first nominating contests in the Democratic Party primaries for the 2020 presidential election, took place on February 3, 2020. The winner was Pete Buttigieg, who became the first out gay person to ever win a presidential contest in the United States. The Iowa caucuses are closed caucuses wherein only registered members of a party are eligible to vote.[3] Iowa awards 49 delegates to the 2020 Democratic National Convention, of which 41 are pledged delegates allocated on the basis of the results of the caucuses.[4]

Main article: 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses
February 3, 2020
49 Democratic National Convention delegates (41 pledged, 8 unpledged).
The number of pledged delegates won is determined by the number of state delegate equivalents (SDEs) won.[1][lower-alpha 1]
 
Candidate Joe Biden Bernie Sanders Pete Buttigieg
Home state Delaware Vermont Indiana
Delegate count 14[lower-alpha 2] 12 9[lower-alpha 2]
First vote 26,291
(14.9%)		 43,581
(24.7%)		 37,572
(21.3%)
Final vote 23,605
(13.7%)		 45,652
(26.5%)		 43,209
(25.1%)
SDEs 340.3
(15.8%)		 562.0
(26.1%)		 563.0
(26.2%)
 
Candidate Elizabeth Warren Amy Klobuchar
Home state Massachusetts Minnesota
Delegate count 5[lower-alpha 2] 1
First vote 32,589
(18.5%)		 22,454
(12.7%)
Final vote 34,909
(20.3%)		 21,100
(12.2%)
SDEs 388.4
(18.0%)		 263.9
(12.3%)
  Pete Buttigieg
  Bernie Sanders
  Elizabeth Warren
  Joe Biden
  Amy Klobuchar
  Tie
Elections in Iowa

Following a three-day delay in vote reporting, the Iowa Democratic Party declared that Buttigieg had won two more delegates than Sanders, while Sanders won the popular vote.[5] A majority of media organizations declared Buttigieg the winner,[6] while the Associated Press declined to declare a winner until all subsequent recanvass/recount processes had been concluded.[7][8] The official result and calculation of pledged national convention delegates was further delayed until six days after the election due to the need for a correction of reported results from 3.1% (55) of the precincts.[9][10] Buttigieg and Sanders then requested a partial recanvass for 8.1% of the official result,[11][12][13] which resulted in Buttigieg's lead over Sanders narrowing to 0.08 SDEs.[14] A final recount for 63 of the recanvassed precincts (3.6% of all results) was requested by both campaigns on February 19.[15][16] Two days later, the Iowa Democratic Party announced that it had accepted recount requests for 23 precincts (1.3% of all results).[17] The recounts took place from February 25 to February 27.[18] The Iowa Democratic Party announced the results of the recounts on February 27, 2020;[19] the results were certified by the state committee on February 29.[20]

The 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses were controversial due to the delays in reporting the results. These delays were caused in part by problems with a mobile application created by Shadow Inc. that was used to report voting totals. Further controversy resulted from errors and inconsistencies regarding the calculation and reporting of state delegate equivalents (SDEs) in several caucus locations.[21][22][23][24][25] The counting delays and calculation errors relating to the reporting of precinct results led to the future of the caucuses being called into doubt.[26] Iowa Democratic Party chair Troy Price resigned on February 12 due to the chaos surrounding the 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses.[27]

Procedure
Further information: Walking subcaucus

As the event was a closed caucus, only Iowans registered as Democrats could vote. However, Iowans who did not register as Democrats before the caucus day could still register as such on caucus night itself at their designated precinct, thereby gaining full voting rights at the event. The votes are cast by physically standing in a section of the caucus site corresponding to the preferred candidate. Proxy voting or absentee voting (i.e. by mail or through participation in a preceding "virtual caucus") was not allowed.[28][29]

1,678 Iowa precinct caucuses and 87 satellite caucuses around the world (organized as alternative voting sites for registered Democratic Iowans who were unable to vote locally at their precinct caucus) were held, with doors being closed at 7:00 pm CST on February 3, 2020, in order to elect precinct delegates for the subsequent county conventions and allocate the state's 41 pledged national convention delegates based upon the proportional accumulative result of all the precincts.[28][29]

Precinct caucus procedures

In all precinct caucuses that elect more than one county convention delegate, the presidential candidates must meet a viability threshold within the individual precinct in order to qualify as a viable candidate. The thresholds are:[28][29]

  • a minimum of 25% for precincts electing only two delegates;
  • a minimum of 16.66% for precincts electing only three delegates;[lower-alpha 3] and
  • a minimum of 15% for the majority of precincts electing more than three delegates.

After the first round of voting, supporters of viable candidates have their votes locked to their chosen candidate, while the supporters of non‑viable candidates are allowed through a second final round of voting (called realignment) to transfer their vote either to an already‑viable candidate or to a non‑viable group as long as they make it viable. If the number of viable groups formed in the first round or final round exceeds the number of electable county convention delegates in the precinct, then the smallest viable group(s) are forced to realign until the number of viable groups no longer exceeds the number of delegates. Precinct caucuses that elect a single county convention delegate have no viability threshold and thus do not need to go through realignment, but instead elect their single delegate based upon a simple majority vote expressed by the "first alignment" round.[28][29]

After the final realignment round has ended and the correct maximum number of viable groups formed, then each of those viable groups (supporting a candidate or being uncommitted) elects the county convention delegate(s) their group won according to its proportional percentage share of the qualified votes won after the final alignment in the local precinct. However, due to rounding errors, it is still possible, by following the outlined calculation procedure, that the total number of county convention delegates awarded by the precinct will be higher or lower than the delegate number to which the precinct is entitled. Therefore, as a last correctional step, the viable groups might also gain or lose a delegate depending on the size of their calculated delegate fraction before rounding in order to compensate for the rounding issue. In this last correctional rounding procedure, a special rule ensures that a group can never lose its only county convention delegate won (meaning that a fractional 0.5 delegate calculated to have been won by a group will always be rounded up to one, even when other larger groups are calculated to have higher fractions).[28]

A summary in the table below, display the ratio between state delegate equivalents (SDE's) and county convention delegates (CCD) for all of Iowa's 99 counties. Each county has a different SDE ratio per county convention delegate, with the most populous counties having the highest SDE ratio and the least populous counties having the lowest SDE ratio. The ratio is used when each county converts the results of won county convention delegates into the number of won SDE's. The use of a different ratio in each county mean, that some county convention delegates will be counted to be more worth in SDE-terms compared to their fellow county convention delegates elected in other counties (similar to the principle of the United States Electoral College, where it is possible to win the popular vote without winning the race deciding delegate count).[30]

Satellite caucus procedures

For the first time in the history of the Iowa caucuses, satellite caucuses around the world (60 in-state and 27 out-of-state) were all organized on election day February 3, as alternative voting sites for registered Democratic Iowans who were unable to vote locally at their precinct caucus. The list below display all types of satellite sites (of which most were open for participation of all Iowans, while some were closed caucuses only for those with a private residence or workplace affiliation):[28][31]

  • 14 working-related sites
  • 24 student sites on college campuses
  • 29 sites accommodating accessibility needs (including aging service centers)
  • 11 sites accommodating language and culture needs
  • 9 out-of-state sites accommodating Iowans wintering in another state

Doors at most satellite caucuses closed at 7:00 pm CST; while some satellite caucuses however closed doors a few hours earlier or later (between 10 am to 8:30 pm CST of the same day).[31]

