Tampere

Tampere (/ˈtæmpəreɪ/, also US: /ˈtɑːm-/;[7][8] Finnish: [ˈtɑmpere] (listen); Swedish: Tammerfors, Finland Swedish: [tɑmːærˈforsː] (listen)) is a city in Pirkanmaa, western part of Finland. It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. Tampere has often been rated as the most popular city in Finland.[9]

Not to be confused with Tamperer.

Tampere Tammerfors
City
Tampereen kaupunki Tammerfors stad
Clockwise from top-left: the cityscape (viewed from Näsinneula); Tampere City Hall; Särkänniemi (from Näsinneula); Tampere Hall; the skyline with Näsinneula; Tammerkoski from Hämeensilta Bridge; and the Cathedral.
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Manchester of the North, Manse (in Finnish), Nääsville (in Finnish), Sauna Capital of the World
Location of Tampere (in red) in the Pirkanmaa region and the Tampere sub-region (in yellow)
Tampere Location of Tampere in Finland Show map of Finland Tampere Location of Tampere in Europe Show map of Europe
Coordinates: 61°30′N 23°46′E
Country	Finland
Region	Pirkanmaa
Sub-region	Tampere
Founded	1779
Government
• Mayor	Lauri Lyly
Area  (2018-01-01)[1]
• City	689.59 km^2 (266.25 sq mi)
• Land	525.03 km^2 (202.72 sq mi)
• Water	164.56 km^2 (63.54 sq mi)
• Urban	258.52 km^2 (99.82 sq mi)
Area rank	166th largest in Finland
Population  (2019-01-31)[2]
• City	235,615
• Rank	3rd largest in Finland
• Density	448.76/km^2 (1,162.3/sq mi)
• Urban	334,112[3]
• Urban density	1,211.0/km^2 (3,136/sq mi)
• Metro	376,445
Population by native language [4]
• Finnish	94.9% (official)
• Swedish	0.5%
• Others	4.5%
Population by age [5]
• 0 to 14	13.8%
• 15 to 64	70.6%
• 65 or older	15.7%
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Municipal tax rate[6]	19%
Unemployment rate	14.8%
Website	Tampere

Tampere has a population of 238,140 with the urban area holding 334,112 people[10] and the metropolitan area, also known as the Tampere sub-region, holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km².[11] Tampere is the second-largest urban area[12] and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland, after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area, within which both Helsinki and Espoo are located. Tampere is a major urban, economic, and cultural hub for central Finland.

Tampere is wedged between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres (59 ft), the rapids linking them, Tammerkoski, have been an important power source throughout history, most recently for generating electricity. Tampere is dubbed the "Manchester of Finland" for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry, and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse" and terms such as "Manserock".[13][14][15]

Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres (100 mi) south of Tampere, and can be reached in 1 hr, 31 minutes by Pendolino high-speed rail service[16] and 2 hours by car. The distance to Turku is roughly the same. Tampere–Pirkkala Airport is Finland's eighth-busiest airport, with over 230,000 passengers in 2017.[17]

Tampere ranked 26th in the list of 446 cities in the world's hipster cities.[18] Also, Tampere has been officially declared the "Sauna Capital of the World", because it has the most public saunas in the world.[19][20][21][22]

By 2021, a new multi-purpose sports and entertainment center, Tampere Deck Arena, is nearing completion.[23]

Names and etymology

Although the name Tampere is derived from the Tammerkoski rapids (both the city and the rapids are called Tammerfors in Swedish), the origin of the Tammer- part of that name has been the subject of much debate. Ánte accepts the "straightforward" etymology of Rahkonen and Heikkilä in Proto-Samic *Tëmpël(kōškë), *tëmpël meaning "deep, slow section of a stream" and *kōškë "rapids" (cognate with the Finnish koski).[24][25][26] Other theories include that it comes from the Swedish word damber, meaning milldam; another, that it originates from the ancient Scandinavian words þambr ("thick bellied") and þambion ("swollen belly"), possibly referring to the shape of the rapids. Another suggestion links the name to the Swedish word Kvatemberdagar, or more colloquially Tamperdagar, meaning the Ember days of the Western Christian liturgical calendar. The Finnish word for oak, tammi, also features in the speculation,[27] although Tampere is situated outside[28] the natural distribution range of the European oak and the town was founded by Swedes, which makes this explanation less plausible.

