2012 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election

The 2012 elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives were held on November 6, 2012, with all districts being contested.[1] The primary elections were held on April 24, 2012.[2] The term of office for those elected in 2012 began when the House of Representatives convened in January 2013. Pennsylvania State Representatives are elected for two-year terms, with all 203 seats up for election every two years.[3]

Elections in Pennsylvania

Make-up of the House
Affiliation Seats after 2010 election Seats at end of Session Seats after 2012 election Membership change since last election
Democratic 91 91 92 +1
Republican 112 110 111 -1

2012 General election
District Party Incumbent Status Party Candidate Votes %
1 Democratic Pat Harkins Re-elected Democratic Pat Harkins 16,970 100.00
2 Democratic Florindo Fabrizio Re-elected Democratic Florindo Fabrizio 19,860 100.00
3 Democratic John Hornaman Retired Democratic Ryan Bizzarro 16,198 53.27
Republican Jason Owen 14,208 46.73
4 Republican Curt Sonney Re-elected Republican Curt Sonney 18,867 100.00
5 Republican John Evans Retired Republican Greg Lucas 13,442 55.54
Democratic Jason White 10,759 44.46
6 Republican Brad Roae Re-elected Republican Brad Roae 16,903 100.00
7 Democratic Mark Longietti Re-elected Democratic Mark Longietti 24,586 100.00
8 Republican Dick Stevenson Re-elected Republican Dick Stevenson 23,187 100.00
9 Democratic Chris Sainato Re-elected Democratic Chris Sainato 13,791 58.11
Republican Jason Murtha 9,941 41.89
10 Democratic Jaret Gibbons Re-elected Democratic Jaret Gibbons 13,543 52.77
Republican Michael See 12,120 47.23
11 Republican Brian Ellis Re-elected Republican Brian Ellis 25,433 100.00
12 Republican Daryl Metcalfe Re-elected Republican Daryl Metcalfe 29,567 100.00
13 Republican John Lawrence Re-elected Republican John Lawrence 17,855 53.26
Democratic Eric Schott 15,672 46.74
14 Republican Jim Marshall Re-elected Republican Jim Marshall 23,250 100.00
15 Republican Jim Christiana Re-elected Republican Jim Christiana 17,473 61.06
Democratic Bob Williams 11,144 38.94
16 Democratic Rob Matzie Re-elected Democratic Rob Matzie 15,798 56.09
Republican Kathy Coder 12,369 43.91
17 Republican Michele Brooks Re-elected Republican Michele Brooks 19,904 100.00
18 Republican Gene DiGirolamo Re-elected Republican Gene DiGirolamo 18,838 100.00
19 Democratic Jake Wheatley Re-elected Democratic Jake Wheatley 20,942 100.00
20 Democratic Adam Ravenstahl Re-elected Democratic Adam Ravenstahl 19,909 81.72
Constitution Jim Barr 4,453 18.28
21 Democratic Dom Costa Re-elected Democratic Dom Costa 22,772 100.00
22 Democratic Martin Schmotzer Retired Democratic Erin Molchany 17,512 65.33
Republican Chris Cratsley 9,292 34.67
23 Democratic Dan Frankel Re-elected Democratic Dan Frankel 26,742 100.00
24 Democratic Joe Preston, Jr. Defeated in primary Democratic Ed Gainey 26,032 100.00
25 Democratic Joe Markosek Re-elected Democratic Joe Markosek 16,297 54.75
Republican Mike Doyle 13,470 45.25
26 Republican Tim Hennessey Re-elected Republican Tim Hennessey 18,058 56.27
Democratic Mike Hays 14,033 43.73
27 Democratic Dan Deasy Re-elected Democratic Dan Deasy 21,034 100.00
28 Republican Mike Turzai Re-elected Republican Mike Turzai 30,236 100.00
29 Republican Bernie O'Neill Re-elected Republican Bernie O'Neill 20,970 58.30
Democratic Brian Munroe 14,998 41.70
30 Republican Randy Vulakovich Elected to State Senate Republican Hal English 19,945 56.67