Iowa Democrats who are out-of-state on February 3 and want to participate in an out-of-state satellite caucus, as well as those who were in-state but were unable to attend their precinct caucus and therefore have to take part in an early in-state satellite caucus before 6:00 pm CST, all need to pre-register their attendance for these satellite events (including a membership of the Democratic Party) by January 17, 2020. Iowans who instead attend an in-state satellite caucus at 7:00 pm CST or later, however, do not need to pre-register attendance and party membership, as they will be granted the same opportunity as precinct caucusgoers to change their party registration at the door. Those Iowans who participate in any form of satellite caucus will be barred from participating in their designated precinct caucus.[28][31]

The voting procedure for satellite caucuses was largely identical to the one used for precinct caucuses. However, it differs by the fact that no real county convention delegates are elected; instead, each satellite caucus will be granted a number of "virtual county delegates" depending on the number of caucus attendees:[28]

Number of attendees 1–2021–4041–6061–8081–100More than 100
Virtual county delegates 456789

The viability threshold for a group supporting a presidential candidate at a satellite caucus is also set at a minimum of 15%. The calculation rules for allocating "virtual" delegates at a satellite caucus are identical with those used when allocating "real" elected county convention delegates at a precinct caucus.

Accumulated results (number of won virtual county delegates being recalculated to SDEs) of the satellite caucuses are reported from five designated "virtual satellite counties":[28][31]

  • One in each of Iowa's four congressional districts, where the results from all in-state satellite caucuses will be reported and added up within each congressional district.
  • One at-large statewide satellite county, where the results from all out-of-state satellite caucuses will be reported and added up.

In addition to the number of precinct elected district and state delegates (elected at the county convention as per the accumulated SDE result of each precinct caucus), each satellite county and their satellite caucuses will also be allocated an additional amount of real district and state delegates (who will not be present at county conventions but only participate in the district convention and state convention).[28][31]

The available number of the satellite elected district and state delegates will depend on the accumulated voter turnout from all satellite caucuses within respectively each of the four virtual congressional district satellite counties (for in-state satellite caucuses) and within the fifth virtual at-large statewide satellite county (for out-of-state satellite caucuses). Each virtual satellite county will hereby allocate the following number of SDEs among its satellite caucuses:[28][31]

Virtual congressional district satellite county SDEs
(calculated as a percentage of the district SDE base total decided by real precincts)
Total satellite attendance for the CD county 1–600601–12001201–18001801–24002401–30003001–36003601–42004201–48004801–54005401 or more
Virtual CD1 satellite county 5.60 SDEs (1%)11.20 SDEs (2%)16.80 SDEs (3%)22.40 SDEs (4%)28.00 SDEs (5%)33.60 SDEs (6%)39.20 SDEs (7%)44.80 SDEs (8%)50.40 SDEs (9%)56.00 SDEs (10%)
Virtual CD2 satellite county 5.43 SDEs (1%)10.86 SDEs (2%)16.29 SDEs (3%)21.72 SDEs (4%)27.15 SDEs (5%)32,58 SDEs (6%)38,01 SDEs (7%)43.44 SDEs (8%)48.87 SDEs (9%)54.30 SDEs (10%)
Virtual CD3 satellite county 5.93 SDEs (1%)11.86 SDEs (2%)17.79 SDEs (3%)23.72 SDEs (4%)29.65 SDEs (5%)35.58 SDEs (6%)41.51 SDEs (7%)47.44 SDEs (8%)53.37 SDEs (9%)59.30 SDEs (10%)
Virtual CD4 satellite county 4.11 SDEs (1%)8.22 SDEs (2%)12.33 SDEs (3%)16.44 SDEs (4%)20.55 SDEs (5%)24.66 SDEs (6%)28.77 SDEs (7%)32.88 SDEs (8%)36.99 SDEs (9%)41.10 SDEs (10%)
Virtual at-large statewide satellite county SDEs
(will be allocated in addition to the statewide SDE base total decided by real precincts)
Total satellite
attendance
for the
at-large county		 1–500501–10001001–15001501–20002000 or more
Virtual
at-large
satellite county		 2 SDEs3 SDEs4 SDEs5 SDEs6 SDEs

The amount of available SDEs to be won in each satellite caucus will be decided based on its proportional allocated share of the "total number of virtual county delegates allocated throughout all satellite caucuses within its own virtual satellite county", which shall be equal to its share of allocated available SDEs within its virtual county.[28][31]

When the accumulated satellite county SDEs finally gets converted to satellite elected "district and state delegates" for each satellite county as a whole, all presidential candidates having won SDEs within the specific satellite county at a share of less than 15% will have all their SDEs eliminated (meaning they will win 0 district and state delegates), while the remaining qualified presidential candidates having won at least a 15% SDE share within the specific satellite county then finally will win a number of delegates equal to their share of qualified SDEs (with fractions rounded up/down to nearest integers).[28][31]

As part of the caucus procedures, each satellite caucus will have written down potential candidates among its caucusgoers for the available additional "district and state delegate" positions, later to be selected by the preference of the presidential campaigns to which they have pledged support.[28][31]

County, district, state convention and national convention delegates
Pledged national
convention delegates[32]
Type Del.
CD1[lower-alpha 4] 7
CD2[lower-alpha 5] 7
CD3[lower-alpha 6] 8
CD4[lower-alpha 7] 5
PLEO[lower-alpha 8] 5
At-large[lower-alpha 9] 9
Total pledged delegates 41

A total of 11,402 county convention delegates are elected according to the procedure described above across 1,678 precinct caucuses and 87 satellite caucuses. They will then go to their local county convention on March 21, to choose 2,107 district and state delegates who are pledged to support presidential candidates according to the proportional state delegate equivalents (SDEs) result of the caucuses. These elected district and state delegates will subsequently go to the district conventions on April 25 (selecting the names of the 27 pledged national convention delegates from the congressional districts) and state convention on June 13 (selecting the names of the remaining statewide elected pledged national convention delegates: nine at-large and five party leaders and elected officials).[29] In total, 41 pledged national convention delegates are elected for the 2020 Democratic National Convention with their pledged support being determined proportionally to the presidential candidate's total number of SDEs won statewide and in each of the state's four congressional districts; but only for those presidential candidates who manage to qualify by winning at least a 15% share of the SDEs statewide or in the specific district. Meaning that all presidential candidates winning less than a 15% share of SDEs statewide and in CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, will win 0 pledged national convention delegates.[32]

If a presidential candidate based on the statewide caucus result won a number of pledged PLEO delegates or pledged at-large delegates, but then later decides to withdraw as a candidate before the state convention on June 13, their allocation of won pledged PLEO/at-large delegates will then instead be proportionally divided among the other remaining presidential candidates who already managed to qualify with a number of won pledged PLEO/at-large delegates.[28]

The 41 caucus-elected pledged delegates Iowa sends to the national convention are to be joined by eight preselected unpledged PLEO delegates (superdelegates): five members of the Democratic National Committee and three members of Congress (of which all three are U.S. Representatives).[32] The eight superdelegates no longer have the right to cast any decisive vote at the first ballot for determining the Democratic presidential nominee for the presidential election (meaning they can only play a role if allocation of all pledged delegates results in a contested convention); and they are automatically selected independently of the caucus results as unpledged delegates, according to the rules of the Democratic Party.[33][34]

