September 1963

1963

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Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
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15	16	17	18	19	20	21
22	23	24	25	26	27	28
29	30

September 15, 1963: Nation outraged by killing of four children at Birmingham, Alabama church

September 25, 1963: British Prime Minister Macmillan cleared of wrongdoing in "Profumo Affair"

September 16, 1963: Malaya merges with Singapore, Sabah and North Borneo...

... to create Malaysia

The following events occurred in September 1963:

September 1, 1963 (Sunday)

• The Commonwealth Marriage Act 1961 took full effect in Australia, creating a national law concerning domestic relations.[1]
• A unidentified visitor to Lenin's Mausoleum, in Moscow, entered the shrine with a bomb concealed under his coat, and then detonated the explosive, killing himself and causing an unspecified amount of damage and injuries. The event was not reported in the Soviet press and would not be revealed until after the breakup of the Soviet Union.[2]
• At the annual meeting of the Quebec wing of the Social Credit Party of Canada in Granby, Quebec, delegates voted to form a new party. However, the Ralliement créditiste du Québec would not come into being until 1970.
• About 100,000 people in two Japanese cities demonstrated against the presence of American nuclear submarines.[3]
• Kilkenny GAA defeated Waterford GAA in the 1963 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final at Croke Park, Dublin.
• The Austrian Grand Prix was held at Zeltweg Airfield and won by Jack Brabham.

September 2, 1963 (Monday)

• At 6:30 pm New York time, Walter Cronkite introduced the CBS Evening News with the statement, "Good evening from our CBS newsroom in New York, on this, the first broadcast of network television's first half-hour news program." The first show included a prerecorded segment of Cronkite's interview with U.S. President Kennedy. Previously, the three networks ran their daily national news for fifteen minutes.[4] NBC would inaugurate its half hour news program a week later, although ABC would not follow suit until 1967.[5]
• Born: Robbie Buhl, American Indy Racing League competitor and team-owner, in Detroit
• Died: Fazlollah Zahedi, 70, former Prime Minister of Iran (1953–1955)

September 3, 1963 (Tuesday)

• The United States federal minimum wage was increased to $1.25 an hour,[6] roughly $10.45 in 2019 dollars.[7] Fifty years later, the minimum wage would be $7.25 an hour.
• Jin Yong's wuxia novel Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils 天龙八部 (小说) began its serialisation in the newspapers Ming Pao in Hong Kong[8] and Nanyang Siang Pau in Singapore.
• Died: Louis MacNeice, 55, Irish poet and dramatist, of pneumonia developed from bronchitis contracted while caving on the Yorkshire moors.

September 4, 1963 (Wednesday)

The crash site of Swissair 306

• All 80 people aboard Swissair Flight 306, a jet airliner on its way to Rome, were killed when the aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff from Zurich. The plane, a Sud Aviation Caravelle, caught fire and came down near the town of Dürrenäsch. Most of the 44 passengers were from the tiny village of Humlikon, including the town's mayor and its entire city council, all of whom had planned to disembark at Geneva for a visit to an agricultural experiment station. [9]
• For the first time ever, black students registered at white schools in the segregated state of Alabama;[10] in some places, they faced state troopers deployed by Governor George Wallace to prevent integration.[11][12] That night, the bombing of a black household in Birmingham triggered a riot, and a black 20-year-old was shot to death by police.[13]
• Sennin Buraku became the first late night anime to be broadcast on Japanese television.
• Died: Robert Schuman, 77, Luxembourg-born French politician who served twice as Prime Minister of France in 1947 and 1948

September 5, 1963 (Thursday)

• British prostitute Christine Keeler was arrested for perjury, after witnesses established that she had lied under oath in the criminal trial of Aloysius Gordon in the course of the Profumo affair [14].

September 6, 1963 (Friday)

• The 100,000th American major league baseball game was played, the milestone having been calculated by baseball historians from the first official game, played on May 4, 1871 by the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. In game number 100,000 the Washington Senators defeated the visiting Cleveland Indians, 7 to 2 [15] In the 1871 season opener, the Fort Wayne Kekiongas had defeated the visiting Cleveland Forest City team, 2 to 0.
• The Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) was founded.
• The Krulak Mendenhall mission was launched by the United States National Security Council.
• Born: Mark Chesnutt, American country music singer, in Beaumont, Texas

September 7, 1963 (Saturday)

• The Pro Football Hall of Fame opened in Canton, Ohio, with 17 charter members.[16]
• Born: Eazy-E (Eric Lyn Wright), American rapper and co-founder of the group N.W.A (Niggaz Wit Attitudes); in Compton, California (died of AIDS, 1995)

September 8, 1963 (Sunday)

• Voters in Algeria overwhelmingly approved that nation's first constitution, in a referendum with a 96.8% yes vote.[17]
• Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire, relinquished his additional post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, replacing it with the ministries of Defense, the Interior, and Agriculture.

