Unreal Engine

The Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games, first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter game Unreal. Although initially developed for first-person shooters, it has been successfully used in a variety of other genres, including platformers, fighting games, MMORPGs, and other RPGs. Written in C++, the Unreal Engine features a high degree of portability, supporting a wide range of platforms.

"Unreal technology" redirects here. For science or technology which is beyond reality, see science fiction.

Unreal Engine
Screenshot of Unreal Engine 4.20
Original author(s)Tim Sweeney
Developer(s)Epic Games
Stable release4.25 (May 5, 2020 (2020-05-05)) [±]
Written inC++
LicenseSource-available commercial software with royalty model for commercial use[1]
Alexa rank 2,808 (As of July 26, 2020)[2]
Websiteunrealengine.com
List of games

The latest release is Unreal Engine 4, which launched in 2014 under a subscription model. Since 2015, it can be downloaded for free, with its source code available on GitHub. Epic allows for its use in commercial products based on a royalty model, typically asking developers for 5% of revenues from sales, though with the success of Fortnite, which has become a testbed for Unreal Engine for Epic, Epic waives this fee for developers that publish their games through the Epic Games Store. On May 13th, 2020, Epic announced that their portion of royalties for games developed in Unreal Engine are waived until developers have earned their first US$1 million in revenue, retroactively applying to January 1st, 2020. Epic has announced Unreal Engine 5 to be released by late-2021.

History

First generation

The first-generation Unreal Engine was developed by Tim Sweeney, the founder of Epic Games.[3] Having created editing tools for the shareware games ZZT (1991) and Jill of the Jungle (1992),[4] Sweeney began writing the engine in 1995 for the production of a game that would later become a first-person shooter known as Unreal.[5][6] After years in development, it debuted with the game's release in 1998,[7] although MicroProse and Legend Entertainment had access to the technology much earlier, licensing it in 1996.[8] According to an interview, Sweeney "wrote 90 percent of the code in the engine."[3] As with ZZT, he used the IBM Model M keyboard while programming.[9]

A screenshot of the first version of UnrealEd, displaying a user interface written in Visual Basic.[8]

Among its features were collision detection, colored lighting, and a limited form of texture filtering.[10] The engine also integrated a level editor, UnrealEd,[11] that had support for real-time constructive solid geometry operations as early as 1996, allowing mappers to change the level layout on the fly.[12][13] Even though Unreal was designed to compete with id Software, developers of Doom and Quake, John Carmack complimented the game for the use of 16-bit color while remarking its implementation of ambient effects such as volumetric fog. "I doubt any important game will be designed with 8-bit color in mind from now on. Unreal has done an important thing in pushing toward direct color, and this gives the artists a lot more freedom," he said in an article written by Geoff Keighley for GameSpot.[6] "Light blooms [the spheres of light], fog volumes, and composite skies were steps I was planning on taking, but Epic got there first with Unreal," he said, adding: "The Unreal engine has raised the bar on what action gamers expect from future products. The visual effects first seen in the game will become expected from future games."[6] Another notable feature was the introduction of real-time direct illumination in 1995.[14]

At first, the engine relied completely on software rendering, meaning the graphics calculations were handled by the CPU.[15] However, over time, it was able to take advantage of the capabilities provided by graphics cards, focusing on the Glide API, specially designed for 3dfx accelerators.[13][10] While supported, OpenGL and Direct3D reported a slower performance compared to Glide due to their deficiency in texture management.[16][17] According to Sweeney, the hardest part of the engine to program was the renderer as he had to rewrite it several times during development, though he found less "glamorous" the infrastructure connecting all the subsystems.[18] With regard to audio, Epic employed the Galaxy Sound System, a software programmed in assembly language that integrated both EAX and Aureal technologies, and allowed the use of tracker music, which gave level designers flexibility in how the soundtrack was played at a specific point.[19][20][21]

Unreal was noted for its technical innovations, but Sweeney recognized in an interview with Eurogamer that many aspects of the game were unpolished, citing complaints about its high system requirements and online gameplay issues.[22] The development of Unreal Tournament enabled Epic to address these points, incorporating several enhancements in the engine intended to optimize performance on low-end machines and improve the networking code, while refining the artificial intelligence for bots to display coordination in team-based environments.[23] In addition to being available on Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac and Unix,[24] the engine was ported through Unreal Tournament to the PlayStation 2 and, with the help of Secret Level, to the Dreamcast.[25][26]

By late 1999, The New York Times indicated that there had been sixteen external projects using Epic's technology, including Deus Ex, The Wheel of Time, and Duke Nukem Forever,[24] the latter of which was originally based on the Quake II engine.[27] Unlike id Software, whose engine business only offered the source code, Epic provided support for licensees and met with them to discuss improvements to its game development system.[8][28] While it cost around $3 million to produce and licenses for up to $350,000,[24] Epic gave players the ability to modify its games with the incorporation of UnrealEd and a scripting language called UnrealScript, sparking a community of enthusiasts around a game engine built to be extensible over multiple generations of games.[29][30][31][32]

The big goal with the Unreal technology all long was to build up a base of code that could be extended and improved through many generations of games. Meeting that goal required keeping the technology quite general-purpose, writing clean code, and designing the engine to be very extensible. The early plans to design an extensible multi-generational engine happened to give us a great advantage in licensing the technology as it reached completion. After we did a couple of licensing deals, we realised it was a legitimate business. Since then, it has become a major component of our strategy.

