1856 United States presidential election

The 1856 United States presidential election was the 18th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1856. In a three-way election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican nominee John C. Frémont and American Party nominee Millard Fillmore.

For related races, see 1856 United States elections.

1856 United States presidential election
November 4, 1856
296 members of the Electoral College
149 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout78.9%[1] 9.3 pp
 
Nominee James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore
Party Democratic Republican Know Nothing
Home state Pennsylvania California New York
Running mate John C. Breckinridge William L. Dayton Andrew J. Donelson
Electoral vote 174 114 8
States carried 19 11 1
Popular vote 1,836,072 1,342,345 873,053
Percentage 45.3% 33.1% 21.5%
1856 United States presidential election in California1856 United States presidential election in Texas1856 United States presidential election in Iowa1856 United States presidential election in Missouri1856 United States presidential election in Arkansas1856 United States presidential election in Louisiana1856 United States presidential election in Wisconsin1856 United States presidential election in Illinois1856 United States presidential election in Michigan1856 United States presidential election in Indiana1856 United States presidential election in Ohio1856 United States presidential election in Kentucky1856 United States presidential election in Tennessee1856 United States presidential election in Mississippi1856 United States presidential election in Alabama1856 United States presidential election in Georgia1856 United States presidential election in Florida1856 United States presidential election in South Carolina1856 United States presidential election in North Carolina1856 United States presidential election in Maryland1856 United States presidential election in Delaware1856 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania1856 United States presidential election in New Jersey1856 United States presidential election in New York1856 United States presidential election in Connecticut1856 United States presidential election in Rhode Island1856 United States presidential election in Maryland1856 United States presidential election in Vermont1856 United States presidential election in New Hampshire1856 United States presidential election in Maine1856 United States presidential election in Massachusetts1856 United States presidential election in Maryland1856 United States presidential election in Delaware1856 United States presidential election in New Jersey1856 United States presidential election in Connecticut1856 United States presidential election in Rhode Island1856 United States presidential election in Massachusetts1856 United States presidential election in Vermont1856 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Buchanan/Breckinridge, red by Frémont/Dayton, and lilac by Fillmore/Donelson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state.
President before election

Franklin Pierce
Democratic

 Elected President

James Buchanan
Democratic

This was the only time in U.S. history in which a political party denied renomination to the incumbent President and won. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin Pierce was widely unpopular due to the ongoing civil war in Kansas Territory, and Buchanan defeated Pierce at the 1856 Democratic National Convention. Buchanan, a former Secretary of State, had avoided the divisive debates over the Kansas–Nebraska Act by virtue of his service as the Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Slavery, though not its abolition, was the main issue. The nascent Republican party, opposed to the extension of slavery, and the nativist Know Nothings (known formally as the American Party) competed to replace the moribund Whig Party as the primary opposition to the Democrats. The 1856 Republican National Convention nominated a ticket led by Frémont, an explorer and military officer who had served in the Mexican–American War. The Know Nothings, who ignored slavery and instead emphasized anti-immigration and anti-Catholic policies, nominated a ticket led by former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Severe domestic political turmoil at the time of the election was clearly represented by the nominations of Buchanan and Fillmore, who appealed in part because of their recent time abroad and the ability to avoid social issues.

The Democrats endorsed popular sovereignty as the method to determine slavery's legality for newly admitted states. Frémont decried the expansion of slavery, while Buchanan warned that the Republicans were extremists whose victory would lead to civil war. The Know Nothings attempted to present themselves as the one party capable of bridging the sectional divides. All three major parties found support in the North, but the Republicans had virtually no backing in the South.

Buchanan won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, taking all but one slave state and five free states. His popular vote margin of 12.2% was the greatest margin between 1836 and 1904. However, the election was far closer than it appeared: if Fillmore had won any two of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Louisiana (or all three) and Frémont had won Illinois—a total shift of fewer than 25,000 votes—a contingent election would have been required in the House of Representatives, controlled by a new coalition of inchoate parties united in opposing the Democrats.

