Socialism in Australia

Socialism in Australia dates back to the earliest pioneers of the area in the late 19th century.[1] Notions of socialism in Australia have taken many different forms including the utopian nationalism of Edward Bellamy, the Marxism of parties such as the Communist Party of Australia, and the democratic socialist reformist electoral project of the early Australian Labor Party.[2]

History

Pre-Federation

Pre-federation Australian socialism was highly influenced by philosophical ideologies arising from the United States of America and the United Kingdom. Social scientists who had visited Australia at the time noted the lack of influence from continental socialist ideologies such as Marxism, labelling it as having "socialism with no doctrine".[3] In particular, the works of the American author Edward Bellamy were highly influential, which advocated for the democratic nationalisation of all industry.[4] The prominent movement Australian Socialist League was by the 1890s "modelled on, of all things, Daniel De Leon's Socialist Labor party".[3] Due to the significant influence of American socialist writers, the political sociologist Robin Archer has described that pre-federation "Australian leftism was more American than American leftism itself".[3]

Socialist colonies

Further information: New Australia

In the late 1890s, the colonies of Cosme and New Australia were founded in South America by groups of Australian socialists.

The settlement of New Australia was founded in 1893 by the supporters of the utopian socialist William Lane. Lane's socialism was inspired by Edward Bellamy as well as his unorthodox belief that race played a role in preventing a socialist society from forming.[2] Due to these beliefs, New Australia was built around the values of creating "a brotherhood of English-speaking Whites" which preserved the "colour-Line" which was seen as necessary in order to achieving communism.[5] After conflict over Lane's supposed incompetent management, 58 colonists left New Australia in 1894 to found the colony of Cosme several kilometres south and the original colony was soon after dissolved.[6]

Founding of the Australian Labor Party

The predecessors to the then-democratic socialist Australian Labor Party were founded throughout the 1890s and briefly took power at the state level in Queensland in 1897 - the first socialist government in the world at any level.

Post-Federation

Unions

The Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia was led by several Communist Party members during its history, such as Jim Healy[7]. Under Healy, the Workers Federation in 1938 went on strike to prevent pig iron being shipped to Japan, in protest the invasion of China. In 1945, the union called for a ban on working the Dutch ships, labelled the "Black Armada", during the Indonesian National Revolution.

Socialism was a major ideological force behind the Builders Labourers Federation and green bans in the 1970s. The Victorian branch of the union was primarily led by members of the Maoist CPA (M-L) such as Norm Gallagher, while the New South Wales branch was led by members of the CPA such as Jack Mundey.[8] In 1974, Gallagher and several affiliated Maoist workers occupied the New South Wales branch office and expelled CPA affiliated unionists.[8] After union officials, including CPA members, agreed upon the Prices and Incomes Accord in 1983 which traded lower rates of industrial action for parliamentary reforms, it signalled "the end of the renegade, guerrilla actions of the BLF to stop work and take radical protest activities". The union was de-registered shortly after during the Labor Hawke government, and members were blacklisted from working on construction sites.[8]

Contemporary era

Following the collapse of the communism in Europe during the 1990s, belief in public ownership collapsed, resulting in the fall of the Communist Party of Australia and the shift of Labor Left towards non-socialist ideologies.[9] The Communist Party of Australia was dissolved and the assets of the Communist Party were thereafter directed into the SEARCH Foundation,[10] a not-for-profit company set up in 1990 "to preserve and draw on the resources of the Communist Party of Australia and its archives."[11]

During the fall of the Communist Party, several organisations and individuals moved toward the Greens movement. Several ex-Communist Party and Labor Left members joined the Greens NSW, inspired by the green ban movement.[12] In Western Australia, members of the Alternative Coalition (consisting of members from the Communist Party of Australia, the Socialist Party of Australia, and the Democratic Socialist Party) merged with the Nuclear Disarmament Party to form Greens Western Australia.[12] An Alternative Coalition member, Christabel Chamarette, later became senator in 1992.[12] The Democratic Socialist Party established "Greens Alliance" parties in South Australia, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory.[12] However, in 1992 the DSP was proscribed from the Australian Greens and members were banned from entering the party.[12]