— Sweeney, Maximum PC, 1998[32]

Unreal Engine 2
Killing Floor was built in Unreal Engine 2.

In October 1998, IGN reported, based on an interview with affiliate Voodoo Extreme, that Sweeney was doing research for his next-generation engine.[33] With development starting a year later,[24] the second version made its debut in 2002 with America's Army, a free multiplayer shooter developed by the U.S. Army as a recruitment device.[34][35] Soon after, Epic would release Unreal Championship on the Xbox, with it being one of the first games to utilize Microsoft's Xbox Live.[31]

Though based on its predecessor, this generation saw a notable advance in rendering terms as well as new improvements to the tool set.[36] Capable of running levels nearly 100 times more detailed than those found in Unreal, the engine integrated a variety of features, including a cinematic editing tool, particle systems, export plug-ins for 3D Studio Max and Maya, and a skeletal animation system first showcased in the PlayStation 2 version of Unreal Tournament.[37][38] Additionally, the user interface for UnrealEd was rewritten in C++ using the wxWidgets toolkit, which Sweeney said was the "best thing available" at the time.[8]

Physical simulations, such as ragdoll player collisions and arbitrary rigid body dynamics, were powered by the Karma physics engine.[38][31] With Unreal Tournament 2004, vehicle-based gameplay was successfully implemented, enabling large-scale combat.[31][39] While Unreal Tournament 2003 had support for vehicle physics through the Karma engine, as demonstrated by a testmap with a "hastily-constructed vehicle", it wasn't until Psyonix created a modification out of Epic's base code that the game received fully coded vehicles. Impressed by their efforts, Epic decided to include it in its successor as a new game mode under the name of Onslaught by hiring Psyonix as a contractor.[38][40][41] Psyonix would later develop Rocket League before being acquired by Epic in 2019.[42]

A specialized version of UE2 called UE2X was designed for Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict on the original Xbox platform, featuring optimizations specific to that console.[43] In March 2011, Ubisoft Montreal revealed that UE2 was successfully running on the Nintendo 3DS via Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D.[44]

Unreal Engine 3

Screenshots of Unreal Engine 3 were presented in 2004, at which point the engine had already been in development for over 18 months.[45] The engine was based on the first-generation, but contained new features. "The basic architectural decisions visible to programmers of an object-oriented design, a data-driven scripting approach, and a fairly modular approach to subsystems still remain [from Unreal Engine 1]. But the parts of the game that are really visible to gamers –the renderer, the physics system, the sound system, and the tools– are all visibly new and dramatically more powerful," said Sweeney.[46] Unlike Unreal Engine 2, which still supported a fixed-function pipeline, Unreal Engine 3 was designed to take advantage of fully programmable shader hardware.[46] All lighting and shadowing calculations were done per-pixel, instead of per-vertex. On the rendering side, Unreal Engine 3 provided support for a gamma-correct high-dynamic range renderer.[46] The first games released using Unreal Engine 3 were Gears of War for Xbox 360, and RoboBlitz for Windows, which were both released on November 7, 2006.[47]

Screenshot of the Samaritan demo

Initially, Unreal Engine 3 only supported Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 platforms, while iOS (first demonstrated with Epic Citadel) and Android were added later in 2010, with Infinity Blade being the first iOS title and Dungeon Defenders the first Android title.[48][49] In 2011, it was announced that the engine would support Adobe Flash Player 11 through the Stage 3D hardware-accelerated APIs and that it was being used in two Wii U games, Batman: Arkham City and Aliens: Colonial Marines.[50][51] In 2013, Epic teamed-up with Mozilla to bring Unreal Engine 3 to the web; using the asm.js sublanguage and Emscripten compiler, they were able to port the engine in four days.[52]

Throughout the lifetime of UE3, significant updates were incorporated,[53] including improved destructible environments, soft body dynamics, large crowd simulation, iOS functionality,[54] Steamworks integration,[55] a real-time global illumination solution,[56][57] and stereoscopic 3D on Xbox 360 via TriOviz for Games Technology.[58][59][60] DirectX 11 support was demonstrated with the Samaritan demo, which was unveiled at the 2011 Game Developers Conference and built by Epic Games in a close partnership with NVIDIA, with engineers working around the country to push real-time graphics to a new high point.[61][62][63]