Frémont won a majority of electoral votes from free states and finished second in the nationwide popular vote, while Fillmore took 21.5% of the popular vote and carried Maryland. The Know Nothings soon collapsed as a national party, as most of its anti-slavery members joined the Republican Party after the 1857 Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford. 1856 also proved to be the last Democratic presidential victory until 1884, as Republicans emerged as the dominant party during and after the Civil War.

Nominations

The 1856 presidential election was primarily waged among three political parties, though other parties had been active in the spring of the year. The conventions of these parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.

Democratic Party nomination
Main article: 1856 Democratic National Convention
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party Ticket, 1856
James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge
for President for Vice President
Former U.S. Minister to Great Britain
(1853–1856)		 Former U.S. Representative
for Kentucky's 8th
(1851–1855)
Campaign

Democratic candidates:

Buchanan/Breckinridge campaign poster

The Democratic Party was wounded from its devastating losses in the 1854–1855 midterm elections. U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who had sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, entered the race in opposition to President Franklin Pierce. The Pennsylvania delegation continued to sponsor its favorite son, James Buchanan.

The Seventh Democratic National Convention was held in Smith and Nixon's Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 2 to 6, 1856. The delegates were deeply divided over slavery. On the first ballot, Buchanan placed first with 135.5 votes to 122.5 for Pierce, 33 for Douglas, and 5 for Senator Lewis Cass, who had been the nominee in 1848. With each succeeding ballot, Douglas gained at Pierce's expense. On the 15th ballot, most of Pierce's delegates shifted to Douglas in an attempt to stop Buchanan, but Douglas withdrew when it became clear Buchanan had the support of the majority of those at the convention, also fearing that his continued participation might lead to divisions within the party that could endanger its chances in the general election. For the first time in American history a man who had been elected president was denied re-nomination after seeking it.

A host of candidates were nominated for the vice presidency, but a number of them attempted to withdraw themselves from consideration, among them the eventual nominee, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Breckinridge, besides having been selected as an elector, was also supporting former Speaker of the House Linn Boyd for the nomination. However, following a draft effort led by the delegation from Vermont, Breckinridge was nominated on the second ballot.

Republican Party nomination
Main article: 1856 Republican National Convention
Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party Ticket, 1856
John C. Frémont William L. Dayton
for President for Vice President
Former U.S. Senator from California
(1850–1851)		 Former U.S. Senator from New Jersey
(1842–1851)
Campaign

Republican candidates:

Fremont/Dayton campaign poster

The Republican Party was formed in early 1854 to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act. During the midterm elections of 1854–1855, the Republican Party was one of the patchwork of anti-administration parties contesting the election, but they were able to win thirteen seats in the House of Representatives for the 34th Congress. However, the party collaborated with other disaffected groups and gradually absorbed them. In the elections of 1855, the Republican Party won three governorships.

The first Republican National Convention was held in the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17 to 19, 1856. The convention approved an anti-slavery platform that called for congressional sovereignty in the territories, an end to polygamy in Mormon settlements, and federal assistance for a transcontinental railroad—a political outcome of the Pacific Railroad Surveys. John C. Frémont, John McLean, William Seward, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner all were considered by those at the convention, but the latter three requested that their names be withdrawn; Seward and Chase did not feel that the party was yet sufficiently organized to have a realistic chance of taking the White House and were content to wait until the next election, while Sumner, even had he been interested, was in no fit condition to run after being violently assaulted on the Senate floor a month before the convention. McLean's name was initially withdrawn by his manager Rufus Spalding, but the withdrawal was rescinded at the strong behest of the Pennsylvania delegation led by Thaddeus Stevens.[2] Frémont was nominated for president overwhelmingly on the formal ballot, and William L. Dayton was nominated for vice-president over Abraham Lincoln.