Key changes from previous caucuses

In previous caucuses (most recently in 2016), the reported precinct results were used to compute the expected number of pledged national convention delegates according to the state delegate equivalents for each presidential candidate, meaning that the campaigns after the precinct caucuses still needed to hold onto their computed expected pledged national convention delegates as their support were locked to the candidate only at the final step of the selection process (i.e. at the state convention in June).[35] This has changed in the 2020 caucuses, where the computed final number of pledged national convention delegates will be locked to the candidates already when the SDEs result of the precinct caucuses are known.[36]

On February 11, 2019, the Iowa Democratic Party proposed several changes to the procedures used in the previous caucuses, including the addition of a period for "virtual caucuses" from January 29 to February 3, 2020, which would allow participants unable to physically attend the precinct caucuses to join in an online virtual caucus or teleconference in which they will be given the opportunity to rank candidate preferences, with support for non-viable candidates redistributed to viable ones.[32] This process continues until no non-viable choices remain, and the results are aggregated with congressional districts for the purposes of delegate allocation, but limited to 10% SDEs, regardless of the number of those using the virtual caucus option. The results of both the virtual and the precinct caucuses were to be released on the night of February 3, and as a result of rules changes by the national party, raw vote totals for the first and second alignment periods of the caucuses were to be published.[37]

In late August 2019, the DNC ordered both the Iowa and the Nevada Democratic state parties to scrap their plans for "virtual caucuses" due to security concerns.[38]

On September 20, 2019, the DNC conditionally approved a plan for "satellite caucus sites", allowing Iowa Democrats to participate if they are working or going to college outside of the state on February 3, 2020.[39] Eleven of those 87 sites will have Spanish translation services. Latinos made up 6% of the population and 3.4% of registered voters.[40]

The party announced in late January 2020 that a "raw vote count" for both the "first initial alignment" and the "second final alignment" would be reported (along with the computed state delegate equivalents and pledged national convention delegates), for the first time in the history of the caucuses. In previous caucuses, the reported result of the precinct caucuses comprised only the final computed state delegate equivalents and expected number of pledged national convention delegates.[41][29][36]

Polling
Polling aggregation
Source of poll aggregation Date
updated		 Dates
polled		 Bernie
Sanders		 Joe
Biden		 Pete
Buttigieg		 Elizabeth
Warren		 Amy
Klobuchar		 Andrew
Yang		 Tom
Steyer		 Other Un-
decided[lower-alpha 10]
270 to Win Feb 3, 2020 Jan 22 – Feb 2, 2020 22.6% 18.2% 15.2% 15.6% 11.8% 3.8% 3.6% 3.6%[lower-alpha 11] 5.6%
RealClear Politics Feb 3, 2020 Jan 20 – Feb 2, 2020 23.0% 19.3% 16.8% 15.5% 9.0% 3.3% 3.0% 2.5%[lower-alpha 12] 7.6%
FiveThirtyEight Feb 3, 2020 until Feb 2, 2020[lower-alpha 13] 22.2% 20.7% 15.7% 14.5% 10.1% 3.7% 3.6% 2.9%[lower-alpha 14] 6.6%
Average 22.6% 19.4% 15.9% 15.2% 10.3% 3.6% 3.4% 3.0%[lower-alpha 15] 6.6%

The results of a final poll from The Des Moines Register were not released as scheduled on February 1, after an interviewee complained that Pete Buttigieg was not given as a poll option during their interview, with the omission reportedly attributed to human error. As the polling firm was unable to determine whether the mistake was an isolated incident or not, pollster Ann Selzer decided to withhold the results of the poll altogether, marking the first time in 76 years that the final pre-caucus poll was not released by the Register.[42][43] The poll was later leaked on Twitter, with results confirmed by FiveThirtyEight showing Sanders in the lead with 22%, followed by Warren with 18%, Buttigieg with 16% and Biden with 13%.[44]