September 9, 1963 (Monday)

• Operation 34A, authorizing American secret operations against North Vietnam, was approved by U.S. Army General Maxwell D. Taylor, who at that time was the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[18]
• NBC became the second U.S. television network to expand its evening news from 15 minutes to 30. As CBS did the week before, The Huntley-Brinkley Report included an interview with President Kennedy.[19]
• The Fourth Session of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space opened at United Nations Headquarters, New York.[20]
• Died: Ernst Kantorowicz, 68, German historian

September 10, 1963 (Tuesday)

• For the first time in the history of Major League Baseball, three brothers appeared for the same team in a game. Felipe Alou, Jesús Alou and Matty Alou took the outfield (at right, center and left field, respectively) for the San Francisco Giants against the New York Mets. In the 8th inning, Jesús, Matty and Felipe came up to bat in consecutive order, and were all struck out by Mets pitcher Carl Willey; the Mets won 4-2.[21]
• Italian Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano was indicted for murder. Eight days later, he would become a fugitive,[22] and would not be captured until 43 years later, on April 11, 2006.[23]
• U.S. President Kennedy issued an executive order that exempted married American men from being drafted.[24]

September 11, 1963 (Wednesday)

• A chartered Vickers 610 Viking airplane, flying from London to Perpignan, France, crashed into the side of the Roc de la Roquette, a mountain in the Pyrenees Range, killing all 40 people on board. All 36 passengers were British tourists[25] Earlier in the day, another Vickers airplane, and Indian Airlines Viscount turboprop, crashed while en route from Nagpur to New Delhi, killing all 18 people on board.[26]
• The Virginia Supreme Court ruled that a state law, requiring segregated seating in publicly owned ballparks, was unconstitutional.[27]
• Died: Suzanne Duchamp, 73, French Dadaist painter and sister of Marcel Duchamp

September 12, 1963 (Thursday)

• All 36 passengers and four crew of a chartered airliner were killed when the twin-engine VC.1 Viking crashed into a French mountain peak during a thunderstorm. The passengers were all British vacationers who were on their way to the mountain resort town of Perpignan after having departed from London [28] [29]. Shortly after midnight, the aircraft charted from the French company Airnautic, slammed into the 4,800 feet (1,500 m) high Roc de la Rouquette in the French Pyrenees mountains.
• The Ankara Agreement was signed in the capital of Turkey, between representatives of the European Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey, and provided for gradual entrance of Turkey into the European Community.[30]
• Died: Modest Altschuler, 90, Belarusian cellist, orchestral conductor, and composer

September 13, 1963 (Friday)

• The White House confirmed in a press release that U.S. President Kennedy would be making a trip to Dallas, Texas later in the year, though the specific itinerary was not complete, though the Dallas Times-Herald reported that Kennedy would have "a breakfast in Dallas, luncheon in Fort Worth, coffee in San Antonio and dinner in Houston." [31] .[32]
• The charter creating the Organisation of African Unity entered into force, after having been signed on May 25.[33]
• Mary Kay Cosmetics was incorporated by a Texas widow, Mary Kay Ash, who invested her life savings of $5,000. By the time of her death in 2001, the company had sales of 1.4 billion dollars.[34]
• Russian dramatist and KGB agent Yuri Krotkov defected to the west while in London.
• The Glen Canyon Dam, in the U.S. state of Arizona, was "topped out" with the pouring of the last concrete.[35]
• Barbra Streisand married for the first time at the age of 21, in a wedding to film actor Elliott Gould; they would divorce in 1971.[36]
• Born: Robin Smith, England cricketer, in Durban, South Africa
• Died: Eduardo Barrios, 78, Chilean novelist and playwright

September 14, 1963 (Saturday)

• The Tokyo Convention, officially the "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft", was signed in Japan. Upon ratification by twelve nations, the treaty would enter into force on December 4, 1969.[37]
• The first issue of The Hornet was published by D. C. Thomson & Co..[38]
• Comet Pereyra, extremely bright with an apparent magnitude of 2, was discovered by astronomer Zenon M. Pereyra from an observatory near Córdoba, Argentina; it would last be seen from Earth on December 18.[39]
• Born: The Fischer quintuplets (Mary Ann, Mary Catherine, Mary Margaret, Mary Magdalene and James Andrew Fischer), the first American born quintuplets to survive infancy, and only the third in world history; in Aberdeen, South Dakota.[40]
• Died: Alvin Boyd Kuhn, 82, American theosophy scholar

September 15, 1963 (Sunday)

• A time bomb exploded in the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four African-American girls and injuring 22 other children who were attending a Sunday school class.[41] The blast happened at 10:22 a.m., in a room with 80 children. Denise McNair was 11, and Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Addie Mae Collins were all 14.[42][43] Robert Edward Chambliss, a white member of racist United Klans of America who put the bomb together, would finally be convicted of the children's murder on November 18, 1977.[44] Thomas Blanton, Jr., who drove the group to the church, would be tried and convicted in 2001, and Bobby Frank Cherry, who planted the bomb, would finally be convicted of murder on May 22, 2002, almost 39 years after the killing.[45][46][47]
• Ahmed Ben Bella was elected, without opposition, as the first President of Algeria.[48]
• The Beatles and The Rolling Stones performed in the same show for the first and only time, appearing at a concert at Royal Albert Hall in London.[49]