Democratic David Tusick 15,252 43.33
31 Democratic Steve Santarsiero Re-elected Democratic Steve Santarsiero 20,640 57.74
Republican Anne Chapman 15,105 42.26
32 Democratic Tony DeLuca Re-elected Democratic Tony DeLuca 21,597 74.92
Republican Lawrence Paladin 7,229 25.08
33 Democratic Frank Dermody Re-elected Democratic Frank Dermody 16,101 58.97
Republican Gerry Vaerewyck 11,203 41.03
34 Democratic Paul Costa Re-elected Democratic Paul Costa 23,511 100.00
35 Democratic Marc Gergely Re-elected Democratic Marc Gergely 19,473 100.00
36 Democratic Harry Readshaw Re-elected Democratic Harry Readshaw 21,798 100.00
37 Republican Tom Creighton Retired Republican Mindy Fee 20,999 73.14
Democratic Russ Stahley 7,713 26.86
38 Democratic Bill Kortz Re-elected Democratic Bill Kortz 21,031 100.00
39 Republican Rick Saccone Re-elected Republican Rick Saccone 14,495 50.19
Democratic David Levdansky 14,383 49.81
40 Republican John Maher Re-elected Republican John Maher 28,402 100.00
41 Republican Ryan Aument Re-elected Republican Ryan Aument 20,183 59.81
Democratic Marcy Dubroff 13,562 40.19
42 Democratic Matt Smith Re-elected Democratic Matt Smith 30,826 100.00
43 Republican Scott Boyd Retired Republican Keith Greiner 18,880 64.31
Democratic John Weigel 10,477 35.69
44 Republican Mark Mustio Re-elected Republican Mark Mustio 21,581 61.94
Democratic Mark Scappe 13,259 38.06
45 Democratic Nick Kotik Re-elected Democratic Nick Kotik 19,735 65.90
Republican Aaron Kime 10,211 34.10
46 Democratic Jesse White Re-elected Democratic Jesse White 26,314 100.00
47 Republican Keith Gillespie Re-elected Republican Keith Gillespie 20,236 60.65
Democratic Sarah Speed 13,127 39.35
48 Democratic Brandon Neuman Re-elected Democratic Brandon Neuman 21,206 100.00
49 Democratic Peter Daley Re-elected Democratic Peter Daley 12,244 54.49
Republican Richard Massafra 10,225 45.51
50 Democratic Bill DeWeese Resigned Democratic Pam Snyder 13,089 61.65
Republican Mark Fischer 8,143 38.35
51 Democratic Tim Mahoney Re-elected Democratic Timothy S. Mahoney 12,799 63.36
Republican Gary Gearing 7,400 36.64
52 Democratic Deberah Kula Re-elected Democratic Deberah Kula 15,701 100.00
53 Republican Bob Godshall Re-elected Republican Bob Godshall 17,205 60.70
Democratic Mick Wynne 11,140 39.30
54 Republican Eli Evankovich Re-elected Republican Eli Evankovich 18,591 65.75
Democratic Patrick Leyland 9,685 34.25
55 Democratic Joe Petrarca Re-elected Democratic Joe Petrarca 13,757 56.09
Republican John Hauser 10,770 43.91
56 Republican George Dunbar Re-elected Republican George Dunbar 17,494 58.37
Democratic Bud Geissler 12,476 41.63
57 Republican Tim Krieger Re-elected Republican Tim Krieger 17,339 64.42
Democratic A. J. Gales 9,576 35.58
58 Democratic Ted Harhai Re-elected Democratic Ted Harhai 19,627 100.00
59 Republican Mike Reese Re-elected Republican Mike Reese 20,377 71.85
Democratic Harriet Ellenberger 7,984 28.15
60 Republican Jeff Pyle Re-elected Republican Jeff Pyle 16,238 65.06
Democratic Jo Ellen Bowman 8,720 34.94
61 Republican Kate Harper Re-elected Republican Kate Harper 20,119 58.2
Democratic Jo White 14,434 41.8
62 Republican Dave Reed Re-elected Republican Dave Reed 19,288 100.0
63 Republican Donna Oberlander Re-elected Republican Donna Oberlander 20,952 100.0
64 Republican Scott Hutchinson Elected to State Senate Republican Lee James 18,464 100.0
65 Republican Kathy Rapp Re-elected Republican Kathy Rapp 18,412 100.0