American (Know-Nothing) Party nomination
Main article: 1856 American National Convention
American Party Ticket, 1856
Millard Fillmore Andrew J. Donelson
for President for Vice President
13th
President of the United States
(1850–1853)		 2nd
U.S. Envoy to Prussia
(1846–1849)
Campaign

American Party candidates:

1856 Know-Nothing campaign poster

The American Party, formerly the Native American Party, was the vehicle of the Know Nothing movement. The American Party absorbed most of the former Whig Party that had not gone to either the Republicans or Democrats in 1854, and by 1855 it had established itself as the chief opposition party to the Democrats. In the 82 races for the House of Representatives in 1854, the American Party ran 76 candidates, 35 of whom won. None of the six independents or Whigs who ran in these races were elected. The party then succeeded in electing Nathaniel P. Banks as Speaker of the House in the 34th Congress.

The American National Convention was held in National Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 22 to 25, 1856. Following the decision by party leaders in 1855 not to press the slavery issue, the convention had to decide how to deal with the Ohio chapter of the party, which was vocally anti-slavery. The convention closed the Ohio chapter and re-opened it under more moderate leadership. Delegates from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, New England, and other northern states bolted when a resolution that would have required all prospective nominees to be in favor of prohibiting slavery north of the 36'30' parallel was voted down.[3] This removed a greater part of the American Party's support in the North outside of New York, where the conservative faction of the Whig Party remained faithful.[4]

The only name with much support was former President Millard Fillmore. Historian Allan Nevins says Fillmore was not a Know-Nothing or a nativist. He was out of the country when the nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Furthermore, Fillmore was neither a member of the party nor had he ever attended an American [Know-Nothing] gathering nor had he by "spoken or written word [...] indicated a subscription to American tenets".[5] Fillmore was nominated with 179 votes out of the 234 votes cast. The convention chose Andrew Jackson Donelson of Tennessee for vice-president with 181 votes to 30 scattered votes and 24 abstentions. Although the nativist argument of the American party had considerable success in local and state elections in 1854–55, candidate Fillmore in 1856 concentrated almost entirely on national unity. Historian Tyler Anbinder says, "The American party had dropped nativism from its agenda." Fillmore won 22% of the national popular vote.[6]

Convention vote
Presidential ballots Informal 1 Formal 2 Vice presidential ballot
Millard Fillmore 139 179 Andrew Jackson Donelson 181
George Law 27 35 Scattering 18
Garrett Davis 18 8 Henry J. Gardner 12
Kenneth Rayner 14 2
John McLean 13 1
Robert F. Stockton 8 2
Sam Houston 6 4
John Bell 5 2
Erastus Brooks 2 1
Lewis D. Campbell 1 0
John Middleton Clayton 1 0

North American Party nomination

North American Party candidates:

An anti-slavery map printed during the Presidential election campaign of 1856 by the John C. Fremont Campaign.

The anti-slavery "Americans" from the North formed their own party after the nomination of Fillmore in Philadelphia. This party called for its national convention to be held in New York, New York, just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The national convention was held on June 12 to 20, 1856 in New York. As John C. Frémont was the favorite to attain the Republican nomination there was a considerable desire for the North American party to nominate him, but it was feared that in doing so they may possibly injure his chances to actually become the Republican nominee. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result. Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Frémont and John McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race and endorse John C. Frémont once he had won the Republican nomination. The delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Frémont on the eleventh ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, had been nominated to run for vice-president, but later withdrew when the North Americans and the Republicans failed to find an acceptable accommodation between him and the Republican nominee, William Dayton.[7]

Convention vote
Presidential ballots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Vice presidential ballot
Nathaniel P. Banks 43 48 46 47 46 45 51 50 50 53 0 William F. Johnston 59
John C. Frémont 34 36 37 37 31 29 29 27 28 18 92 Thomas Ford 16
John McLean 19 10 2 29 33 40 41 40 30 24 0 John C. Frémont 12
Robert F. Stockton 14 20 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scattering 21
William F. Johnston 6 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Scattering 5 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0

North American Seceders Party nomination

North American Seceders Party candidates:

A group of North American delegates called the North American Seceders withdrew from the North American Party's convention and met separately. They objected to the attempt to work with the Republican Party. The Seceders held their own national convention on June 16 and 17, 1856. 19 delegates unanimously nominated Robert F. Stockton for president and Kenneth Rayner for vice-president. The Seceders' ticket later withdrew from the contest, with Stockton endorsing Millard Fillmore for the presidency.[8]

Whig Party nomination
Main article: 1856 Whig National Convention

The Whig Party was reeling from electoral losses since 1852. Half of its leaders in the South bolted to the Southern Democratic Party. In the North the Whig Party was moribund with most of its anti-slavery members joining the Republican Party. This party remained somewhat alive in states like New York and Pennsylvania by joining the anti-slavery movement.