  Debate qualifying poll as designated by the Democratic National Committee
Polling from December 1, 2019, to February 3, 2020
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 16]		 Margin
of error		 Joe
Biden		 Pete
Buttigieg		 Tulsi
Gabbard		 Amy
Klobuchar		 Bernie
Sanders		 Tom
Steyer		 Elizabeth
Warren		 Andrew
Yang		 Other Un­decided
Emerson College Jan 30 – Feb 2, 2020 853 (LV) ± 3.3% 21% 15% 1% 11% 28% 4% 14% 5% 2% –
Data for Progress Jan 28 – Feb 2, 2020 2,394 (LV) ± 1.6% 24%[lower-alpha 17] 22% – – 28% – 25% – – –
18% 18% 2% 9% 22% 4% 19% 6% 2%[lower-alpha 18] –
YouGov/CBS News (MRP) Jan 22–31, 2020 1,835 (RV) ± 3% 25% 21% [lower-alpha 19] 5% 25% [lower-alpha 19] 16% [lower-alpha 19] [lower-alpha 19] [lower-alpha 19]
David Binder Research/Focus on Rural America Jan 28–30, 2020 300 (LV) ± 5.7% 46%[lower-alpha 20] – – – 40% – – – – 14%
15% 19% 3% 11% 17% 3% 15% 1% 2%[lower-alpha 21] 12%
American Research Group Jan 27–30, 2020 400 (LV) ± 4.0% 17% 9% 2% 16% 23% 3% 15% 5% 4%[lower-alpha 22] 6%
Civiqs/Data for Progress Jan 26–29, 2020 615 (LV) ± 4.7% 20%[lower-alpha 23] 18% 1% 0% 31% 2% 25% 1% 1%[lower-alpha 24] 2%
15% 15% 2% 8% 28% 2% 21% 5% 0%[lower-alpha 25] 2%
Park Street Strategies Jan 24–28, 2020 600 (LV) ± 3.0% 20% 17% 1% 12% 18% 4% 17% 5% <1%[lower-alpha 26] 6%
Monmouth University Jan 23–27, 2020 544 (LV) ± 4.2% 29%[lower-alpha 27] 20% – – 25% – 19% – 1%[lower-alpha 28] 6%
22%[lower-alpha 29] 17% – 12% 22% – 16% 5% <1%[lower-alpha 30] 6%
23% 16% 1% 10% 21% 4% 15% 3% 1%[lower-alpha 31] 5%
Civiqs/Iowa State University Jan 23–27, 2020 655 (LV) ± 4.8% 15% 17% 2% 11% 24% 4% 19% 5% 2%[lower-alpha 32] 3%[lower-alpha 33]
Emerson College Jan 23–26, 2020 450 (LV) ± 4.6% 21% 10% 5% 13% 30% 5% 11% 5% 2%[lower-alpha 34] –
Suffolk University/USA Today Jan 23–26, 2020 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 25.4% 17.6% 0.8% 5.6% 18.6% 2.2% 13.2% 3.0% 13.6%[lower-alpha 35] –
Change Research/Crooked Media Jan 22–26, 2020 704 (LV) ± 3.7% 22%[lower-alpha 36] 23% – – 30% – 20% – – 5%
18% 19% 1% 10% 27% 4% 15% 4% 2%[lower-alpha 37] –
Siena College/New York Times Jan 20–23, 2020 584 (LV) ± 4.8% 23%[lower-alpha 38] 23% – – 30% – 19% – – 8%[lower-alpha 39]
17% 18% 1% 8% 25% 3% 15% 3% 1%[lower-alpha 40] 8%
Morningside College Jan 17–23, 2020 253 (LV) ± 6.2% 19% 18% 3% 12% 15% 6% 15% 4% 2%[lower-alpha 41] 4%
YouGov/CBS News Jan 16–23, 2020 1401 (RV) ± 3.9% 25% 22% 0% 7% 26% 1% 15% 1% 2%[lower-alpha 42] 1%
Civiqs/Data for Progress Jan 19–21, 2020 590 (LV) ± 4.8% 17% 19% 2% 6% 24% 3% 19% 5% 0%[lower-alpha 43] 5%
David Binder Research/Focus on Rural America Jan 15–18, 2020 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 24% 16% 1% 11% 14% 4% 18% 3% 2%[lower-alpha 44] –
Neighbourhood Research and Media/Breitbart Jan 14–17, 2020 300 (LV) ± 4.8% 23% 17% –[lower-alpha 45] 11% 10% 2% 15% 2% 6%[lower-alpha 46] 13%
Jan 13, 2020 Booker withdraws from the race
Monmouth University Jan 9–12, 2020 405 (LV) ± 4.9% 28%[lower-alpha 47] 25% – – 24% – 16% – 2%[lower-alpha 48] 4%
24% 17% 2% 8% 18% 4% 15% 4% 4%[lower-alpha 49] 5%
Selzer/CNN/Des Moines Register January 2–8, 2020 701 (LV) ± 3.7% 15% 16% 2% 6% 20% 2% 17% 5% 2%[lower-alpha 50] 11%
YouGov/CBS News Dec 27, 2019 – Jan 3, 2020 953 (RV) ± 3.8% 23% 23% 1% 7% 23% 2% 16% 2% 2%[lower-alpha 51] 1%
KG Polling Dec 19-23, 2019 750 (LV) ± 3.8% 24% 12% – 5% 31% – 13% 10% – 5%[lower-alpha 52]
Civiqs/Iowa State University Dec 12–16, 2019 632 (LV) ± 4.9% 15% 24% 3% 4% 21% 2% 18% 3% 4%[lower-alpha 53] 4%
Emerson College Dec 7–10, 2019 325 (LV) ± 5.4% 23% 18% 2% 10% 22% 3% 12% 2% 8%[lower-alpha 54] –
Dec 3, 2019 Harris withdraws from the race
Polling during November 2019
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 16]		 Margin
of error		 Joe
Biden		 Pete
Buttigieg		 Tulsi
Gabbard		 Kamala
Harris		 Amy
Klobuchar		 Bernie
Sanders		 Tom
Steyer		 Elizabeth
Warren		 Andrew
Yang		 Other Un­decided
Civiqs/Iowa State University Nov 15–19, 2019 614 (LV) ± 4.9% 12% 26% 2% 2% 5% 18% 2% 19% 4% 6%[lower-alpha 55] 3%
Des Moines Register/CNN Nov 8–13, 2019 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 15% 25% 3% 3% 6% 15% 3% 16% 3% 6%[lower-alpha 56] 5%
YouGov/CBS News Nov 6–13, 2019 856 (RV) ± 4.1% 22% 21% 0% 5% 5% 22% 2% 18% 1% 4%[lower-alpha 57] –
Monmouth University Nov 7–11, 2019 451 (LV) ± 4.6% 19% 22% 2% 3% 5% 13% 3% 18% 3% 6%[lower-alpha 58] 8%
University of Iowa Oct 28 – Nov 10, 2019 465 (LV) ± 4.6% 15% 16% 3% 2% 1% 18% 3% 23% 3% 2%[lower-alpha 59] 13%
Public Policy Polling Nov 5–6, 2019 715 (LV) – 13% 20% – 3% 9% 14% 6% 21% 3% – 10%
Quinnipiac University Oct 30 – Nov 5, 2019 698 (LV) ± 4.5% 15% 19% 3% 4% 5% 17% 3% 20% 3% 4%[lower-alpha 60] 8%
Nov 1, 2019 O'Rourke withdraws from the race
Polling before November 2019
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 16]		 Margin
of error		 Joe
Biden		 Cory
Booker		 Pete
Buttigieg		 Kamala
Harris		 Amy
Klobuchar		 Beto
O'Rourke		 Bernie
Sanders		 Elizabeth
Warren		 Other Un­decided
Siena College/New York Times Oct 25–30, 2019 439 (LV) ± 4.7% 17% 2% 18% 3% 4% 1% 19% 22% 8%[lower-alpha 61] 6%
Civiqs/Iowa State University Oct 18–22, 2019 598 (LV) ± 5% 12% 1% 20% 3% 4% 1% 18% 28% 8%[lower-alpha 63] 4%
Suffolk University/USA Today Oct 16–18, 2019 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 18% 1% 13% 3% 3% 1% 9% 17% 7%[lower-alpha 64] 29%
Emerson College Oct 13–16, 2019 317 (LV) ± 5.5% 23% 3% 16% 2% 1% 0% 13% 23% 15%[lower-alpha 65] –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Oct 8–10, 2019 548 (LV) ± 3.6% 22% 2% 17% 3% –[lower-alpha 66] 1% 5% 25% 26%[lower-alpha 67] –[lower-alpha 66]
YouGov/CBS News Oct 3–11, 2019 729 (RV) ± 4.6% 22% 2% 14% 5% 2% 2% 21% 22% 7%[lower-alpha 68] –
Selzer/CNN/Des Moines Register Sep 14–18, 2019 602 (LV) ± 4.0% 20% 3% 9% 6% 3% 2% 11% 22% 11%[lower-alpha 69] 14%
David Binder Research Sep 14–17, 2019 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 25% 2% 12% 5% 8% 1% 9% 23% 9%[lower-alpha 70] 6%
Civiqs/Iowa State University Sep 13–17, 2019 572 (LV) ± 5.2% 16% 2% 13% 5% 3% 2% 16% 24% 11%[lower-alpha 71] 8%
YouGov/CBS News Aug 28 – Sep 4, 2019 835 ± 4.3% 29% 2% 7% 6% 2% 2% 26% 17% 9%[lower-alpha 72] –
Change Research Aug 9–11, 2019 621 (LV) ± 3.9% 17% 3% 13% 8% 2% 3% 17% 28% 9%[lower-alpha 73] –
Monmouth University Aug 1–4, 2019 401 (LV) ± 4.9% 28% 1% 8% 11% 3% <1% 9% 19% 11%[lower-alpha 74] 10%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Jul 23–25, 2019 630 ± 3.3% 23% 2% 7% 12% – 2% 11% 23% 4% 16%
YouGov/CBS News Jul 9–18, 2019 706 ± 4.4% 24% 3% 7% 16% 4% 1% 19% 17% 9%[lower-alpha 75] –
Jul 9, 2019 Steyer announces his candidacy
Change Research Jun 29 – Jul 4, 2019 420 (LV) – 16% 1% 25% 16% 1% 2% 16% 18% 5%[lower-alpha 76] –
David Binder Research Jun 29 – Jul 1, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 17% 2% 10% 18% 4% 1% 12% 20% 9%[lower-alpha 77] 9%
Suffolk University/USA Today Jun 28 – Jul 1, 2019 500 ± 4.4% 24% 2% 6% 16% 2% 1% 9% 13% 6%[lower-alpha 78] 21%
Change Research Jun 17–20, 2019 308 (LV) – 27% 5% 17% 4% 2% 1% 18% 20% 7%[lower-alpha 79] –
Selzer/CNN/Des Moines Register Jun 2–5, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 24% 1% 14% 7% 2% 2% 16% 15% 6%[lower-alpha 80] 6%
Change Research May 15–19, 2019 615 (LV) ± 3.9% 24% 1% 14% 10% 2% 5% 24% 12% 9%[lower-alpha 81] –
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Apr 30 – May 2, 2019 576 ± 4.1% 35% 2% 11% 5% 4% 3% 14% 10% – 16%
Apr 25, 2019 Biden announces his candidacy
Gravis Marketing Apr 17–18, 2019 590 ± 4.0% 19% 4% 14% 6% 4% 5% 19% 6% 7%[lower-alpha 82] 16%
Apr 14, 2019 Buttigieg announces his candidacy
Monmouth University Apr 4–9, 2019 351 ± 5.2% 27% 3% 9% 7% 4% 6% 16% 7% 7%[lower-alpha 83] 12%
David Binder Research Mar 21–24, 2019 500 ± 4.4% 25% 7% 6% 9% 6% 6% 17% 8% 9%[lower-alpha 84] 7%
Emerson College Mar 21–24, 2019 249 ± 6.2% 25% 6% 11% 10% 2% 5% 24% 9% 8%[lower-alpha 85] –
Public Policy Polling (D)[lower-alpha 86] Mar 14–15, 2019 678 – 29% 4% – 5% 6% 7% 15% 8% 4% 22%
Mar 14, 2019 O'Rourke announces his candidacy
Selzer/CNN/Des Moines Register Mar 3–6, 2019 401 ± 4.9% 27% 3% 1% 7% 3% 5% 25% 9% 5%[lower-alpha 87] 10%
Feb 19, 2019 Sanders announces his candidacy
Feb 10, 2019 Klobuchar announces her candidacy
Feb 9, 2019 Warren announces her candidacy
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Jan 31 – Feb 2, 2019 558 ± 3.6% 25% 4% – 17% 5% 4% 10% 11% 1%[lower-alpha 88] 25%
Emerson College Jan 30 – Feb 2, 2019 260 ± 6.0% 29% 4% 0% 18% 3% 6% 15% 11% 15%[lower-alpha 89] –
Feb 1, 2019 Booker announces his candidacy
Jan 21, 2019 Harris announces her candidacy
Jan 11, 2019 Gabbard announces her candidacy
Change Research Dec 13–17, 2018 1,291 (LV) – 20% 4% – 7% 5% 19% 20% 7% 18%[lower-alpha 90] –
Selzer/CNN/Des Moines Register Dec 10–13, 2018 455 ± 4.6% 32% 4% – 5% 3% 11% 19% 8% 7%[lower-alpha 91] 6%
David Binder Research Dec 10–11, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 30% 6% – 7% 10% 11% 13% 9% 8%[lower-alpha 92] 6%
David Binder Research Sep 20–23, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 37% 8% – 10% – – 12% 16% 6%[lower-alpha 93] 9%
Nov 6, 2017 Yang announces his candidacy
Public Policy Polling (D)[lower-alpha 94] Mar 3–6, 2017 1,062 – – 17% – 3% 11% – – – 34%[lower-alpha 95] 32%