66 Republican Sam Smith Re-elected Republican Sam Smith 17,521 100.0
67 Republican Martin Causer Re-elected Republican Martin Causer 17,478 100.0
68 Republican Matt Baker Re-elected Republican Matt Baker 21,383 100.0
69 Republican Carl Walker Metzgar Re-elected Republican Carl Walker Metzgar 24,097 100.0
70 Democratic Matt Bradford Re-elected Democratic Matt Bradford 20,442 64.8
Republican Jim Phillips 11,086 35.2
71 Democratic Bryan Barbin Re-elected Democratic Bryan Barbin 12,437 56.0
Republican Sherry Stalley 9,792 44.1
72 Democratic Frank Burns Re-elected Democratic Frank Burns 20,525 100.0
73 Democratic Gary Haluska Re-elected Democratic Gary Haluska 13,454 62.8
Republican Randy Wilson 7,985 37.3
74 Democratic Bud George Retired Republican Tommy Sankey 13,377 60.9
Democratic Mark McCracken 8,591 39.1
75 Republican Matt Gabler Re-elected Republican Matt Gabler 18,796 100.0
76 Democratic Mike Hanna Re-elected Democratic Mike Hanna 16,445 100.0
77 Democratic Scott Conklin Re-elected Democratic Scott Conklin 19,974 65.5
Republican Ron Reese 10,517 34.5
78 Republican Dick Hess Re-elected Republican Dick Hess 24,641 100.0
79 Republican Rick Geist Defeated in primary Republican John McGinnis 11,304 54.6
Democratic Richard Flarend 9,393 45.4
80 Republican Jerry Stern Re-elected Republican Jerry Stern 21,813 100.0
81 Republican Mike Fleck Re-elected Republican Mike Fleck 18,371 100.0
82 Republican Adam Harris Re-elected Republican Adam Harris 18,933 100.0
83 Democratic Rick Mirabito Re-elected Democratic Rick Mirabito 13,259 58.8
Republican Harry Rogers. 9,304 41.2
84 Republican Garth Everett Re-elected Republican Garth Everett 20,178 100.0
85 Republican Fred Keller Re-elected Republican Fred Keller 16,875 81.1
Libertarian Erik Viker 3,923 18.9
86 Republican Mark Keller Re-elected Republican Mark Keller 21,616 100.0
87 Republican Glen Grell Re-elected Republican Glen Grell 29,624 100.0
88 Republican Sheryl Delozier Re-elected Republican Sheryl Delozier 25,327 100.0
89 Republican Rob Kauffman Re-elected Republican Rob Kauffman 18,156 60.6
Democratic Susan Spicka 11,806 39.4
90 Republican Todd Rock Re-elected Republican Todd Rock 25,902 100.0
91 Republican Dan Moul Re-elected Republican Dan Moul 21,180 100.0
92 Republican Scott Perry Elected to US House Republican Mike Regan 22,754 71.7
Democratic Charles Comrey 8,972 28.3
93 Republican Ron Miller Re-elected Republican Ron Miller 23,232 68.8
Democratic Linda Small 10,537 31.2
94 Republican Stan Saylor Re-elected Republican Stan Saylor 25,195 100.0
95 Democratic Eugene DePasquale Re-elected Democratic Eugene DePasquale 16,640 83.1
Independent Dave Moser 3,394 16.9
96 Democratic Mike Sturla Re-elected Democratic Mike Sturla 14,456 67.3
Republican Tom Garmon 5,451 25.4
Independent Paul Culbreth 1,561 7.3
97 Republican John Bear Retired Republican Steven Mentzer 24,800 100.0
98 Republican Dave Hickernell Re-elected Republican Dave Hickernell 21,248 100.0
99 Republican Gordon Denlinger Re-elected Republican Gordon Denlinger 19,035 100.0
100 Republican Bryan Cutler Re-elected Republican Bryan Cutler 18,689 100.0
101 Republican Mauree Gingrich Re-elected Republican Mauree Gingrich 19,620 100.0
102 Republican RoseMarie Swanger Re-elected Republican RoseMarie Swanger 23,353 100.0
103 Democratic Ron Buxton Retired Democratic Patty Kim 19,490 100.0
104 Republican Sue Helm Re-elected Republican Sue Helm 15,902 54.5
Democratic Chris Dietz 13,264 45.5
105 Republican Ron Marsico Re-elected Republican Ron Marsico 22,436 65.0
