STX2

Syntaxin-2, also known as epimorphin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX2 gene.[5][6][7]

STX2
Identifiers
Aliases	STX2, EPIM, EPM, STX2A, STX2B, STX2C, syntaxin 2
External IDs	OMIM: 132350 MGI: 108059 HomoloGene: 37559 GeneCards: STX2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 12 (human)[1] Band 12q24.33 Start 130,789,600 bp[1] End 130,839,266 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 5 (mouse)[2] Band 5 G1.3|5 67.99 cM Start 128,984,557 bp[2] End 129,008,574 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein dimerization activity • SNAP receptor activity • calcium-dependent protein binding • GO:0001948 protein binding • SNARE binding Cellular component • integral component of membrane • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle • membrane • synaptic vesicle • cell membrane • basolateral plasma membrane • SNARE complex • lamellipodium • extracellular • endomembrane system • presynaptic membrane • presynaptic active zone membrane Biological process • cell differentiation • ectoderm development • synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic active zone membrane • response to hydroperoxide • acrosome reaction • vesicle docking • cornified envelope assembly • protein oligomerization • animal organ morphogenesis • intracellular protein transport • vesicle-mediated transport • signal transduction • exocytosis • vesicle fusion Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2054	13852
Ensembl	ENSG00000111450	ENSMUSG00000029428
UniProt	P32856	Q00262
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001980 NM_194356 NM_001351049 NM_001351050 NM_001351051 NM_001351052	NM_001286033 NM_001286034 NM_007941 NM_001359022
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001971 NP_919337 NP_001337978 NP_001337979 NP_001337980 NP_001337981	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 12: 130.79 – 130.84 Mb	Chr 5: 128.98 – 129.01 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

The product of this gene belongs to the syntaxin/epimorphin family of proteins. The syntaxins are a large protein family implicated in the targeting and fusion of intracellular transport vesicles. The product of this gene regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and epithelial cell morphogenesis and activation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.[7] When the N terminus is on the cytosolic face it acts as a t-SNARE involved in intracellular vesicle docking and is called Syntaxin-2. When flipped inside out, i.e. N terminus hangs out on the extracellular surface (by some nonclassical secretion pathway) it acts as a versatile morphogen and is called epimorphin. This membrane protein enjoys the double choice of another form of topological alternatives of being targeted to either apical or basolateral surface of an epithelial cell in a regulated way depending on various contexts. When expressed by mesenchymal cells it can instruct epithelial morphogenesis at epithelial mesenchymal interfaces.

Interactions

STX2 has been shown to interact with SNAP-25,[8][9] SNAP23,[9][10][11][12] STXBP1[8][13] and Syntaxin binding protein 3.[13]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000111450 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029428 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Zha H, Remmers EF, Szpirer C, Szpirer J, Zhang H, Kozak CA, Wilder RL (Nov 1996). "The epimorphin gene is highly conserved among humans, mice, and rats and maps to human chromosome 7, mouse chromosome 5, and rat chromosome 12". Genomics. 37 (3): 386–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0574. PMID 8938452.
6. Band AM, Kuismanen E (Jun 2005). "Localization of plasma membrane t-SNAREs syntaxin 2 and 3 in intracellular compartments". BMC Cell Biology. 6 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-6-26. PMC 1156879. PMID 15943887.
7. "Entrez Gene: STX2 syntaxin 2".
8. Hata Y, Südhof TC (Jun 1995). "A novel ubiquitous form of Munc-18 interacts with multiple syntaxins. Use of the yeast two-hybrid system to study interactions between proteins involved in membrane traffic". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (22): 13022–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13022. PMID 7768895.
9. Ravichandran V, Chawla A, Roche PA (Jun 1996). "Identification of a novel syntaxin- and synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein, SNAP-23, expressed in non-neuronal tissues". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (23): 13300–3. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.23.13300. PMID 8663154.
10. Imai A, Nashida T, Yoshie S, Shimomura H (Aug 2003). "Intracellular localisation of SNARE proteins in rat parotid acinar cells: SNARE complexes on the apical plasma membrane". Archives of Oral Biology. 48 (8): 597–604. doi:10.1016/S0003-9969(03)00116-X. PMID 12828989.
11. Li G, Alexander EA, Schwartz JH (May 2003). "Syntaxin isoform specificity in the regulation of renal H+-ATPase exocytosis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (22): 19791–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212250200. PMID 12651853.
12. Araki S, Tamori Y, Kawanishi M, Shinoda H, Masugi J, Mori H, Niki T, Okazawa H, Kubota T, Kasuga M (May 1997). "Inhibition of the binding of SNAP-23 to syntaxin 4 by Munc18c". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 234 (1): 257–62. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6560. PMID 9168999.
13. Schraw TD, Lemons PP, Dean WL, Whiteheart SW (Aug 2003). "A role for Sec1/Munc18 proteins in platelet exocytosis". The Biochemical Journal. 374 (Pt 1): 207–17. doi:10.1042/BJ20030610. PMC 1223584. PMID 12773094.