The fifth (and last) Whig National Convention was held in the Hall of the Maryland Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 17 and 18, 1856. There were one hundred and fifty delegates sent from twenty-six states. Though the leaders of this party wanted to keep the Whig Party alive, it became irretrievably doomed once these one hundred and fifty Whig delegates decided unanimously to endorse the American Party's national ticket of Fillmore and Donelson.

Liberty Party nomination

By 1856, very little of the Liberty Party remained. Most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly of all what remained of the party joined the Republicans in 1854. What remained of the party ran 1848 candidate Gerrit Smith under the name of the "National Liberty Party."

General election

Campaign
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Buchanan (Democratic), shades of red are for Frémont (Republican), and shades of yellow are for Fillmore (Know Nothing/Whig).
Caricature of Democratic Platform
Campaign ribbon

None of the three candidates did any public campaigning . The Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories: in fact, its slogan was "Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Frémont and victory!" The Republicans thus crusaded against the Slave Power, warning it was destroying republican values. Democrats warned that a Republican victory would bring a civil war.

The Republican platform opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise through the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which enacted the policy of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to decide whether a new state would enter the Union as free or slave. The Republicans also accused the Pierce administration of allowing a fraudulent territorial government to be imposed upon the citizens of the Kansas Territory, thus engendering the violence that had raged in Bleeding Kansas. They advocated the immediate admittance of Kansas as a free state.

Along with opposing the spread of slavery into the continental territories of the United States, the party also opposed the Ostend Manifesto, which advocated the annexation of Cuba from Spain. In sum, the campaign's true focus was against the system of slavery, which they felt was destroying the republican values that the Union had been founded upon.

The Democratic platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty. The party supported the pro-slavery territorial legislature elected in Kansas, opposed the free-state elements within Kansas, and castigated the Topeka Constitution as an illegal document written during an illegal convention. The Democrats also supported the plan to annex Cuba, advocated in the Ostend Manifesto, which Buchanan helped devise while serving as minister to Britain. The most influential aspect of the Democratic campaign was a warning that a Republican victory would lead to the secession of numerous southern states. The main Democratic campaign was a counter-crusade against the Republicans. They ridiculed Frémont's military record and warned that his victory would bring civil war. Much of the private rhetoric of the campaign focused on unfounded rumors regarding Frémont—talk of him as president taking charge of a large army that would support slave insurrections, the likelihood of widespread lynchings of slaves, and whispered hope among slaves for freedom and political equality.[9][10]

Because Fillmore was considered by many incapable of securing the presidency on the American ticket, Whigs were urged to support Buchanan. Democrats also called on nativists to make common cause with them against the specter of sectionalism even if they had once attacked their political views.

Fillmore and the Americans, meanwhile, insisted that they were the only "national party" since the Democrats leaning in favor of the South and the Republicans were fanatically in favor of the North and abolition.[11]

A minor scandal erupted when the Americans, seeking to turn the national dialogue back in the direction of nativism, put out a rumor that Frémont was in fact a Roman Catholic. Because of the Republican candidate's French-Canadian ancestry and surname, many voters accepted the allegation at face value. The Democrats ran with it, and the Republicans found themselves unable to counteract the rumor effectively given that while the statements were false, any stern message against those assertions might have crippled their efforts to attain the votes of German Catholics. Attempts were made to refute it through friends and colleagues, but the issue persisted throughout the campaign and might have cost Frémont the support of a number of American Party members.[11]

The campaign had a different nature in the free states and the slave states. In the free states, there was a three-way campaign, which Frémont won with 45.2% of the vote to 41.5% for Buchanan and 13.3% for Fillmore; Frémont received 114 electoral votes to 62 for Buchanan. In the slave states, however, the contest was for all intents and purposes between Buchanan and Fillmore; Buchanan won 56.1% of the vote to 43.8% for Fillmore and 0.1% for Frémont, receiving 112 electoral votes to 8 for Fillmore.