Unreal Development Kit

While Unreal Engine 3 was quite open for modders to work with, the ability to publish and sell games meant using UE3 was restricted to licensees of the engine. However, in November 2009, Epic released a free version of UE3's SDK, called the Unreal Development Kit (UDK), that is available to the general public.[64]

In December 2010, the kit was updated to include support for creating iOS games and apps.[65] OS X compatibility followed in the September 2011 release.[66]

Unreal Engine 4

Development on Unreal Engine 4 began in 2003, according to Mark Rein, the vice-president of Epic Games.[67] In early 2008, Sweeney revealed in an interview that he was basically the only person working on the engine, although he stated the research and development team would expand over time, designing the engine in parallel with the efforts by the UE3 team.[68] In February 2012, Rein said "people are going to be shocked later this year when they see Unreal Engine 4";[69] Epic unveiled UE4 to limited attendees at the 2012 Game Developers Conference,[70] and a video of the engine being demonstrated by technical artist Alan Willard was released to the public on June 7, 2012, via GameTrailers TV.[71]

One of the major features planned for UE4 was real-time global illumination using voxel cone tracing, eliminating pre-computed lighting.[14] However, this feature, called Sparse Voxel Octree Global Illumination (SVOGI), has been replaced with a similar but less computationally expensive algorithm due to performance concerns.[72] UE4 also includes the new "Blueprints" visual scripting system (a successor to UE3's "Kismet"[73]), which allows for rapid development of game logic without using code, resulting in less of a divide between technical artists, designers, and programmers.[74][75]

I could say: 'I'm going to convert this pillar into a blueprint [in the Engine] and add some sort of trap to it.' It means I can really go in and start enhancing my world with interaction that just would not have been possible without a technical artist, a designer and a programmer and now any one of those three can do all of it, provided they have the assets handy. The fact that I can just go in and say, 'If you're within X distance of this thing, start to glow and take my distance to it, normalize it zero to one and then just lerp [oscillate] between two different brightness values, so as I reach for something it gets hot'...that would have been something do-able but very difficult for anybody except a gameplay programmer. And he wouldn't have known how to set up the assets, but now any one of the three could do it.

— Willard, Kotaku, 2012[75]

On March 19, 2014, at the Game Developers Conference (GDC), Epic Games released Unreal Engine 4 through a new licensing model. For a monthly subscription at US$19, developers were given access to the full version of the engine, including the C++ source code, which could be downloaded via GitHub. Any released product was charged with a 5% royalty of gross revenues.[76] The first game released using Unreal Engine 4 was Daylight, developed with early access to the engine[77] and released on April 29, 2014.[78]

On September 4, 2014, Epic released Unreal Engine 4 to schools and universities for free, including personal copies for students enrolled in accredited video game development, computer science, art, architecture, simulation, and visualization programs.[79] On February 19, 2015, Epic launched Unreal Dev Grants, a $5 million development fund aiming to provide grants to creative projects using Unreal Engine 4.[80]

An Unreal Engine booth at GDC 2017

In March 2015, Epic released Unreal Engine 4, along with all future updates, for free for all users.[81][82] In exchange, Epic established a selective royalty schedule, asking for 5% of revenue for products that make more than $3,000 per quarter.[83] Sweeney stated that when they moved to the subscription model in 2014, use of Unreal grew by 10 times and through many smaller developers, and believed that they would draw even more uses through this new pricing scheme.[84]

In an attempt to attract Unreal Engine developers, Oculus VR announced in October 2016 that it will pay royalty fees for all Unreal-powered Oculus Rift titles published on their store for up to the first $5 million of gross revenue per game.[85]

To prepare for the release of its free-to-play battle royale mode in Fortnite in September 2017, Epic had to make a number of Unreal Engine modifications that helped it to handle a large number (up to 100) of connections to the same server while still retaining high bandwidth, and to improve the rendering of a large open in-game world. Epic said it would incorporate these changes into future updates of the Unreal Engine.[86]

With the opening of the Epic Games Store in December 2018, Epic will not charge the 5% revenue fee on games that use the Unreal Engine and released through the Epic Games Stores, absorbing that cost as part of the base 12% cut Epic is taking to cover other costs.[87]

Effective May 13, 2020, and retroactive to January 1, 2020, the royalty exemption amount is increased to $1,000,000 USD in lifetime gross revenue per title.[88]

Supported platforms

Unreal Engine 5
The cave system in the "Lumen in the Land of Nanite" Unreal Engine 5 demo was generated using real-world photogrammetry assets imported into the Nanite engine rather than detailed by hand.