In 1996 the Socialist Party of Australia, a splinter party from the CPA, changed its name to the Communist Party of Australia claiming the party was the rightful successor to the original party formed in 1920.[13]

In 2001, several socialist organisations formed Socialist Alliance in an attempt for left unity.[14] The organisations at foundation included the Democratic Socialist Perspective, International Socialist Organisation, Freedom Socialist Party, Socialist Alternative, Socialist Democracy, Worker-communist Party of Iraq, Workers League, Worker's Liberty, and Worker's Power.[14] However, after several years, most affiliate organisations abandoned the Alliance. In January 2010, the last major organisation in the Alliance, the Democratic Socialist Perspective, voted to merge into the Socialist Alliance, in effect ceasing to exist as an affiliate organisation.[15]

Socialist organisations in Australia

Political historian Geoff Robinson describes the contemporary left as a "movement of parties and electoral campaigning."[9] There are currently three federally registered socialist parties which run in elections: Socialist Alliance, Socialist Equality Party, and the Victorian Socialists.[16] Although Socialist Action and the Communist Party of Australia are not registered for federal elections, they have successfully contested local government elections in the City of Yarra and the City of Auburn. There are several organisations and parties which do not run in elections, either for ideological reasons or due to practical reasons, including the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist), Socialist Alternative, and Solidarity.

Eco-socialism

Left Renewal

Main article: Left Renewal

Left Renewal was established as a eco-socialist political faction of the NSW Greens in 2016.[17]

SEARCH Foundation

Main article: SEARCH Foundation

Formed in 1991 as the successor organisation of the Communist Party of Australia after it dissolved.[18]

Marxist-Leninism

Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist)

In 1961, the pro-China faction leader Ted Hill was expelled from the Communist Party of Australia during the events of the split between the USSR and China.[8] Hill in the following years led a split from the party which cumulated in the formation of the Maoist Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist).[8]

Communist Party of Australia (1971-Present)

Main article: Communist Party of Australia (1971)

In 1971, a group split from the Communist Party of Australia due to the party criticising actions of the Soviet Union, and formed the Socialist Party of Australia.[19] In 1996, following the dissolution of the original Communist Party of Australia in 1991, the Socialist Party of Australia re-named itself to the Communist Party of Australia.[19]

Australian Communist Party

Formed by Bob Briton in June 2019 as a split from the Communist Party of Australia (1971).[20]

Trotskyism

Socialist Action

Main article: Socialist Action (Australia)

Initially formed in 1985 as the Militant faction of the Australian Labor Party. In the 1990s, they split from Labor due to it being perceived as neoliberal and undemocratic.[21] During this time the organisation changed its name to the Militant Socialist Organisation and later the Socialist Party. In 2019, the party was renamed Socialist Action.[22]

Socialist Alternative

Main article: Socialist Alternative (Australia)

Formed in 1995 by expelled members of the International Socialist Organisation.[23] In 2018, Alternative formed an electoral alliance with Socialist Alliance, forming the Victorian Socialists.

Socialist Equality Party

Main article: Socialist Equality Party (Australia)

Initially formed in 1972 as the Socialist Labour League. In 2010, the SLL was refounded as the Socialist Equality Party.[24]

Solidarity

Main article: Solidarity (Australia)

Initially formed in 1971 as the Marxist Workers' Group, then later the International Socialist Organisation. In 1995 several members were expelled and formed Socialist Alternative. In 2008, the ISO merged with several other parties to form Solidarity.[25]

Other

Communist Party of Australia (1920-1991)

Main article: Communist Party of Australia

The Australian Communist Party was initially established in 1920.[26] Within the decade the party became aligned with the Soviet Communist International and renamed itself to the Communist Party of Australia.[26] Following the 1930s, the party followed Marxist-Leninism, until the party became increasingly critical of the USSR in the 1960s.[8] In 1967 the party ceased receiving funding from the USSR and from the 1970s onwards the party adopted eurocommunist theories.[8] The Communist Party of Australia dissolved in 1991.[26] The SEARCH Foundation was established as a successor organisation.[27]

Socialist Alliance

Main article: Socialist Alliance (Australia)