Nationwide, Buchanan won 174 electoral votes, a majority, and was thus elected. Frémont received no votes in ten of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote; he obtained 306 in Delaware, 285 in Maryland, 283 in Virginia, and 314 in Kentucky.

Of the 1,713 counties making returns, Buchanan won 1,083 (63.22%), Frémont won 366 (21.37%), and Fillmore won 263 (15.35%). One county (0.06%) in Georgia split evenly between Buchanan and Fillmore.

This would be the final presidential election where the Know Nothing Party put up a campaign, as the party began to splinter. After the Supreme Court's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the party joined the Republicans. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 1860 election, they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members either joined or supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.

This was the last election in which the Democrats won Pennsylvania until 1936, the last in which the Democrats won Illinois until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won California until 1880, the last in which the Democrats won Indiana and Virginia until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won Tennessee until 1872. This also started the long Republican trend in Vermont, which wouldn't be broken until 1964, over a century later. The presidential election of 1856 was also the last time to date (2020) that a Democrat was elected to succeed a fellow Democrat as president,[12] and the last one in which a former president ran for election to the presidency on a third party ticket until 1912, when Theodore Roosevelt ran on the Progressive Party ticket.

Results
Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote(a) Electoral
vote		 Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
James Buchanan Democratic Pennsylvania 1,836,072 45.28% 174 John C. Breckinridge Kentucky 174
John C. Frémont Republican California 1,342,345 33.11% 114 William L. Dayton New Jersey 114
Millard Fillmore American New York 873,053 21.53% 8 Andrew Jackson Donelson Tennessee 8
Other 3,177 0.08% — Other —
Total 4,054,647 100% 296 296
Needed to win 149 149

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1856 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.

Popular vote
Buchanan
 
 45.28%
Frémont
 
 33.11%
Fillmore
 
 21.53%
Others
 
 0.08%
Electoral vote
Buchanan
 
 58.78%
Frémont
 
 38.51%
Fillmore
 
 2.70%

Geography of results
  • Map of presidential election results by county
  • Map of Northern Democratic presidential election results by county
  • Map of Republican presidential election results by county
  • Map of American "Know-Nothing" presidential election results by county
  • Map of "Other" presidential election results by county
  • Cartogram of presidential election results by county
  • Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
  • Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
  • Cartogram of American presidential election results by county
  • Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by county

Results by state

Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.