Results
Sanders, Buttigieg, Warren and Biden campaigning in Iowa throughout the lead up to the caucus.
Final alignment popular vote share by county
Final alignment popular vote share by congressional district

Neither the final statewide total of "initial alignment votes" nor "final alignment votes" are used to determine the statewide number of "state delegate equivalents" (SDEs) won. Instead, a number of SDEs can be won in each of the 1,678 precinct caucuses and 87 satellite caucuses based upon the final alignment votes in each specific precinct. The number of "pledged national convention delegates" is determined proportionally to the candidate's total number of SDEs won statewide and in each of the state's four congressional districts, but only for those candidates who won more than a 15.0% share of the SDEs statewide or in the specific district.[32]

On the evening of February 6, after a three-day delay for all precinct votes to be reported, the first preliminary count for statewide results was published by the Iowa Democratic Party, which found that Pete Buttigieg had narrowly won the state delegate equivalent (SDE) count over Bernie Sanders, while Sanders won the popular vote on both the first and final caucus alignments (after supporters of non-viable candidates below the 15% threshold redistributed their support to viable ones). Due to various journalists identifying a number of potential errors in the reported vote total and calculated state delegate equivalents, and due to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) suggesting a recanvass of the results would be needed,[45][46][47] some major news organizations refused to declare a winner until completion of a possible recanvass/recount.[48][49]

On the evening of February 9, the Iowa Democratic Party (IDP) had through their own conducted initial audit of the first preliminary count for statewide results, found the need to correct some incorrectly reported results from 3.1% (55) of the precincts. The corrected result was published as the first final official result before certification (meaning before conducting a formal potential recanvass/recount), and they also calculated the number of won pledged national convention delegates on that basis.[9][10] The deadline for campaigns to ask for a recanvass or recount of the results was extended from February 7 to February 10, giving campaigns three additional days to review the results and decide whether they want to challenge them,[50] and both the Sanders campaign and the Buttigieg campaign have done so for 8.1% (143) of the precincts/satellite sites.[11]

The IDP accepted the two partial recanvass requests on February 12, and carried out the recanvass from February 16–18 after they received the campaigns' acceptance of bearing the costs. The recanvass is only an audit to check if the initial reporting of figures concur with the figures displayed on the math worksheet of the voting site. In order to correct the observed mathematical errors on several math worksheets, which were initially signed by all caucus group captains at the local voting site, a subsequent recount process also needs to be called after the recanvass process has concluded.[12][13]

On February 18, the post-recanvass SDE count was released, with Buttigieg leading Sanders by 0.08 SDEs.[14] The following day, the Buttigieg and Sanders campaigns requested a final recount for 63 of the recanvassed precincts (3.6% of all results).[15][16] On February 21, the IDP announced that it had accepted recount requests for 23 precincts (1.3% of all results). It will recount all 10 precincts requested by the Sanders campaign and 14 of the 54 precincts requested by the Buttigieg campaign. The IDP said the reason why they rejected a recount for the remaining 40 precincts was that the Buttigieg campaign had failed to demonstrate that a potential recount of those precincts could result in a different SDE result.[17] The recount began on February 25 and was completed over the following two days.[51] On February 27, the IDP concluded the official recount, resulting in Buttigieg maintaining a slight edge over Sanders in SDEs.[18] Sanders challenged the results of the Iowa caucuses; as of February 29, 2020, that challenge is pending before the Democratic National Committee's Rules and Bylaws Committee.[1]

2020 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses[52][4][1]
Candidate Initial
alignment		 Final
alignment[lower-alpha 96]		 State delegate
equivalents		 Pledged
national
convention
delegates[53][lower-alpha 97]
Votes % Votes % Number %
Joe Biden 26,291 14.9 23,605 13.7 340.3238 15.8 14
Bernie Sanders 43,581 24.7 45,652 26.5 562.0214 26.13 12
Pete Buttigieg 37,572 21.3 43,209 25.1 562.9538 26.17 9
Elizabeth Warren 32,589 18.5 34,909 20.3 388.4403 18.1 5
Amy Klobuchar 22,454 12.7 21,100 12.2 263.8689 12.3 [lower-alpha 98]1
Andrew Yang 8,914 5.1 1,758 1.0 21.8559 1.0
Tom Steyer 3,061 1.7 413 0.2 6.6189 0.3
Michael Bloomberg 212 0.1 16 0.0 0.2096 0.0
Tulsi Gabbard 341 0.2 16 0.0 0.1143 0.0
Michael Bennet 164 0.1 4 0.0 0.0000 0.0
Deval Patrick 9 0.0 0 0.0 0.0000 0.0
Uncommitted 1,009 0.6 1,420 0.8 3.7321 0.2
Other / Write in 155 0.1 198 0.1 0.6931 0.0
Totals[lower-alpha 99] 176,352 100% 172,300 100% 2,150.8321 100% 41