History

The old Finlayson works.

The Renaissance Revival Raatihuone (City Hall), 1890; the "red manifesto" was read from its balcony in 1905.

Tampere was founded as a market place on the banks of the Tammerkoski channel in 1775 by Gustav III of Sweden and four years later, 1 October 1779,[29] Tampere was granted full city rights. At this time, it was a rather small town, consisting of only a few square kilometres of land around the rapids.

Tampere grew as a major market town and industrial centre in the 19th century;[30] the industrialization of Tampere was mainly influenced by the Finlayson textile factory, founded in 1820 by the Scottish industrialist James Finlayson.

Tampere was the centre of many important political events of Finland in the early 20th century. On 1 November 1905, during the general strike, the famous Red Declaration was proclaimed on Keskustori.[31] In 1918, after Finland had gained independence, Tampere played a major role, being one of the strategically important sites during the Civil War in Finland (28 January – 15 May 1918). Tampere was a red stronghold during the war, with Hugo Salmela in command. White forces captured the town after the Battle of Tampere, seizing about 10,000 Red prisoners on 6 April 1918.[32][33]

Prevalent in Tampere's post-World War II municipal politics was the Brothers-in-Arms Axis (aseveliakseli).[34]

After World War II, Tampere was enlarged by joining some neighbouring areas. Messukylä was incorporated in 1947, Lielahti in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 and finally Teisko in 1972. Tampere was known for its textile and metal industries, but these have been largely replaced by information technology and telecommunications during the 1990s. The technology centre Hermia in Hervanta is home to many companies in these fields.

Geography

Tampere is part of the Pirkanmaa region and is surrounded by the municipalities of Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Orivesi, Pirkkala, Ruovesi, and Ylöjärvi.[35]

Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of Tampere

Climate

Tampere has a typical subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport (TMP) with only 3 months above 10 °C (50 °F),[36][37] bordering on a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are cold and the average temperature from November to March is below 0 °C (32 °F). Summers are cool to warm. On average, snow cover lasts 4–5 months from late November to early April. Considering it being at the subarctic threshold and inland, winters are, on average, quite mild for the classification, as is the annual mean temperature.

Climate data for Tampere–Pirkkala Airport (TMP), elevation: 119 metres (390 ft),[lower-alpha 1] 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1900–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	8.0 (46.4)	9.4 (48.9)	14.9 (58.8)	24.2 (75.6)	28.4 (83.1)	31.7 (89.1)	33.1 (91.6)	32.1 (89.8)	24.8 (76.6)	18.4 (65.1)	11.1 (52.0)	9.6 (49.3)	33.1 (91.6)
Average high °C (°F)	−3.4 (25.9)	−3.5 (25.7)	1.2 (34.2)	8.2 (46.8)	15.4 (59.7)	19.5 (67.1)	22.2 (72.0)	19.9 (67.8)	14.0 (57.2)	7.5 (45.5)	1.5 (34.7)	−1.9 (28.6)	8.4 (47.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−6.4 (20.5)	−6.9 (19.6)	−2.8 (27.0)	3.3 (37.9)	9.7 (49.5)	14.1 (57.4)	16.9 (62.4)	15.0 (59.0)	9.8 (49.6)	4.6 (40.3)	−0.6 (30.9)	−4.5 (23.9)	4.4 (39.9)
Average low °C (°F)	−9.7 (14.5)	−10.6 (12.9)	−6.6 (20.1)	−1.3 (29.7)	3.8 (38.8)	8.6 (47.5)	11.7 (53.1)	10.4 (50.7)	5.9 (42.6)	1.9 (35.4)	−3.0 (26.6)	−7.6 (18.3)	0.3 (32.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−37.0 (−34.6)	−36.8 (−34.2)	−29.6 (−21.3)	−19.6 (−3.3)	−7.3 (18.9)	−2.8 (27.0)	1.8 (35.2)	−0.4 (31.3)	−6.7 (19.9)	−14.8 (5.4)	−22.5 (−8.5)	−34.2 (−29.6)	−37.0 (−34.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	41 (1.6)	29 (1.1)	31 (1.2)	32 (1.3)	41 (1.6)	66 (2.6)	75 (3.0)	72 (2.8)	58 (2.3)	60 (2.4)	51 (2.0)	42 (1.7)	598 (23.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	22	18	16	12	12	13	15	15	14	17	21	22	197
Average relative humidity (%)	90	87	82	70	63	66	69	76	82	87	91	92	80
Source 1: FMI[37]
Source 2: FMI (record highs and lows)[38]