James Buchanan
Democratic		 John C. Fremont
Republican		 Millard Fillmore
American		 Margin State Total
State electoral
votes		 # % electoral
votes		 # % electoral
votes		 # % electoral
votes		 # % #
Alabama 9 0001361846,739 62.08 9 no ballots 0004866928,552 37.92 - 18,187 24.16 75,291 AL
Arkansas 4 21,910 67.12 4 no ballots 10,732 32.88 - 11,178 34.24 32,642 AR
California 4 53,342 48.38 4 20,704 18.78 - 36,195 32.83 - 17,147 15.55 110,255 CA
Connecticut 6 34,997 43.57 - 42,717 53.18 6 2,615 3.26 - -7,720 -9.61 80,329 CT
Delaware 3 8,004 54.83 3 310 2.12 - 6,275 42.99 - 1,729 11.84 14,589 DE
Florida 3 6,358 56.81 3 no ballots 4,833 43.19 - 1,525 13.62 11,191 FL
Georgia 10 56,581 57.14 10 no ballots 42,439 42.86 - 14,142 14.28 99,020 GA
Illinois 11 105,528 44.09 11 96,275 40.23 - 37,531 15.68 - 9,253 3.86 239,334 IL
Indiana 13 118,670 50.41 13 94,375 40.09 - 22,386 9.51 - 24,295 10.32 235,431 IN
Iowa 4 37,568 40.70 - 45,073 48.83 4 9,669 10.47 - 7,505 -8.13 92,310 IA
Kentucky 12 74,642 52.54 12 no ballots 67,416 47.46 - 7,226 5.08 142,058 KY
Louisiana 6 22,164 51.70 6 no ballots 20,709 48.30 - 1,455 3.40 42,873 LA
Maine 8 39,140 35.68 - 67,279 61.34 8 3,270 2.98 - -28,139 -25.66 109,689 ME
Maryland 8 39,123 45.04 - 285 0.33 - 47,452 54.63 8 -8,329 -9.59 86,860 MD
Massachusetts 13 39,244 23.08 - 108,172 63.61 13 19,626 11.54 - -68,928 -40.53 170,048 MA
Michigan 6 52,139 41.52 - 71,762 57.15 6 1,660 1.32 - -19,623 -15.63 125,561 MI
Mississippi 7 35,456 59.44 7 no ballots 24,191 40.56 - 11,265 18.88 59,647 MS
Missouri 9 57,964 54.43 9 no ballots 48,522 45.57 - 9,442 8.86 106,486 MO
New Hampshire 5 31,891 45.71 - 37,473 53.71 5 410 0.59 - -5,582 -8.00 69,774 NH
New Jersey 7 46,943 47.23 7 28,338 28.51 - 24,115 24.26 - 22,828 18.72 99,396 NJ
New York 35 195,878 32.84 - 276,004 46.27 35 124,604 20.89 - -80,126 -13.43 596,486 NY
North Carolina 10 48,243 56.78 10 no ballots 36,720 43.22 - 11,523 13.56 84,963 NC
Ohio 23 170,874 44.21 - 187,497 48.51 23 28,126 7.28 - -16,623 -4.30 386,497 OH
Pennsylvania 27 230,686 50.13 27 147,286 32.01 - 82,189 17.86 - 83,400 18.12 460,161 PA
Rhode Island 4 6,680 33.70 - 11,467 57.85 4 1,675 8.45 - -4,787 -24.15 19,822 RI
South Carolina 8 no popular vote 8 no popular vote no popular vote - - - SC
Tennessee 12 69,704 52.18 12 no ballots 63,878 47.82 - 5,826 4.36 133,582 TN
Texas 4 31,169 66.59 4 no ballots 15,639 33.41 - 15,530 33.18 46,808 TX
Vermont 5 10,577 20.84 - 39,561 77.96 5 545 1.07 - -28,984 -57.12 50,748 VT
Virginia 15 90,083 59.96 15 no ballots 60,150 40.04 - 29,933 19.92 150,223 VA
Wisconsin 5 52,843 44.22 - 66,090 55.30 5 579 0.48 - -13,247 -11.08 119,512 WI
TOTALS: 296 1,835,140 45.29 174 1,340,668 33.09 114 872,703 21.54 8 494,472 12.2 4,051,605 US
TO WIN: 149
gollark: I'm pretty sure it requires more memory due to keeping separate copies of lots of filesystem contents.
gollark: 4 (four) gigabytes.
gollark: I have too little RAM and disk space to dockerize much. Also, it displeases me.
gollark: I feel like they could store it as not YAML.
gollark: https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell/issues/2674

See also

References
  1. "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
  2. Eugene H. Roseboom. A History of Presidential Elections. p. 162.
  3. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. American Presidential Elections. p. 1020.
  4. Eugene H. Roseboom. A History of Presidential Elections. p. 159.
  5. Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (1947) 2:467
  6. Tyler Anbinder (1992). Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford UP. p. 226.
  7. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. American Presidential Elections. pp. 1022–1023.
  8. Eugene H. Roseboom. A History of Presidential Elections. p. 160.
  9. Douglas R. Egerton, "The Slaves’ Election: Frémont, Freedom, and the Slave Conspiracies of 1856." Civil War History 61#1 (2015): 35-63.
  10. Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (1947) pp. 496–502
  11. Eugene H. Roseboom. A History of Presidential Elections. p. 166.
  12. https://www.thoughtco.com/two-consecutive-democratic-presidents-3368109

Further reading

Primary sources
  • Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
  • Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
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