Participation in the 2020 caucuses (176,352 initial alignment votes in the official count) was slightly higher compared to the 171,517 people who participated in the 2016 caucuses,[54] but still 26% lower compared to the over 239,000 people who participated in the 2008 caucuses.[55]

Sanders won the popular vote on both the initial and the final alignments.[56] Former Vice President Joe Biden had a particularly disappointing performance and called it a "gut punch" after winning significantly fewer votes than either Buttigieg or Sanders.[57] Following the caucuses, Buttigieg became the first openly LGBT candidate to win any pledged national convention delegates towards a major party's presidential nomination.[58]

Delay in final results

Up until February 4 at 4:00 pm local time, the Iowa Democratic Party (IDP) had not reported any final results due to what a party spokesperson described as "quality checks".[59] According to The New York Times, a new app-based reporting system may have been responsible for the delay, with Sean Bagniewski, the Polk County Democratic Party chairman, reporting that only "20% of his 177 precinct chairs" could access the app.[60] In a statement released on February 3 at 10:30 pm local time, IDP communications director Mandy McClure said "inconsistencies" had been found in the three sets of results. However, McClure also assured that the delay was not the result of a "hack or intrusion" and that the overall results are "sound".[61] During the delay in the release of final results, the campaigns of Pete Buttigieg and Bernie Sanders both released incomplete results taken by their respective precinct captains, respectively showing the two candidates as having won the caucus. Also during the delay, Amy Klobuchar's campaign manager, Justin Buoen, claimed that Klobuchar either exceeded or equaled the number of votes that Joe Biden received.[62]

Problems encountered included usage and interface failures of an app designed to report final vote tallies for Iowa precinct captains; a backlog of phone calls to the state vote-reporting hotline,[63] including at least one case of a precinct captain being placed on an hour-long hold, only to have the hotline attendant immediately hang up on him when finally answering; confusion about coin flips to decide delegates; the need to use backup paper ballots to verify the results; and discrepancies between backup paper ballots and tallies by precinct captains.[64][65][66] Reporters found that the Internet message board 4chan had encouraged its members to flood the phone lines of the DNC in Des Moines, which further complicated the process of reporting results.[67][68][69][70] Additionally, the reported data had to be entered manually, which took longer than expected.[71]

The morning after the caucus, Iowa Democratic Party Chair Troy Price issued a clarifying statement, reiterating that he did not believe there was a "cyber security intrusion", and that "data collected via the app was sound". Rather, due to a "coding issue in the reporting system", the app was reporting out only "partial data" from what had been recorded. This flaw was verified by comparison to the paper vote records and examination of the underlying data recorded by the app.[72] The Iowa Democratic Party said in a statement that it planned to release partial results at 4:00 pm local time on Tuesday, nearly a full day after caucuses began.[73]

Moreover, several precinct captains reportedly released their results to the Iowa Democratic Party over 24 hours before numbers were reported, with some criticizing the length of time taken for the party to release results as well as the process's lack of transparency.[74]

IowaRecorder app

The app, named IowaRecorder,[75] was developed by Shadow Inc., a majority-owned subsidiary of Acronym.[76][77] The company received money from the Biden, Buttigieg, and Kirsten Gillibrand campaigns for services distinct from the app;[78][79] Biden's campaign paid the firm $1,225 for text messaging, Buttigieg's campaign paid $42,500 for software service, and Gillibrand's campaign paid $37,400 for software, text, and fundraising services.[78]

Social media posts claimed shortly after the election that the Buttigieg campaign had paid for the creation of the app, a theory which was debunked by the Associated Press.[80] The app was also criticized for alleged conflicts of interest due to the company behind the app selling separate services to campaigns associated with Biden, Buttigieg, and Gillibrand; as well as a PAC founded by Tom Steyer and connections to former staffers for Hillary Clinton, among others.[81][82][83][84]

App-development expert Kasra Rahjerdi said "the app was clearly done by someone following a tutorial. It's similar to projects I do with my mentees who are learning how to code." A team of researchers at Stanford University, including former Facebook chief security officer Alex Stamos, said that while analyzing the app they found potentially concerning code within it, including hard-coded API keys. The faulty app coding was found to have caused some incorrect and incomplete result calculation, creating a discrepancy between its data input and data output, which made the app useless for the report of results from all the precinct caucuses (meaning that all data reporting instead had to be phoned/mailed and manually typed into a calculating work sheet).[85]

The app was also criticized for its lack of user-friendliness and openness to potential hacks and data intercepts.[86]

Inconsistencies in votes

During the initial release of the results, it was noted that some of the data being reported were inconsistent, flawed, or entirely impossible. According to The New York Times, more than 100 precincts reported incorrect results. Most common errors included wrong number of delegates being allotted to candidates and disparities in numbers released by the Iowa Democratic Party (IDP) and those reported by precincts.[87] One such example is in Black Hawk County, where the county supervisor independently released results of his county via Facebook that varied from the later-released results provided by the Iowa Democratic Party—which incorrectly gave Elizabeth Warren delegates to Tom Steyer and Bernie Sanders delegates to Deval Patrick, despite the latter reportedly receiving zero votes in the county. Although corrections were later made, these results still varied from those given by the county supervisor.[74][88]

This quickly gave rise to a number of conspiracy theories online that were accusing the Democratic Party of corruption and cheating in favor of Buttigieg and other candidates at the expense of Sanders.[89] On February 6, three days after the caucus, and with three percent of the results still unreported, the Democratic Party chairman Tom Perez requested a recanvass of the results,[90][91] saying:

Enough is enough. In light of the problems that have emerged in the implementation of the delegate selection plan and in order to assure public confidence in the results, I am calling on the Iowa Democratic Party to immediately begin a recanvass.[92]

Because Perez specified satellite caucuses in his request for a recanvass, an area where Sanders support was strong, Sanders supporters on social media accused the Democratic National Committee of rigging the caucus against him.[93][94]

According to the IDP, errors on the handwritten caucus math worksheets could not be corrected because they are unalterable legal records.“The incorrect math on the Caucus Math Worksheets must not be changed to ensure the integrity of the process” wrote the party lawyer, Shayla McCormally, according to an email sent by IDP chair Troy Price.[95] Photographs of caucus math worksheets taken by caucus "captains" showed errors in adding up votes for candidates and in calculating "state delegate equivalents".[9] IDP chair Troy Price said that a recount of votes would be required to correct the miscalculations on the handwritten tally sheets from precincts.[11]

Analysis

According to entrance polls by CNN, the close result was due to splits among key demographic groups: gender, educational attainment and age. Buttigieg won women with 24%, while Sanders won men with 26%. Buttigieg won voters with a college degree with 23%, while Sanders won among voters with a high school education or less with 30%. Sanders continued the trend of 2016 in which he won young voters, winning 44% in the 18–29 demographic and 41% with voters under 45 overall, while Buttigieg won older voters (40–64).[96]

Contrary to media belief in Biden's strength among non-white voters,[97] Sanders won that demographic in Iowa with 46% support, with Buttigieg placing second with 15% and Biden placing third with only 13% support. According to CNN reported entrance polls, Buttigieg won white voters with 23%. However, The New York Times indicates a statistical tie at 23%, with a slight advantage to Sanders.[98] Some counties carried by Buttigieg, such as Clinton County, had swung from Obama in 2012 to Trump in 2016 by double digits.[96]