Temperature records of Tampere

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport:[39]

Temperature Records of Tampere

Highest temperatures by month Month °C Date Location June 32.3° 18 June 1939 Mouhijärvi July 33.1° 9 July 1914 Härmälä August 32.1° 10 August 1912 Härmälä Highest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:[39] Pirkkala Airport highest temperatures by month since 1980 Month °C Year January 8.0° 2007 February 9.4° 1990 March 14.9° 2007 April 24.2° 1998 May 29.3° 2014 June 31.7° 1999 July 32.5° 2010 August 31.1° 1992 September 24.8° 1999 October 17.5° 1984 November 12.4° 2015 December 10.3° 2015 Lowest temperatures in Tampere:[39] Lowest temperatures by month Month °C Date Location January −38.5° 9 January 1987 Aitoneva, Kihniö February −40.9° 3 February 1966 Mouhijärvi Lowest temperatures at the Tampere–Pirkkala Airport by month since 1980:[39] Pirkkala Airport lowest temperatures by month since 1980 Month °C Year January −35.8° 1987 February −31.8° 2007 March −29.1° 1981 April −14.8° 1988 May −7.2° 1999 June −3.0° 1984 July 1.5° 1987 August −0.4° 1984 September −7.0° 1986 October −16.4° 1992 November −22.0° 1990 December −33.0° 1995

Economy

Offices of Nokia Networks in Tampere

The Tampere region, Pirkanmaa, which includes outlying municipalities, has around 509,000 residents,[40] 244,000 employed people,[41] and a turnover of 28 billion euros as of 2014.[42] According to the Tampere International Business Office, the area is strong in mechanical engineering and automation, information and communication technologies, and health and biotechnology, as well as pulp and paper industry education. Unemployment rate was 14.8% in June 2017.

People with a foreign background[43][44]
County of origin	Population (2017)
Russia	3,178
Iraq	1,566
Afghanistan	1,170
Sweden	1,121
Estonia	1,074
China	708
Iran	684
Somalia	545
India	534
Yugoslavia	487

Education

Tampere University, Festia building

There are three institutions of higher education in the Tampere area totaling 40,000 students: the university and two polytechnic institutions (Finnish: ammattikorkeakoulu). Tampere University (TUNI) has over 20,000 students and is located in two campuses, one in the Kalevanharju district, close to the city centre, and one in Hervanta, in the southern part of the city. The institution was formed in 2019 as a result of the merge of University of Tampere (UTA) and Tampere University of Technology (TUT). TUNI is also the major shareholder of the Tampere University of Applied Sciences (Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, TAMK), a polytechnic counting about 10,000 students.[45] The Police University College, the polytechnic institution serving all of Finland in its field of specialization, is also located in Tampere.[46][47]

Tampere University Hospital (Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala, TAYS), one of the main hospitals in Finland, is affiliated with Tampere University. It is a teaching hospital with 34 medical specializations.