Initially formed in 2001 by several socialist organisations in an attempt for left unity.[14] However, by 2010, most constituent parties had left and the last major organisation in the Alliance, the ex-Trotskyist Democratic Socialist Perspective voted to merge into the Socialist Alliance.[28]

Socialist Labor Party

Main article: Socialist Labor Party (Australia)

Initially formed in 1887 as the Australian Socialist League. In 1901, the ASL formed the Socialist Labor Party to contest the 1901 Australian federal election.[29] Between the late 1890s and 1905, the party shifted towards De Leonism.[30][3] The party declined after the 1920s, however, the party maintained its newspaper The People until the early 1970s where it then ceased its activities.

Victorian Socialists

Main article: Victorian Socialists

The Victorian Socialists is a democratic socialist party established in 2018.[31] The party is an electoral alliance of various socialist parties, organisations, community groups and trade unionists.

Timeline

1870 to 1960

1960 to Present

See also

• Anarchism in Australia
• Conservatism in Australia
• Economic history of Australia
• Feminism in Australia
• Liberalism in Australia
• List of political parties in Australia
• Politics of Australia

References

1. Fry, E. (1982). A Hundred Years of Socialism in Australia. Australian Left Review, 1(80), 44–51.
2. Burgmann, Verity (1985). In Our Time: Socialism and the rise of Labor, 1885 -1905. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0868615293.
3. Archer, Robin (2008). "Chapter 8 Socialism". Why is there no labor party in the United States?. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691149349.
4. Toth, Csaba (2012). "Resisting Bellamy: How Kautsky and Bebel Read Looking Backward". Utopian Studies. 23 (1).
5. Cosme Monthly, June 1895
6. Australian Encyclopaedia Volume 2, p 191, Angus and Robertson Limited, 1926
7. Markey, Ray; Svensen, Stuart. "Healy, James (Jim) (1898–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
8. Piccini, Jon; Smith, Evan; Worley, Matthew, eds. (2018). The far left in Australia since 1945 (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780429487347.
9. Robinson, Geoff (2019). Being Left-Wing in Australia: Identity, Culture and Politics after Socialism. Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 978-1-925801-79-8.
10. "SEARCH Foundation". SEARCH Foundation. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
11. "SEARCH Foundation (Australia)". Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
12. Jackson, Stewart (2016). The Australian Greens : from activism to Australia's third party. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522867947.
13. "CPA – About Us – An Introduction". www.cpa.org.au. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
14. "Socialist Alliance lifts off!: Founding represents historic moment for left electoral unity". Freedom Socialist Party. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
15. "DSP merges into Socialist Alliance". Democratic Socialist Perspective. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
16. "Current register of political parties". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
17. Aston, Heath (22 December 2016). "Hard-left faction forms inside Greens aiming to 'end capitalism'" – via The Sydney Morning Herald.
18. Website, About the author SEARCH Foundation Facebook. "OUR MISSION". SEARCH FOUNDATION. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
19. "Socialist Party of Australia (II) - Institution". Reason in Revolt. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
20. "Our History". Australian Communist Party. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
21. Jolly, Stephen (3 February 2008). "The case for a new workers' party". The Socialist. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
22. "We've changed our name!". The Socialist. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
23. What's left of the left soldiers on The Age, 1 May 2002. Retrieved 10 June 2007.
24. "Statement of Principles". World Socialist Web Site. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
25. "Forging Unity For the Struggle Ahead Archived 18 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine", Socialist Worker, 13 February 2008. Retrieved: 14 July 2009.
26. "Communist Party of Australia - Institution". Reason in Revolt. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
27. Website, About the author SEARCH Foundation Facebook. "OUR MISSION". SEARCH FOUNDATION. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
28. "DSP merges into Socialist Alliance". Democratic Socialist Perspective. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
29. "THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY". The People And The Collectivist. IV (170). New South Wales, Australia. 21 April 1900. p. 4. Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
30. "Australian Socialist League - Institution - Reason in Revolt". Reason in Revolt. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
31. "Victorian Socialists Constitution" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 15 April 2019. We work to foster solidarity through authentic collective struggle and to demonstrate the need for, and legitimacy of, democratic socialism.