Unreal Engine 5 was revealed on May 13, 2020 with expected launch in late-2021, supporting all existing systems including the next-generation consoles PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X. Work on the engine started about two years prior to its announcement.[103] Among its major features include Nanite, an engine that allows for high-detailed photographic source material to be imported into games.[104] The Nanite virtualized geometry technology allows Epic to take advantage of its past acquisition of Quixel, the world's largest photogrammetry library in 2019. The goal of Unreal Engine 5 was to make it as easy as possible for developers to create detailed game worlds without having to spend excessive time on creating new detailed assets, allowing the engine software to handle these factors.[103] Nanite can import nearly any other pre-existing three-dimension representation of objects and environments, including ZBrush and CAD models, allowing the use of film-quality assets.[105] Nanite automatically handles the levels of detail (LODs) of these imported objects appropriate to the target platform and draw distance, a task that an artist would have had to perform otherwise.[106] Lumen is another component described as a "fully dynamic global illumination solution that immediately reacts to scene and light changes".[106][104][107] Lumen eliminates the need for artists and developers to craft a lightmap for a given scene, but instead calculates light reflections and shadows on the fly, thus allowing for real-time behavior of light sources.[106] Additional components include Niagara for fluid and particle dynamics and Chaos for a physics engine.[103]

With potentially tens of billions of polygons present on a single screen at 4k resolution, Epic also developed the Unreal Engine 5 to take advantage of the upcoming high-speed storage solutions with the next-generation console hardware that will use a mix of RAM and custom solid-state drives.[106] Epic had worked closely with Sony in optimizing Unreal Engine 5 for the PlayStation 5, with Epic helping Sony with the console's storage architecture, which Sweeney said is "far ahead of anything you can buy on anything on PC for any amount of money right now."[108] To demonstrate the ease of creating a detailed world with minimal effort, the May 2020 reveal of the engine showcased a demo called "Lumen in the Land of Nanite" running on a PlayStation 5 that was built by mostly pulling assets from the Quixel library and using the Nanite, Lumen, and other Unreal Engine 5 components to create a seemingly-realistic cave setting that could be explored.[103][109] Epic affirmed that Unreal Engine 5 would be fully supported on the Xbox Series X as well, but had been focused on the PlayStation 5 during the announcement as a result of their work with Sony in the years prior.[110] Epic plans to use Fortnite as a testbed for Unreal Engine 5 to showcase what the engine can do to the industry, with the game expected to use the engine by mid-2021.[103][111] Ninja Theory's Senua's Saga: Hellblade II will also be one of the first games to use Unreal Engine 5.[112]

Unreal Engine 5 will retain the current royalty model, with developers returning 5% of gross revenues to Epic Games, though this fee is forgiven for those that release their games on the Epic Games Store. Further, Epic announced alongside Unreal Engine 5 that they will not take any fee from games using any version of Unreal Engine for the first US$1 million in gross revenue, retroactive to January 1, 2020.[113]

UnrealScript
UnrealScript
ParadigmObject-oriented, generic
DeveloperTim Sweeney
First appearedMay 1998 (May 1998)
Typing disciplineStatic, strong, safe
OSCross-platform (multi-platform)
Filename extensions.uc .uci .upkg
Websitedocs.unrealengine.com
Influenced by
C++, Java

UnrealScript (often abbreviated to UScript) was Unreal Engine's native scripting language used for authoring game code and gameplay events before the release of Unreal Engine 4. The language was designed for simple, high-level game programming.[114] The UnrealScript interpreter was programmed by Sweeney, who also created an earlier game scripting language, ZZT-oop.[13]

Similar to Java, UnrealScript was object-oriented without multiple inheritance (classes all inherit from a common Object class), and classes were defined in individual files named for the class they define. Unlike Java, UnrealScript did not have object wrappers for primitive types. Interfaces were only supported in Unreal Engine generation 3 and a few Unreal Engine 2 games. UnrealScript supported operator overloading, but not method overloading, except for optional parameters.

At the 2012 Game Developers Conference, Epic announced that UnrealScript was being removed from Unreal Engine 4 in favor of C++.[115] Visual scripting would be supported by the Blueprints Visual Scripting system, a replacement for the earlier Kismet visual scripting system.[5][73]

One of the key moments in Unreal Engine 4's development was, we had a series of debates about UnrealScript – the scripting language I'd built that we'd carried through three generations. And what we needed to do to make it competitive in the future. And we kept going through bigger and bigger feature lists of what we needed to do to upgrade it, and who could possibly do the work, and it was getting really, really unwieldy. And there was this massive meeting to try and sort it out, and try to cut things and decide what to keep, and plan and...there was this point where I looked at that and said 'you know, everything you're proposing to add to UnrealScript is already in C++. Why don't we just kill UnrealScript and move to pure C++? You know, maximum performance and maximum debuggability. It gives us all these advantages.'