Arts and culture

Tampere is known for its active cultural life. Some of the most popular writers in Finland, such as Väinö Linna, Kalle Päätalo, and Hannu Salama, hail from Tampere. These authors are known particularly as writers depicting the lives of working-class people, thanks to their respective backgrounds as members of the working class. Also from such a background was the famous poet Lauri Viita of the Pispala district, which was also the original home of the aforementioned Hannu Salama.

Tampere is home to the television channel Yle TV2, with its studios in the Ristimäki district, known for popular TV comedies such as Tankki täyteen, Reinikainen and Kummeli. The Tampere Film Festival, an annual international short film event, is held every March. Tammerfest, Tampere's urban rock festival, is held every July. The Tampere Floral Festival is an annual event, held each Summer.

The city is also known as the home of the popular Hydraulic Press Channel on YouTube, which originates from a machine shop owned by Lauri Vuohensilta.[48]

Mustamakkara ("black sausage") is Tampere's most famous food speciality. It is typically consumed with lingonberry jam.

Tampere claims to be the "wings capital of Finland", consuming over half of the hot wings in Finland. The restaurant chain Siipiweikot originates from Tampere.

A local food speciality is mustamakkara, which resembles the black pudding of northern England. It is a black sausage made by mixing pork, pig's blood and crushed rye and flour and is stuffed into the intestines of an animal. It is commonly eaten with lingonberry sauce. Especially Tammelantori square in the district of Tammela is famous for its mustamakkara kiosks.[49]

Music

Tampere is home to the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra (Tampere Filharmonia), which is one of only two full-sized symphony orchestras in Finland; the other one is located in Helsinki. The orchestra's home venue is the Tampere Hall, and their concerts include classical, popular, and film music. Tampere Music Festivals organises three international music events: The Tampere Jazz Happening each November, and in alternate years The Tampere Vocal Music Festival and the Tampere Biennale. Professional education in many fields of classical music, including performing arts, pedagogic arts, and composition, is provided by Tampere University of Applied Sciences and Tampere Conservatoire.

The popular music scene in Tampere is often considered to have begun in August 1969 when the famous musical Hair was performed for the first time in a local theatre.

Manserock became a general term for rock music from Tampere, which was essentially rock music with Finnish lyrics. Manserock was especially popular during the 1970s and 1980s, and its most popular artists included Juice Leskinen, Virtanen, Kaseva, Popeda, and Eppu Normaali. In 1977, Poko Records, the first record company in Tampere, was founded.

In the 2010s, there has been a lot of popular musical activity in Tampere, particularly in the fields of rock and heavy/black metal. Some of the most popular bands based in Tampere include Negative, Uniklubi, and Lovex. Tampere also has an active electronic music scene. Tampere hosts an annual World of Tango Festival (Maailmantango).[50]

Theatre

The Tampere Theatre (Finnish: Tampereen Teatteri)

Tampere has a lengthy tradition of theater, with established institutions such as Tampereen Työväen Teatteri, Tampereen Teatteri, and Pyynikin Kesäteatteri, which is an open-air theatre with the oldest revolving auditorium in Europe. The Tampere Theatre Festival (Tampereen teatterikesä) is an international theatre festival held in the city each August.

Religion

Cathedral of Tampere designed by Finnish architect Lars Sonck

The Old Church (Vanha kirkko) on the edge of the Tampere Central Square.

As is the case with most of the rest of Finland, most Tampere citizens belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. One Lutheran church in Tampere is Finlayson Church. Tampere also has a variety of other religious services spanning from traditional to charismatic. There are also some English speaking services, such as the Tampere English Service, an international community affiliated with the Tampere Pentecostal Church. English services of the International Congregation of Christ the King (ICCK) are organized by the Anglican Church in Finland and the Lutheran Parishes of Tampere. The Catholic parish of the Holy Cross[51] also offers services in Finnish, Polish and English. Other churches may also have English speaking ministries. Tampere is the center of a LDS stake (diocese). Other churches in Tampere are the Baptist Church, the Evangelical Free Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Nokia Revival.