Although Latinos constitute a relatively small portion of Iowa's electorate, Sanders performed exceptionally well with Latino voters, winning all 32 Latino-majority and plurality precincts in the state with 52.6% of the vote, well ahead of Buttigieg (14%) and Biden (13.5%). He also won all four Spanish-language satellite caucus sites by overwhelming margins. Matt A. Barreto noted that Sanders's strength among the Latino demographic alone provided him with an 18.6 SDE advantage over Buttigieg, making up lost ground in other demographics where Buttigieg performed better. Sanders's success with Latino voters could be credited to the "Latino strategy" his campaign is pursuing by focusing on Latino voter outreach.[99]

Buttigieg's declaration of victory in Iowa provided him with a boost in polls going into New Hampshire, a state where Sanders had been polling consistently well.[100]

Footnotes
  1. The number of pledged national convention delegates is determined by the number of SDEs won, however, a candidate must get at least 15% of the total vote to get any delegates. However, if a candidate wins a congressional district, they get a delegate even if they didn’t reach 15% of the vote. Each precinct has a certain number of SDEs and allocates them based on how many caucus goers there are for each candidate at that precinct.
  2. 5 delegates initially awarded to Buttigieg and 3 delegates initially awarded to Warren were reallocated to Biden at the district conventions on April 25.[2]
  3. To avoid the repeating fraction, the procedure involves dividing the total number of caucusgoers by 6.
  4. Each 1st congressional district (CD1)-elected national convention delegate is pledged to support a specific presidential candidate as determined per the total qualified SDE result of the caucuses held only in CD1 on February 3, but the exact name of the CD1 elected national convention delegate will only be selected among the participating "district and state delegates" at the Iowa CD1 District Convention on April 25.
  5. Each 2nd congressional district (CD2)-elected national convention delegate is pledged to support a specific presidential candidate as determined per the total qualified SDE result of the caucuses held only in CD2 on February 3, but the exact name of the CD2 elected national convention delegate will only be selected among the participating "district and state delegates" at the Iowa CD2 District Convention on April 25.
  6. Each 3rd congressional district (CD3)-elected national convention delegate is pledged to support a specific presidential candidate as determined per the total qualified SDE result of the caucuses held only in CD3 on February 3, but the exact name of the CD3 elected national convention delegate will only be selected among the participating "district and state delegates" at the Iowa CD3 District Convention on April 25.
  7. Each 4th congressional district (CD4)-elected national convention delegate is pledged to support a specific presidential candidate as determined per the total qualified SDE result of the caucuses held only in CD4 on February 3, but the exact name of the CD4 elected national convention delegate will only be selected among the participating "district and state delegates" at the Iowa CD4 District Convention on April 25.
  8. Each PLEO delegate is pledged to support a specific presidential candidate as determined per the statewide qualified SDE result of the caucuses held on February 3, but the exact name of the PLEO delegate will only be elected among the participating PLEO delegates at the Iowa State Democratic Convention on June 13.
  9. Each at-large delegate is pledged to support a specific presidential candidate as determined per the statewide qualified SDE result of the caucuses held on February 3, but the exact name of the at-large delegate will only be elected among the participating delegates at the Iowa State Democratic Convention on June 13.
  10. Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined
  11. Gabbard with 1.8%; Bloomberg with 1.3%; Bennet with 0.5%; Patrick not reported
  12. Gabbard with 1.5%; Bloomberg with 1.0%; Bennet and Patrick not reported
  13. FiveThirtyEight aggregates polls with a trendline regression of polls rather than a strict average of recent polls.
  14. Gabbard and Bloomberg with 1.2%; Bennet with 0.4%; Patrick with 0.1%
  15. Gabbard with 1.5%; Bloomberg with 1.2%; Bennet with 0.3%; Patrick with 0.0%
  16. Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  17. After reallocation of delegates from candidates estimated to not clear the viability threshold in each precinct
  18. Bloomberg with 2%
  19. Data not yet released, but all other candidates each have <5%
  20. If the contest came down to Biden and Sanders
  21. Bloomberg and Delaney with 1%; Bennet and Patrick with 0%
  22. Bloomberg with 2%; Bennet and Patrick with 0%; others with 2%
  23. Re-allocating support to second choice for candidates receiving <15% of first choice votes
  24. Bennet with 1%; Delaney with 0%
  25. Bennet and Delaney with 0%
  26. Bloomberg with <1%
  27. If only the four candidates listed were viable in the voters' caucus sites
  28. "None of these/won't caucus" with 1%
  29. If only the six candidates listed were viable in the voters' caucus sites
  30. "None of these/won't caucus" with <1%
  31. Bennet with 1%; Delaney and Patrick with 0%; other with <1%; "no one" with 0%
  32. Bloomberg and Delaney with 1%; Bennet and Patrick with 0%
  33. Reported as "Unsure"
  34. Delaney with 1%; Bennet and Patrick with 0%; Someone Else with 1%
  35. Patrick with 0.2%; Bennet and Delaney with 0.0%; "Other/Please Specify" with 0.4%; "Don't Know/Refused" with 13%
  36. If voters could choose only one of Biden, Buttigieg, Sanders or Warren
  37. Delaney and Patrick with 1%; Bennet with 0%
  38. If the field is narrowed to these top four candidates
  39. Listed as "don't know/refused"
  40. Bloomberg with 1%; Bennet, Delaney, and Patrick with 0%
  41. Bennet, Bloomberg and Delaney with 1%; Patrick with 0%
  42. Delaney with 1%; Bennet and Patrick with 0%; someone else with 1%
  43. Bennet and Delaney with 0%
  44. Bennet and Bloomberg with 1%; Delaney and Patrick with 0%
  45. Not listed separately from "others"
  46. Trump with 5%; "others" with 2%
  47. If the only viable candidates to caucus for were the four listed in this poll
  48. "None of these/wouldn't vote" with 2%
  49. Booker with 4%, Bennet and Delaney with <1%, Patrick with 0%, Other with <1%
  50. Booker with 3%; Bloomberg with 1%; Bennet, Castro, Delaney, Patrick and Williamson with 0%; someone else with 1%
  51. Booker with 2%; Bennet, Castro, Delaney, Patrick and Williamson with 0%; someone else with 1%
  52. Includes "refused"
  53. Booker with 3%; Castro with 1%; Delaney, Bloomberg, Bennet, Williamson with 0%
  54. Booker with 4%; Bloomberg with 2%; Bennet, Castro, Delaney, Patrick and Williamson with 0%; someone else with 2%
  55. Bennet, Bloomberg, Booker, Bullock, Castro and Williamson with 1%; Delaney, Messam, Patrick and Sestak with 0%
  56. Booker with 3%; Bloomberg with 2%; Bennet with 1%; Bullock, Castro, Delaney, Sestak and Williamson with 0%; none with 2%