Democratic Kelly Jean McEntee 12,073 35.0
106 Republican John Payne Re-elected Republican John Payne 18,721 64.8
Democratic Osman Kamara 10,162 35.2
107 Republican Kurt Masser Re-elected Republican Kurt Masser 11,545 57.1
Democratic Ted Yeager 8,665 42.9
108 Republican Lynda Schlegel-Culver Re-elected Republican Lynda Schlegel-Culver 19,178 100.0
109 Republican David Millard Re-elected Republican David Millard 12,126 54.2
Democratic Dan Knorr 10,256 45.8
110 Republican Tina Pickett Re-elected Republican Tina Pickett 18,811 100.0
111 Republican Sandra Major Re-elected Republican Sandra Major 16,762 70.8
Democratic Jeff Dahlander 6,917 29.2
112 Democratic Ken Smith Defeated in primary Democratic Kevin Haggerty 17,020 74.5
Republican Ray Nearhood 5,841 25.6
113 Democratic Kevin Murphy Defeated in primary Democratic Marty Flynn 19,262 100.0
114 Democratic Sid Michaels Kavulich Re-elected Democratic Sid Michaels Kavulich 24,478 100.0
115 Democratic Ed Staback Retired Democratic Frank Farina 13,722 64.1
Republican Theresa Kane 7,675 35.9
116 Republican Tarah Toohil Re-elected Republican Tarah Toohil 14,603 67.2
Democratic Ransom Young 7,130 32.8
117 Republican Karen Boback Re-elected Republican Karen Boback 23,819 100.0
118 Democratic Mike Carroll Re-elected Democratic Mike Carroll 16,462 65.8
Republican Terrence O'Connor 8,563 34.2
119 Democratic Jerry Mullery Re-elected Democratic Jerry Mullery 13,063 60.9
Republican Rick Arnold 8,403 39.2
120 Democratic Phyllis Mundy Re-elected Democratic Phyllis Mundy 14,051 56.1
Republican Aaron Kaufer 11,002 43.9
121 Democratic Eddie Day Pashinski Re-elected Democratic Eddie Day Pashinski 15,539 100.0
122 Republican Doyle Heffley Re-elected Republican Doyle Heffley 14,194 58.9
Democratic Ron Rabenold 9,892 41.1
123 Democratic Neal Goodman Re-elected Democratic Neal Goodman 16,810 100.0
124 Republican Jerry Knowles Re-elected Republican Jerry Knowles 19,297 78.5
Independent Dante Picciano 5,276 21.5
125 Republican Mike Tobash Re-elected Republican Mike Tobash 18,012 71.1
Democratic Vicki Harman 7,323 28.9
126 Democratic Dante Santoni Retired Democratic Mark Rozzi 16,358 70.5
Republican Jim Billman 6,847 29.5
127 Democratic Tom Caltagirone Re-elected Democratic Tom Caltagirone 13,817 100.0
128 Republican Mark Gillen Re-elected Republican Mark Gillen 23,519 100.0
129 Republican Jim Cox Re-elected Republican Jim Cox 17,051 59.1
Democratic Erik Saar 11,824 41.0
130 Republican David Maloney Re-elected Republican David Maloney 19,118 62.8
Democratic Russell Diesinger 11,313 37.2
131 Republican Justin Simmons Re-elected Republican Justin Simmons 14,226 51.0
Democratic Kevin Deely 13,664 49.0
132 Democratic Jennifer Mann Retired Democratic Mike Schlossberg 17,341 100.0
133 Democratic Joe Brennan Retired Democratic Dan McNeill 13,291 64.6
Republican David Molony 7,277 35.4
134 Republican Ryan Mackenzie Re-elected Republican Ryan Mackenzie 19,129 60.5
Democratic John Reynard 12,484 39.5
135 Democratic Steve Samuelson Re-elected Democratic Steve Samuelson 18,036 69.9
Republican Kenneth Barreto 7,759 30.1
136 Democratic Bob Freeman Re-elected Democratic Bob Freeman 17,067 100.0
137 Republican Joe Emrick Re-elected Republican Joe Emrick 18,805 61.4
Democratic Joe Capozzolo 11,834 38.6
138 Republican Marcia Hahn Re-elected Republican Marcia Hahn 19,797 63.1
Democratic Leslie Altieri 11,595 36.9
139 Republican Mike Peifer Re-elected Republican Mike Peifer 16,636 100.0