The Jews had an organized community until 1981. Though a small number of Jews remain in Tampere, organized communal life ended at that time.[52]

City rivalry with Turku

Tampere ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of Turku, the first capital of Finland. This hostility is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, mustamakkara, the state of the Aura River in Turku, and the regional accents. Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the post-glacial rebound and push the city back into the Baltic Sea.[53]

Sites of interest

Hotel Torni photographed from the Central Railway Station in April 2015

The Mixei nightclub in the Tammela district[54]

One of the main tourist attractions is the Särkänniemi amusement park, which includes the landmark Näsinneula tower, topped by a revolving restaurant. In addition to these, it used to house a dolphinarium. Other sites of interest are Tampere Cathedral, Tampere City Hall, Tampere Central Library Metso ("Capercaillie"), Kaleva Church (both designed by Reima Pietilä), the Tampere Hall (along Hämeenkatu) for conferences and concerts, and the Tampere Market Hall.

Tampere have at least seven hotels, the most noteworthy of which are Hotel Tammer, Hotel Ilves, and Hotel Torni, the tallest hotel building in Finland.[55]

Tampere is also home to one of the last museums in the world dedicated to Vladimir Lenin. The museum is housed in the Tampere Workers' Hall (along Hallituskatu) where during a subsequent Bolshevik conference in the city, Lenin met Joseph Stalin for the first time. Lenin moved to Tampere in August 1905, but eventually fled for Sweden in November 1907 when being pursued by the Russian Okhrana. Lenin would not return to any part of the Russian Empire until ten years later, when he heard of the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

There are many museums and galleries, including:

• The Vapriikki Museum Centre[56] which includes the Natural History Museum of Tampere, Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame, Finnish Museum of Games, Post Museum and the Shoe Museum
• Tampere Art Museum[57]
• Tampere Lenin Museum
• The Moomin Museum,[58] about Moomins
• Rupriikki Media Museum
• Spy Museum in Siperia[59]
• Workers' housing museum in Amuri.[60]
• Finland's largest glass sculpture, owned by the City of Tampere, "Pack Ice / The Mirror of the Sea" by the renowned artist Timo Sarpaneva, was installed in the entrance lobby of the downtown shopping mall KoskiKeskus until it was moved to a warehouse.[61]

Pispala

Main article: Pispala

Pispala is a ridge located between the two lakes. It's the highest gravel ridge in the world, raising 80 metres (260 ft) above Lake Pyhäjärvi and around 160 metres (520 ft) above sea level. It was used to house the majority of industrial labour in the late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of Suur-Pirkkala and its successor Pohjois-Pirkkala. It was a free area to be built upon by the working-class people working in Tampere factories. It joined Tampere in 1937. Currently it is a residential area undergoing significant redevelopment and together with neighbouring Pyynikki it forms an important historical area of Tampere.

Events

Sports

Tampere Stadium (or Ratina Stadium) in February 2007

Tampere's sporting scene is mainly driven by ice hockey. The first Finnish ice hockey match was played in Tampere, on the ice of Pyhäjärvi. Tampere is nicknamed the hometown of Finnish ice hockey. Two exceptional ice hockey teams come from Tampere: Ilves and Tappara. They both have had a great impact on Finnish ice hockey culture and are among the most successful teams in Finland. The Finnish ice hockey museum, and the first ice hockey arena to be built in Finland, the Hakametsä arena, are both located in Tampere. Construction of a new main ice hockey arena, Tampere Deck Arena, began in 2018, and is supposed to be finished by 2021. The name of the new arena will be UROS LIVE.[62]

Association Football is also a popular sport in Tampere. Ilves alone has over 4,000 players in its football teams, while Tampere boasts over 100 (mostly junior) football teams. Basketball is another popular sport in Tampere. The city has three basketball teams with big junior activity and one of them, Tampereen Pyrintö, plays on the highest level (Korisliiga) and was the Finnish Champion in 2010, 2011, and 2014. Tampere Saints is the American football club in the city. The Saints won division 2 in 2015 and plays in the Maple League (division 1) in summer 2017.