— Sweeney, Gamasutra, 2017[116]

Marketplace

With Unreal Engine 4, Epic opened the Unreal Engine Marketplace in September 2014. The Marketplace is a digital storefront that allows content creators and developers to provide art assets, models, sounds, environments, code snippets, and other features that others could purchase, along with tutorials and other guides. Some content is provided for free by Epic, including previously offered Unreal assets and tutorials.[117] Prior to July 2018, Epic took a 30% share of the sales but due to the success of Unreal and Fortnite Battle Royale, Epic retroactively reduced its take to 12%.[118]

Use in film making

The Unreal Engine has found use in film making, such as in the production of television series like with The Mandalorian and Westworld. In these series, virtual sets can be created within Unreal, and then rendered to large LED projection screens and atmospheric lighting systems that track with a camera's motion around actors and objects. The overall appearance was recognized to appear more natural than typical chromakey effects, and allows for real-time composition of shots, immediate editing of the virtual sets as needed, and the ability to shoot multiple scenes within a short period by just changing the virtual world behind the actors.[119] Jon Favreau and Lucasarts' Industrial Light & Magic division had worked with Epic in developing their StageCraft technology for The Mandalorian, based on a similar approach Favreau had used in The Lion King.[120][121] Favreau shared this technology approach with Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, the producers for Westworld. The show had already looked at the use of virtual sets before and had some technology established, but integrated the use of Unreal Engine as with StageCraft for the third season of the show.[122]

Orca Studios, a Spanish-based company, has been working with Epic to establish multiple studios for virtual filming similar to the StageCraft approach with the Unreal Engine providing the virtual sets, particularly during the 2019–20 COVID-19 pandemic which had restricted travel.[123]

Awards
gollark: I can type fast enough that it isn't a problem.
gollark: You mean "dissociative identity disorder".
gollark: The power of yet!
gollark: YET.
gollark: I don't think lyricly realized that umnikos is my alt yet.