Further reading

• Hirai Y, Takebe K, Takashina M, Kobayashi S, Takeichi M (May 1992). "Epimorphin: a mesenchymal protein essential for epithelial morphogenesis". Cell. 69 (3): 471–81. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90448-L. PMID 1581962.
• Hata Y, Südhof TC (Jun 1995). "A novel ubiquitous form of Munc-18 interacts with multiple syntaxins. Use of the yeast two-hybrid system to study interactions between proteins involved in membrane traffic". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (22): 13022–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13022. PMID 7768895.
• Li C, Ullrich B, Zhang JZ, Anderson RG, Brose N, Südhof TC (Jun 1995). "Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent activities of neural and non-neural synaptotagmins". Nature. 375 (6532): 594–9. doi:10.1038/375594a0. PMID 7791877.
• Hirai Y (Mar 1993). "Molecular cloning of human epimorphin: identification of isoforms and their unique properties". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 191 (3): 1332–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1363. PMID 8466509.
• Oka Y, Hirai Y (Jan 1996). "Inductive influences of epimorphin on endothelial cells in vitro". Experimental Cell Research. 222 (1): 189–98. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.0024. PMID 8549663.
• Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (Apr 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.
• Betz A, Okamoto M, Benseler F, Brose N (Jan 1997). "Direct interaction of the rat unc-13 homologue Munc13-1 with the N terminus of syntaxin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (4): 2520–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.4.2520. PMID 8999968.
• Tellam JT, Macaulay SL, McIntosh S, Hewish DR, Ward CW, James DE (Mar 1997). "Characterization of Munc-18c and syntaxin-4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Putative role in insulin-dependent movement of GLUT-4". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (10): 6179–86. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6179. PMID 9045631.
• Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA (Apr 1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.
• Koshida S, Hirai Y (May 1997). "Identification of cellular recognition sequence of epimorphin and critical role of cell/epimorphin interaction in lung branching morphogenesis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 234 (2): 522–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6673. PMID 9177305.
• Hirai Y, Lochter A, Galosy S, Koshida S, Niwa S, Bissell MJ (Jan 1998). "Epimorphin functions as a key morphoregulator for mammary epithelial cells". The Journal of Cell Biology. 140 (1): 159–69. doi:10.1083/jcb.140.1.159. PMC 2132590. PMID 9425164.
• Thomas DM, Ferguson GD, Herschman HR, Elferink LA (Jul 1999). "Functional and biochemical analysis of the C2 domains of synaptotagmin IV". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 10 (7): 2285–95. doi:10.1091/mbc.10.7.2285. PMC 25443. PMID 10397765.
• Pabst S, Hazzard JW, Antonin W, Südhof TC, Jahn R, Rizo J, Fasshauer D (Jun 2000). "Selective interaction of complexin with the neuronal SNARE complex. Determination of the binding regions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (26): 19808–18. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002571200. PMID 10777504.
• Kauppi M, Wohlfahrt G, Olkkonen VM (Nov 2002). "Analysis of the Munc18b-syntaxin binding interface. Use of a mutant Munc18b to dissect the functions of syntaxins 2 and 3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (46): 43973–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208315200. PMID 12198139.
• Terasaki Y, Fukuda Y, Suga M, Ikeguchi N, Takeya M (2006). "Epimorphin expression in interstitial pneumonia". Respiratory Research. 6 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-6-6. PMC 548284. PMID 15651999.
• Low SH, Vasanji A, Nanduri J, He M, Sharma N, Koo M, Drazba J, Weimbs T (Feb 2006). "Syntaxins 3 and 4 are concentrated in separate clusters on the plasma membrane before the establishment of cell polarity". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (2): 977–89. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-05-0462. PMC 1356605. PMID 16339081.