140 Democratic John Galloway Re-elected Democratic John Galloway 18,412 73.2
Republican Eric David 6,755 26.8
141 Democratic Tina Davis Re-elected Democratic Tina Davis 17,600 72.6
Republican Anthony Sposato 6,653 27.4
142 Republican Frank Farry Re-elected Republican Frank Farry 20,528 100.0
143 Republican Marguerite Quinn Re-elected Republican Marguerite Quinn 21,333 61.9
Democratic Joe Frederick 13,161 38.2
144 Republican Kathy Watson Re-elected Republican Kathy Watson 25,393 100.0
145 Republican Paul Clymer Re-elected Republican Paul Clymer 19,639 64.7
Democratic Mary Whitesell 10,711 35.3
146 Republican Tom Quigley Defeated Democratic Mark Painter 14,801 50.4
Republican Tom Quigley 14,585 49.6
147 Republican Marcy Toepel Re-elected Republican Marcy Toepel 19,552 61.4
Democratic Betty White 12,288 38.6
148 Democratic Mike Gerber Retired Democratic Mary Jo Daley 20,830 58.5
Republican Mike Ludwig 14,759 41.5
149 Democratic Tim Briggs Re-elected Democratic Tim Briggs 20,358 65.8
Republican Perry Hamilton 10,604 34.3
150 Republican Mike Vereb Re-elected Republican Mike Vereb 16,588 54.3
Democratic Kelly Lynn Devine 13,965 45.7
151 Republican Todd Stephens Re-elected Republican Todd Stephens 19,879 59.6
Democratic Will Sylianteng 13,457 40.4
152 Republican Tom Murt Re-elected Republican Tom Murt 18,950 63.7
Democratic Ron Kolla 10,807 36.3
153 Democratic Madeleine Dean Re-elected Democratic Madeleine Dean 21,113 64.3
Republican Nick Mattiacci 11,411 34.7
Libertarian Ken Krawchuk 322 1.0
154 Democratic Larry Curry Retired Democratic Steve McCarter 25,294 75.7
Republican Mark Sirinides 8,143 24.4
155 Republican Curt Schroder Retired Republican Becky Corbin 19,601 53.6
Democratic Josh Maxwell 16,976 46.4
156 Republican Dan Truitt Re-elected Republican Dan Truitt 16,944 51.4
Democratic Bret M. Binder 16,048 48.6
157 Republican Warren Kampf Re-elected Republican Warren Kampf 17,136 51.1
Democratic Paul Drucker 16,379 48.9
158 Republican Chris Ross Re-elected Republican Chris Ross 19,584 58.5
Democratic Susan Rzucidlo 13,887 41.5
159 Democratic Thaddeus Kirkland Re-elected Democratic Thaddeus Kirkland 17,272 79.9
Republican James Schiliro 4,352 20.1
160 Republican Steve Barrar Re-elected Republican Steve Barrar 27,138 100.00
161 Republican Joe Hackett Re-elected Republican Joe Hackett 17,125 52.9
Democratic Larry DeMarco 15,256 47.1
162 Republican Nick Miccarelli Re-elected Republican Nick Miccarelli 24,291 100.0
163 Republican Nick Micozzie Re-elected Republican Nick Micozzie 14,003 50.6
Democratic Sheamus Bonner 13,649 49.4
164 Democratic Margo Davidson Re-elected Democratic Margo Davidson 16,886 66.9
Republican Earl Toole 8,339 33.1
165 Republican Bill Adolph Re-elected Republican Bill Adolph 118,754 63.4
Democratic Jeremy Fearn 10,813 36.6
166 Democratic Greg Vitali Re-elected Democratic Greg Vitali 20,637 63.1
Republican Bill Toal 12,077 36.9
167 Republican Duane Milne Re-elected Republican Duane Milne 20,690 58.6
Democratic Rob Broderick 14,627 41.4
168 Republican Tom Killion Re-elected Republican Tom Killion 19,424 57.8
Democratic Beth Alois 14,174 42.2
169 Democratic Ed Neilson Re-elected Democratic Ed Neilson 15,379 65.3
Republican David Kralle 8,189 34.8
170 Democratic Brendan Boyle Re-elected Democratic Brendan Boyle 17,927 100.0
171 Republican Kerry Benninghoff Re-elected Republican Kerry Benninghoff 20,118 65.2
Democratic Chris Lee 10,735 34.8
172 Democratic Kevin Boyle Re-elected Democratic Kevin Boyle 16,226 68.0
Republican Al Taubenberger 7,642 32.0