See also

References
  1. "Unreal Engine End User License Agreement". Unreal Engine. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
  2. "Unrealengine.com Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  3. Brightman, James (March 13, 2012). "An Epic Interview With Tim Sweeney". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  4. Edwards, Benj (May 25, 2009). "Features - From The Past To The Future: Tim Sweeney Talks". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  5. Nutt, Christian (March 21, 2014). "Epic's Tim Sweeney lays out the case for Unreal Engine 4". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  6. Keighley, Geoffrey. "Blinded By Reality: The True Story Behind the Creation of Unreal". GameSpot. Archived from the original on May 19, 2001. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  7. Horvath, Stu (May 17, 2012). "The Imagination Engine: Why Next-Gen Videogames Will Rock Your World". Wired. Condé Nast. 20 (6). Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  8. Lightbown, David (January 9, 2018). "Classic Tools Retrospective: Tim Sweeney on the first version of the Unreal Editor". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  9. Boudreau, Ian. "When it comes to keyboards, Tim Sweeney sticks with the classics". PCGamesN. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  10. Lily, Paul (July 21, 2009). "Doom to Dunia: A Visual History of 3D Game Engines". Maximum PC. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  11. Smith, Tom (July 16, 2013). "Unreal: Epic's would-be Doom... er... Quake killer". The Register. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  12. Wilson, Billy; O'Brien, Chris; Heir, Manveer; Howarth, Robert (May 25, 2000). "Talkin' nasty with Epic's Tim Sweeney". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on June 20, 2000. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  13. Thomsen, Mike (February 23, 2010). "History of the Unreal Engine". IGN. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  14. Burnes, Andre (June 7, 2012). "Epic Reveals Stunning Elemental Demo, & Tim Sweeney On Unreal Engine 4". NVIDIA. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  15. Sweeney, Tim (2005). "GPU Gems 2 – Foreword". Nvidia Developer. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  16. Wilson, Billy (October 23, 1998). "Talkin' nasty with Epic's code-p1mp, Tim Sweeney". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on May 1, 1999. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  17. O'Brien, Chris; Wilson, Billy (March 28, 2000). "Ask Sweeney, part 2". Voodoo Extreme. Archived from the original on August 15, 2000. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  18. "Next gen engines". Tolstiy's Place. Archived from the original on November 21, 2001. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  19. Brandon, Alexander (2004). Audio for Games: Planning, Process, and Production. New Riders. p. 70. ISBN 9780735714137.
  20. "Interview - Carlo Vogelsang on Lightning Quick 3D Audio with OpenAL". Creative Labs. June 30, 2003. Archived from the original on August 10, 2003. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  21. Brandon, Alexander (March 27, 1998). "Interactive Music: Merging Quality with Effectiveness". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  22. "Tim Sweeney of Epic Games". Eurogamer. October 28, 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  23. Kosak, Dave. "Beyond Unreal". GameSpy. Archived from the original on June 21, 2001. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  24. Herz, J.C. (December 2, 1999). "GAME THEORY; For Game Maker, There's Gold in the Code". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  25. IGN Staff (October 9, 2000). "Unreal Tournament". IGN. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  26. IGN Staff (December 8, 2000). "Interview With Dreamcast Unreal Tournament Team". IGN. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  27. Thompson, Clive (December 21, 2009). "Learn to Let Go: How Success Killed Duke Nukem". Wired. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  28. Lightbown, David (October 23, 2018). "Classic Tools Retrospective: The tools that built Deus Ex, with Chris Norden". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  29. Reinhart, Brandon. "Postmortem: Epic Games' Unreal Tournament". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  30. "History of Unreal - Part 1". beyondunreal.com. May 31, 2005. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2009. Probably the biggest draw to Unreal was the ability to mod it. Tim Sweeney (Founder of Epic) wrote a simple scripting engine into the game called UnrealScript.
  31. Busby, Jason; Parrish, Zak & Wilson, Jeff (July 21, 2009). Introduction to Unreal Technology. InformIT. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
  32. McDonald, T. Liam. "Game Theory". Maximum PC. Vol. 3 no. November 1998. p. 43. ISSN 1522-4279. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  33. "Tim Sweeney Looks Ahead". IGN. October 23, 1998. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  34. McLeroy, Carrie (August 27, 2008). "Improving "America's Army"". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  35. Kennedy, Brian (July 11, 2002). "Uncle Sam Wants You (To Play This Game)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  36. McLean-Foreman, John (April 6, 2001). "An Interview with Epic Games' Tim Sweeney". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  37. McDonald, Thomas L. "Gentlemen, Start Your Engines!". Maximum PC. No. January 2001. p. 44.
  38. Planet Unreal (October 22, 2002). "Tim Sweeney & CliffyB Interview". Planet Unreal. Archived from the original on October 24, 2002. Retrieved September 27, 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  39. Parker, Sam (March 16, 2004). "Unreal Tournament 2004 Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  40. hal (March 24, 2004). "BU Interviews: Psyonix". BeyondUnreal. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  41. Wawro, Alex (July 21, 2015). "Why some old designs are worth revisiting: A Rocket League story". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  42. Statt, Nick (May 1, 2019). "Epic buys Rocket League developer Psyonix, strongly hints it will stop selling the game on Steam". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  43. Edge Australia. "The unreal thing". Edge Australia. No. 1. p. 68. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  44. Parrish, Kevin (March 25, 2011). "Ubisoft: 3DS Can Handle Unreal Engine 2". Tom's Guide. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  45. Reed, Kristan (July 1, 2004). "Unreal Engine 3 Interview". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013.