  57. Booker, Bullock, and Castro with 1%, Messam, Delaney, Bennet, Williamson, and Sestak with 0%, "Someone else" with 1%
  58. Booker with 2%; Bullock and Castro with 1%; Bennet, Bloomberg, Delaney, and Williamson with <1%; Sestak with 0%
  59. Castro with 1%; Bennet, Booker, Bullock, Delaney, O'Rourke and Ryan with 0%
  60. Bennett, Booker, Bullock and Castro with 1%; Delaney, Messam, Sestak and Williamson with 0%
  61. Yang with 3%; Gabbard and Steyer with 2%; Delaney with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, Castro, Messam, Sestak and Williamson with 0%
  62. As evidenced by Sestak being listed in second choices but not first preferences and the lack of an 'other' column in the first preferences topline
  63. Steyer with 3%; Gabbard and Yang with 2%; Bennet with 1%; Bullock, Castro, Delaney, Ryan and Williamson with 0%; Messam and Sestak with no voters[lower-alpha 62]
  64. Gabbard and Steyer with 3%; Yang with 1%; Delaney, Ryan and Williamson with 0%; Bennet, Bullock, Castro, Messam and Sestak with no voters; refused with 0%
  65. Yang with 5%; Bullock with 4%; Gabbard and Steyer with 2%; Bennet and Williamson with 1%; Castro with 0%; Delaney, Messam, Ryan and Sestak with no voters; everyone else with 4%
  66. The poll did not announce this result separately; it is listed as part of 'Other'.
  67. Yang with 1%; a different Democratic candidate, don't know, or refused with 25%
  68. Steyer with 3%; Bennet, Gabbard, Williamson, and Ryan with 1%, Bullock, Castro, Delaney, Messam, Sestak, and Yang with 0%; "someone else" with 0%
  69. Gabbard, Steyer, and Yang with 2%, Bullock, Castro, and Delaney with 1%, Bennet, de Blasio, Ryan, Sestak, and Williamson with 0%; "none of these" with 2%
  70. Steyer with 3%; Yang with 2%; Bullock, Castro, Delaney and Gabbard with 1%; Bennet, de Blasio, Messam, Ryan, Sestak and Williamson with 0%
  71. Gabbard with 4%; Yang with 3%; Steyer with 2%; Ryan and Williamson with 1%; Bennet, de Blasio, Bullock, Castro and Delaney with 0%
  72. Steyer with 2%; Castro, de Blasio, Delaney, Gabbard and Yang with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, Messam, Ryan, Sestak and Williamson with 0%; someone else with 2%
  73. Bullock, Gabbard, and Steyer with 2%; Bennet, Castro, and Yang with 1%; Delaney, Gillibrand, Hickenlooper, Messam, and Williamson with 0%
  74. Steyer with 3%; Gillibrand and Yang with 2%; Bullock, Delaney, Gabbard, and Hickenlooper with 1%; Bennet, Castro, Inslee, O'Rourke, and Williamson with <1%; de Blasio, Messam, Moulton, Ryan, and Sestak with 0%
  75. Castro and Steyer with 2%; Delaney, Gillibrand, Hickenlooper, and Sestak with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, de Blasio, Gabbard, Gravel, Inslee, Messam, Moulton, Ryan, Williamson, and Yang with 0%
  76. Castro, Delaney, Gabbard, Gillibrand, Inslee, Swalwell, and Yang with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, Gravel, Hickenlooper, Moulton, Ryan, and Williamson with 0%
  77. Bennet, Bullock, Castro, de Blasio, Delaney, Gabbard, Gillibrand, Williamson, and Yang with 1%; Hickenlooper, Inslee, Ryan, and Swalwell with <1%; Messam and Moulton with 0%; others with <1%
  78. Bennet, Castro, Delaney, Gabbard, and Yang with 1%; Bullock, de Blasio, Gillibrand, Gravel, Hickenlooper, Inslee, Messam, Moulton, Ryan, Sestak, Swalwell, and Williamson with 0%; others with 1%
  79. Delaney with 2%; Castro, Gabbard, Gravel, Moulton, and Yang with 1%; Bullock, de Blasio, Gillibrand, Hickenlooper, Inslee, Messam, Ryan, Swalwell, and Williamson with 0%
  80. Bennet, Castro, Delaney, Gabbard, Inslee, and Yang with 1%; Bullock, Gillibrand, Hickenlooper, Moulton, Ryan, Swalwell, and Williamson with <1%; de Blasio and Messam with 0%
  81. Yang with 2%; Abrams, Delaney, Gabbard, Gillibrand, Hickenlooper, Inslee, and Swalwell with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, Castro, Ryan, and Williamson with 0%
  82. Delaney with 2%; Gabbard, Gillibrand, Gravel, Hickenlooper, and Yang with 1%; Castro and Inslee with 0%
  83. Castro with 2%; Delaney, Gillibrand, Ryan, Swalwell, and Yang with 1%; Bullock, de Blasio, Gabbard, and Inslee with <1%; Bennet, Hickenlooper, McAuliffe, Messam, Moulton, and Williamson with 0%
  84. Delaney with 3%; Castro, Gabbard, Gillibrand, Inslee, Swalwell, and Yang with 1%; Bullock, Hickenlooper, and Williamson with <1%; Bennet and McAuliffe with 0%; others with <1%
  85. Castro, Gabbard, Hickenlooper, and Inslee with 1%; Gillibrand and Yang with 0%; others with 4%
  86. Poll sponsored by End Citizens United
  87. Bennet, Bullock, Castro, Delaney, and Inslee with 1%; Bloomberg, de Blasio, Gabbard, Gillibrand, Hickenlooper, Holder, Swalwell, Williamson, and Yang with <1%
  88. Gillibrand with 1%
  89. Brown with 4%; Castro with 2%; Delaney and Gillibrand with 1%; Gabbard and Yang with 0%; others with 8%
  90. Kennedy with 5%; Clinton with 4%; Brown with 2%; Bloomberg, Castro, Cuomo, Delaney, Gillibrand, Kerry, and Swalwell with 1%; Holder, McAuliffe, Schultz, and Steyer with 0%
  91. Bloomberg with 3%; Brown, Castro, Delaney, and Hickenlooper with 1%; Bullock, Garcetti, Gillibrand, Holder, Inslee, Steyer, Swalwell, and Yang with <1%
  92. Brown with 3%; Bloomberg and Kerry with 2%; Delaney with 1%; Garcetti with 0%; others with <1%
  93. Gillibrand and Holder with 2%; Avenatti and Delaney with 1%; Bullock, Garcetti, Landrieu, and Patrick with <1%; others with 1%
  94. Poll sponsored by O'Say Can You See PAC, the PAC that supported O'Malley in 2016
  95. O'Malley with 18%; Cuomo with 8%; Castro and Sandberg with 4%; Gillibrand with 3%; Schultz with 1%
  96. Final vote after votes for candidates below the 15% viability threshold in each precinct are reallocated to other viable candidates.
  97. 5 delegates initially awarded to Buttigieg and 3 delegates initially awarded to Warren were reallocated to Biden at the district conventions on April 25.
  98. All presidential candidates winning less than a 15% share of SDEs statewide and in CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, will win 0 pledged national convention delegates. Klobuchar did not exceed 15% statewide, or in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd congressional districts, where her SDE-result was eliminated (meaning she won 0 pledged national convention delegates here). Klobuchar however had "qualified SDEs" above 15% in the 4th congressional district, where she proportionally won 1 out of 5 available delegates. So despite the fact that Klobuchar won 12.3% of all SDE totals statewide, she only won 2.4% (​1⁄41) of the pledged national convention delegates available in Iowa.[32]
  99. Per the Iowa Democratic Party official report.[4]
gollark: Having an overly broad harshly punished rule and then selectively enforcing it is worse than a narrower rule which might not cover some cases, except we have never actually had advertising issues not covered already.
gollark: This is excessive though.
gollark: This is not clear or coherent. "Palaiologos arbitrarily bans you for links they dislike" is not a good rule because rules should be consistently applied so you can predict the results of things.
gollark: I think you're just rationalising the baidicoot thing.
gollark: ???

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