Tampere hosted some of the preliminaries for the 1952 Summer Olympics, the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships and was co-host of the EuroBasket 1967. The city also hosted two canoe sprint world championships, in 1973 and 1983. In 1977, Tampere hosted the World Rowing Junior Championships and in 1995 the Senior World Rowing Championships. Recently, Tampere was the host of the 10th European Youth Olympic Festival from 17 to 25 July 2009 and the 2010 World Ringette Championships from 1 to 6 November at Hakametsä arena.

Concerts

Ratina Stadium of Tampere has served as the venue for many of the most significant concerts, most notably in connection with the Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour in 2016 by the Nightwish band.[63][64] Other noteworthy tours from other bands held at Ratina Stadium include Iron Maiden (Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, 2008), Bruce Springsteen (Working on a Dream Tour, 2009), AC/DC (Black Ice World Tour, 2010), Red Hot Chili Peppers (I'm with You World Tour, 2012), Bon Jovi (Because We Can World Tour, 2013), Robbie Williams (The Heavy Entertainment Show Tour, 2017) and Rammstein (Rammstein Stadium Tour, 2019).

Transport

Bus terminals at the Tampere Central Square (Finnish: Keskustori)

Tampere–Pirkkala Airport

Tampere is an important railroad hub in Finland and there are direct railroad connections to, for example, Helsinki, Turku and the Port of Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, and Pori. The Tampere Central Railway Station is located in the city center. There are also frequent bus connections to destinations around Finland. To the south of Tampere, there is the Tampere Ring Road, which is important for car traffic and which is part of Finnish highways number 3 (on the west side) and number 9 (on the east side).

Tampere is served by Tampere–Pirkkala Airport, located in neighboring municipality Pirkkala some 13 km (8 mi) southwest of the city.

The public transport network in Tampere currently consists solely of a bus network. Between 1948 and 1976 the city also had an extensive trolleybus network, which was also the largest trolleybus system in Finland.[65] As of 2017, construction is underway for a light rail system in the city to replace some of the more popular bus lines (see Tampere light rail), as well as initiating commuter rail service on the railroad lines connecting Tampere to the neighbouring towns of Nokia and Lempäälä.[66]

Government

In 2007, Tampere switched to a new model of government. Since then, a mayor and four deputy mayors have been chosen for a period of two years by the city council. The mayor also becomes the seat of the city council for the duration of the tenure.

Mayors over time

• Kaarle Nordlund 1929–1943
• Sulo Typpö 1943–1957
• Erkki Lindfors 1957–1969
• Pekka Paavola 1969–1985
• Jarmo Rantanen 1985–2007
• Timo P. Nieminen (kok.) 2007–2012
• Anna-Kaisa Ikonen (kok.) 2013–2017
• Lauri Lyly (sd.) 2017– and is set to rule till 2019.

Notable people

For a list of notable persons, see Category:People from Tampere.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland

Twin towns – sister cities

Tampere is twinned with:

Brașov, Romania[67] Chemnitz, (Germany)[67] Essen, (Germany)[68] Kaunas, Lithuania[67] Kiev, Ukraine[67]

Klaksvík, Faroe Islands[67] Kópavogur, Iceland[67] Linz, Austria[67] Łódź, Poland (since 1996)[69] Miskolc, Hungary[67]

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia[67] Norrköping, Sweden[67] Odense, Denmark[67] Olomouc, Czech Republic[67]

Syracuse, United States[67] Tartu, Estonia[67] Trondheim, Norway (since 1946)[70] Guangzhou, China[71][72]

Friendship cities

Tampere has two additional "friendship cities":

León, Nicaragua[67] Mwanza, Tanzania[67]

Notes

1. Mean value of the airport and not the weather station

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External links

• City of Tampere – Official website
• The official Tampere Region visitor website
• Virtual City Guide: VirtualTampere.com
• 1952 Summer Olympics official report pp. 62–3.
• Tammerkoski Heritage – Town's Industrial Heritage Portal
• CSSA Tampere Ry
• Lunch restaurants in Tampere
• Tampere travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tammerfors" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.