  46. Maximum PC. "Game Engines – Exposed!". Maximum PC. No. Fall 2004 (Special ed.). Future US. pp. 59, 62–64. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  47. Caron, Frank (March 13, 2008). "Unreal Engine 4 to "exclusively target" next-gen consoles". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  48. Crossley, Rob (December 20, 2010). "Unreal Engine 3 game comes to Android [Update 1]". Develop. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  49. De Vere, Kathleen (January 6, 2012). "A Top-Grossing iOS Game Like Epic's Infinity Blade II Can Earn More Than $5 Million a Month". Adweek. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  50. Sottek, T.C. (October 7, 2011). "Adobe Flash 11 adopts Unreal Engine 3 for better browser games". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  51. Crossley, Rob (June 7, 2011). "Wii U powered by Unreal Engine 3 tech". Develop. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  52. Ligman, Kris (May 2, 2013). "See Epic's Unreal Engine 3 running in HTML5". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  53. Callaham, John (March 19, 2009). "Epic Games to show off new Unreal Engine 3 features at GDC". Big Download. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
  54. Shimpi, Anand Lal (December 29, 2009). "Epic Demonstrates Unreal Engine 3 for the iPod Touch, iPhone 3GS". AnandTech. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.
  55. "Steamworks Integration Now Available to Unreal Engine 3 Licensees". Epic Games. March 11, 2010. Archived from the original on May 17, 2010.
  56. "Geomerics Enlighten".
  57. "Geomerics Announces New Enlighten Integration with Unreal Engine 3". Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  58. Ingham, Tim (June 17, 2010). "E3 2010: Epic makes 3D Gears Of War 2 - We've seen it. It's mega. But retail release not planned". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  59. "TriOviz for Games Technology Brings 3D Capabilities to Unreal Engine 3". Epic Games. October 6, 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.
  60. Fletcher, JC (October 11, 2010). "Epic's Mark Rein goes in-depth with Unreal Engine 3's TriOviz 3D". Joystiq. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.
  61. Hamilton, Kirk (February 8, 2013). "Apparently, The Story Behind Epic's Dazzling 2011 Tech Demo Is A 'Doozy'". Kotaku. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  62. Gies, Arthur (March 18, 2014). "Epic Games working on new, unannounced IP (UPDATE)". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  63. Gaudiosi, John (September 21, 2011). "Epic Games Founder Tim Sweeney Pushes Unreal Engine 3 Technology Forward". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  64. IGN Staff (November 5, 2009). "Epic Games Announces Unreal Development Kit, Powered By Unreal Engine 3". IGN. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  65. IGN Staff (December 16, 2010). "Epic Games Releases Unreal Development Kit With iOS Support". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  66. Grant, Christopher (September 19, 2011). "Unreal Engine 3 comes to Mac OS X, courtesy of September UDK release". Joystiq. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012.
  67. Houlihan, John (August 18, 2005). "Rein: "We've been working on Unreal Engine 4 for two years"". Computer and Video Games. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2005.
  68. Valich, Theo (March 12, 2008). "Tim Sweeney, Part 3: Unreal Engine 4.0 aims at next-gen console war". TG Daily. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
  69. Parrish, Kevin (February 11, 2012). "Epic Revealing Unreal Engine 4 Later This Year". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
  70. Shaw, Patrick (February 27, 2012). "Unreal Engine 4 Behind Closed Doors at GDC". Wired. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  71. "Unreal Engine 4 - GT.TV Exclusive Development Walkthrough". GameTrailers TV. June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018 – via YouTube.
  72. Papadopoulos, John (April 20, 2013). "Epic Games' Tim Sweeney Explains Lack Of 'SVOGI' In Unreal Engine 4". Dark Side of Gaming. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  73. Grayson, Nathan (July 20, 2012). "Fortnite's Jessen Talks Minecraft, PC Gaming, UE4". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  74. Thier, Dave (June 29, 2012). "Epic's Tim Sweeney on How Unreal Engine 4 Will Change The Way Games Are Made, and Why You Care". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  75. Totilo, Stephen (June 8, 2012). "How Unreal Engine 4 Will Change The Next Games You Play". Kotaku. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012.
  76. Orland, Kyle (March 19, 2014). "Unreal Engine 4 now available as $19/month subscription with 5% royalty". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  77. "Zombie Studios Licenses Unreal Engine 4". unrealengine.com. December 18, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  78. "Making it in Unreal: How Daylight survived public pressure and became the very first UE4 game". PCGamesN. November 24, 2014. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  79. Sykes, Tom (September 5, 2014). "Unreal Engine 4 now free for academic use". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  80. Nutt, Christian (February 19, 2015). "Epic Games offers up $5 million in Unreal Dev Grants". Gamasutra. UBM plc. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
  81. Sirani, Jordan (March 2, 2015). "Unreal Engine 4 is Free for Everyone". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 14, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  82. Nutt, Christian (March 2, 2015). "Unreal Engine 4 is now free-to-download for everyone". Gamasutra. UBM plc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  83. Devin, Connors (September 3, 2014). "Epic Games Opens Unreal Engine Marketplace to Developers - Update". The Escapist. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  84. Gaudiosi, John (March 3, 2015). "Why Epic Games is giving away its game technology". Fortune. Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  85. Graft, Kris (October 6, 2016). "Oculus, Epic make deal to give Unreal Engine devs a royalties break". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  86. McAloon, Alissa (October 4, 2017). "Developing Fortnite: Battle Royale prompted engine-wide Unreal improvements". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  87. Frank, Allegra (December 4, 2018). "Epic Games is launching its own store, and taking a smaller cut than Steam". Polygon. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  88. "Unreal Engine | Frequently Asked Questions". Unreal Engine. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  89. Kumparak, Greg (April 3, 2014). "Unreal Engine 4 Gets Support For Making Linux And SteamOS Games". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  90. Cifaldi, Frank (March 29, 2013). "Interview: Epic goes all-in on HTML5 with UE4 support". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  91. Skrebels, Joe (October 16, 2016). "Nintendo Switch Will Support Unreal Engine 4". IGN. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  92. Connors, Devin (April 24, 2014). "Epic Adds Xbox One, PlayStation 4 Support to Unreal Engine 4.1". The Escapist. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  93. Koolonavich, Nikholai (March 19, 2018). "Magic Leap Release Developer SDK, Unreal Engine 4 Support Announced". VRFocus. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  94. Kastrenakes, Jacob; Robertson, Adi (April 30, 2015). "Steam's virtual reality just got a boost from the maker of Unreal Tournament". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  95. Sykes, Tom (June 9, 2013). "Unreal Engine 4 gets Oculus Rift support, could spell good things for future indie games". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  96. Feltham, Jamie (June 5, 2014). "Unreal Engine 4.2 Update Adds Project Morpheus Support On PS4 & PC". VRFocus. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  97. Graft, Kris (May 19, 2016). "Google's new VR headset gets Unreal Engine 4 support". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  98. Matney, Lucas (March 15, 2016). "Native OSVR support comes to Unreal game engine". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  99. Lang, Ben (September 16, 2014). "Samsung Gear VR and Google Project Tango Support Coming to Unreal Engine 4". Road To VR. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  100. Ryan, Vance (May 31, 2019). "Unreal Engine 4 support for HoloLens 2 released in early access". Unreal Engine. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  101. "Unreal Engine 4.25 released!". Unreal Engine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  102. "Unreal Engine Support for Google Stadia Now Available". Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  103. Takahashi, Dean (May 13, 2020). "Epic Games: Unreal Engine 5 will bring a generational change to graphics". Venture Beat. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  104. Valentine, Rebekah (May 13, 2020). "Epic Games announces Unreal Engine 5 with first PS5 footage". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  105. Tarantola, Andrew (May 13, 2020). "Epic Games teases its new, nearly-photorealistic Unreal Engine 5". Engadget. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  106. Orland, Kyle (May 14, 2020). "How Epic got such amazing Unreal Engine 5 results on next-gen consoles". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  107. McWhertor, Michael (May 13, 2020). "Here's Unreal Engine 5 running on the PlayStation 5". Polygon. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  108. Statt, Nick (May 13, 2020). "Epic CEO Tim Sweeney says the PS5 is so impressive it's 'going to help drive future PCs'". The Verge. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  109. Takahashi, Dean (May 13, 2020). "Epic Games shows off a stunning Unreal Engine 5 demo on PlayStation 5". Venture Beat. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  110. Maher, Cian (May 16, 2020). "Unreal Engine 5 will be "fully supported on both PS5 and Xbox Series X"". VG247. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  111. Bailey, Dustin (May 13, 2020). "Fortnite moves to Unreal Engine 5 next year". PCGamesN. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  112. Grubb, Jeff (June 10, 2020). "Ninja Theory is using Unreal Engine 5 for Senua's Saga: Hellblade II". Venture Beat. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  113. Machkovech, Sam (May 13, 2020). "Unreal Engine is now royalty-free until a game makes a whopping $1 million". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  114. "UDN - Three - UnrealScriptReference". Udn.epicgames.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  115. Schultz, Warren. "Unreal Engine 4 - First Look". About.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  116. Wawro, Alex (March 1, 2017). "For Tim Sweeney, advancing Epic means racing into AR and VR". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  117. Brown, Fraser (September 4, 2014). "The Unreal Engine Marketplace is open for business". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  118. Chalk, Andy (July 12, 2018). "Fortnite is making so much money that Epic is giving Unreal Marketplace creators a big raise". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  119. Good, Owen (February 20, 2020). "How Lucasfilm used Unreal Engine to make The Mandalorian". Polygon. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  120. Grubb, Jeff (November 19, 2019). "Why 'The Mandalorian' cites Fortnite dev Epic Games in its credits". Venture Beat. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  121. Desowitz, Bill (February 20, 2020). "'The Mandalorian': How ILM's Innovative StageCraft Tech Created a 'Star Wars' Virtual Universe". Yahoo News. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  122. Vary, Adam (March 12, 2020). "'Westworld' Showrunners on the Series' Bold New Direction for Season 3". Variety. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  123. Hopewell, John (June 3, 2020). "'Mandalorian'-Style Virtual Technology Sound Stage Orca Studios Opens in Spain". Variety. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  124. Cowley, Dana (November 15, 2018). "Unreal Engine Wins Technology & Engineering Emmy® for Animation Production". Unreal Engine. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  125. "GDM January 2005". Game Developer Magazine. CMP United Business Media. January 2005. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  126. "GDM January 2006". Game Developer Magazine. CMP United Business Media. January 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  127. "GDM January 2007". Game Developer Magazine. CMP United Business Media. January 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  128. "GDM January 2008". Game Developer Magazine. CMP United Business Media. January 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  129. "GDM January 2010". Game Developer Magazine. CMP United Business Media. January 2010. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  130. "GDM January 2011". Game Developer Magazine. UBM plc. January 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  131. "GDM January 2012". Game Developer Magazine. UBM plc. January 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  132. "GDM January 2013". Game Developer Magazine. UBM plc. January 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  133. French, Michael (July 16, 2009). "Develop Awards: The Winners In Full". Develop. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  134. Crossley, Rob (July 15, 2010). "Develop Awards: Unreal Engine wins tight race". Develop. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  135. Hoggins, Tom (July 21, 2011). "Develop Industry Excellence Award winners announced". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  136. French, Michael (July 10, 2013). "Game development stars honoured in Brighton". Develop. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  137. Kayser, Daniel (July 14, 2016). "Unreal Engine 4 Wins Develop Industry Excellence Award for Best Engine". Unreal Engine. Epic Games. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  138. Cowley, Dana (July 25, 2017). "Develop Industry Excellence Awards 2017: Best Engine". Unreal Engine. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  139. Barton, Seth (July 12, 2018). "The Develop Awards 2018: All the winners!". MCV. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  140. "Most successful videogame engine". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.