173 Democratic Mike McGeehan Re-elected Democratic Mike McGeehan 15,361 100.0
174 Democratic John Sabatina Re-elected Democratic John Sabatina 17,366 100.0
175 Democratic Mike O'Brien Re-elected Democratic Mike O'Brien 23,446 100.0
176 Republican Mario Scavello Re-elected Republican Mario Scavello 12,715 55.0
Democratic Maureen Madden 10,407 45.0
177 Republican John Taylor Re-elected Republican John Taylor 11,933 56.9
Democratic Will Dunbar 9,030 43.1
178 Republican Scott Petri Re-elected Republican Scott Petri 24,789 100.0
179 Democratic Tony Payton Removed from ballot Democratic James Clay 18,328 100.0
180 Democratic Angel Cruz Re-elected Democratic Angel Cruz 16,174 100.0
181 Democratic Curtis Thomas Re-elected Democratic Curtis Thomas 23,831 100.0
182 Democratic Babette Josephs Retired Democratic Brian Sims 26,618 100.0
183 Republican Julie Harhart Re-elected Republican Julie Harhart 20,913 100.0
184 Democratic Bill Keller Re-elected Democratic Bill Keller 18,401 100.0
185 Democratic Maria Donatucci Re-elected Democratic Maria Donatucci 21,544 100.0
186 Democratic Harold James Retired Democratic Jordan Harris 25,529 100.0
187 Republican Gary Day Re-elected Republican Gary Day 18,693 63.1
Democratic Joe Haas 10,927 36.9
188 Democratic Jim Roebuck Re-elected Democratic Jim Roebuck 21,620 93.9
Republican Ernest Adkins 1,406 6.1
189 Republican Rosemary Brown Re-elected Republican Rosemary Brown 14,284 55.5
Democratic Elizabeth Forrest 11,473 44.5
190 Democratic Vanessa Brown Re-elected Democratic Vanessa Brown 26,760 100.0
191 Democratic Ronald Waters Re-elected Democratic Ronald Waters 24,867 100.0
192 Democratic Louise Bishop Re-elected Democratic Louise Bishop 26,782 100.0
193 Republican Will Tallman Re-elected Republican Will Tallman 18,679 70.8
Democratic Anthony McNevin 7,689 29.2
194 Democratic Pamela DeLissio Re-elected Democratic Pamela DeLissio 19,743 76.6
Republican Linda Wolfe Bateman 6,017 23.4
195 Democratic Michelle Brownlee Re-elected Democratic Michelle Brownlee 25,937 100.0
196 Republican Seth Grove Re-elected Republican Seth Grove 25,959 100.0
197 Democratic Gary Williams Retired Democratic J. P. Miranda 24,719 95.6
Republican Steve Crum 1,141 4.4
198 Democratic Rosita Youngblood Re-elected Democratic Rosita Youngblood 25,394 100.0
199 Republican Stephen Bloom Re-elected Republican Stephen Bloom 21,415 100.0
200 Democratic Cherelle Parker Re-elected Democratic Cherelle Parker 28,893 100.0
201 Democratic John Myers Retired Democratic Stephen Kinsey 25,307 100.0
202 Democratic Mark Cohen Re-elected Democratic Mark Cohen 21,101 100.0
203 Democratic Dwight Evans Re-elected Democratic Dwight Evans 26,109 100.0

Source: Pennsylvania Department of State[1]

gollark: The guide should really suggest hand-mining cryptocurrencies.
gollark: Like cuckoo cycle.
gollark: I think some might use different proof of work algorithms which run similarly on CPU/GPU and don't have ASICs.
gollark: ~~burn Go~~
gollark: ~~use Rust~~

References
  1. "2012 General Election - Representative in the General Assembly". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  2. "2012 General Primary - Representative in the General Assembly". Pennsylvania Department of State. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  3. "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1968, Article II". Duquesne University. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
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