September 16, 1963 (Monday)

• Malaysia was formed through the merger of the 11 states of the Federation of Malaya and the British colonies of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.[50][51]
• In Fort-Lamy, Chad, anti-government demonstrations were quelled with 300 dead.
• Hurricane Cindy formed 200 miles (322 km) east-northeast of Brownsville, Texas, US.
• The science fiction anthology television show, The Outer Limits, premiered on the ABC television network at 7:30 pm in the United States, beginning with the episode "The Galaxy Being".[52]

September 17, 1963 (Tuesday)

• In Iran's Parliamentary elections, the New Iran Party won 140 of the 200 seats. The party's leader, Hassan Ali Mansur, would become the new Prime Minister.
• Near the town of Chualar, California, a truck carrying 56 migrant farm workers, mostly from Mexico, was struck by a train as it was returning from a celery field at the end of the day. Twenty-two of the men died at the scene, and another ten died of their injuries later.[53]
• On television, David Janssen made his first appearance in the title role of The Fugitive, portraying Dr. Richard Kimble, a physician who had wrongfully been convicted of murder. Barry Morse portrayed Indiana detective Philip Gerard, whose relentless pursuit of Kimble would end with the series finale on August 29, 1967.[54]

September 18, 1963 (Wednesday)

Patty Duke portraying two "identical cousins"

• Rioters burned down the British Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, in protest at the formation of Malaysia.[55]
• The first flight of the ASSET project, (Aerothermodynamic-elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests), a winged space payload vehicle, was carried out, to develop a manned spacecraft which could return from orbit and land on a runway.[56]
• The Patty Duke Show premiered on television, with actress Patty Duke playing two roles as "identical cousins". Camera tricks allowed Duke to appear as both Patty Lane and her look-alike cousin Cathy Lane.
• The last sports event took place at the Polo Grounds in New York City, with baseball's New York Mets losing to the Philadelphia Phillies, 5-1 before a crowd of only 1,752 people.[57] When the game ended, the fans ran onto the field, vandalizing the scoreboard and the sod on the field, as well as some of the seats in the stadium, which was scheduled to be torn down in 1964.[58]

September 19, 1963 (Thursday)

• Iota Phi Theta, an African-American collegiate fraternity, was founded with the first chapter organized at Morgan State College. There are now 249 chapters of the fraternity.[59]
• At the United Nations, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko announced that the U.S.S.R. was prepared to negotiate and sign a treaty to prohibit the orbiting of nuclear weapons platforms in outer space. The Outer Space Treaty would be signed in 1967.[60]
• Balwantrai Mehta succeeded Jivraj Narayan Mehta as Chief Minister of the State of Gujarat.
• Born: Jarvis Cocker, English musician, in Sheffield
• Died:
  • Agnès Humbert, 68, French art historian, ethnographer and Resistance member
  • David Low, 72, New Zealand political cartoonist

September 20, 1963 (Friday)

• At the United Nations, U.S. President John F. Kennedy proposed a joint moon mission between the US and the Soviet Union.[61] [62] The Soviet Union Communist Party newspaper Pravda reported the speech, but commented that the idea as "premature". Kennedy would die two months later, and Soviet Chairman Khrushchev would be deposed within 13 months, and the United States would proceed alone in its lunar program.[63]
• The first successful prenatal blood transfusion in history was performed in New Zealand at the National Women's Hospital at Auckland. Dr. William Liley carried out the transfusion on the unborn son of a woman identified only as "Mrs. E. McLeod" in order to treat the fetus for hemolytic disease. The baby was born later in the day [64]. [65] [66]

September 21, 1963 (Saturday)

• The People's Action Party, led by Lee Kuan Yew, began its domination of politics in Singapore, winning 37 of 51 seats in Singapore's first parliamentary elections since independence.[67]
• The Place des Arts opened in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• Joe Morgan, a second baseman formerly with the Modesto Colts, made his Major League Baseball debut for the Houston Colt .45s and began a career that would lead to his induction in baseball's Hall of Fame.[68]
• On the same day, Mario Andretti participated in his first major auto race, competing at Allentown, Pennsylvania in a United States Auto Club race.[69]

September 22, 1963 (Sunday)

• South Korea began its commitment to the Vietnam War, sending the first of 312,853 soldiers who would fight against the North Vietnamese.[70]
• Viliam Siroky was removed from his position as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, after 10 years in office, and replaced by Jozef Lenárt. In what was viewed as a purge of the remaining Stalinists, President and Czechoslovakian Party leader Antonín Novotný cited Siroky's "past political mistakes" as the reason for Siroky's abrupt departure [71].
• Born: Armando Castagna, Italian speedway rider, in Arzignano
• Died: Arthur Higgins, 71, Australian cinematographer

September 23, 1963 (Monday)

• Haiti and the Dominican Republic, on the west side and east side, respectively, of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, prepared for war. Dominican president Juan Bosch threatened to drop bombs on the presidential palace of Haiti's Francois Duvalier, after artillery shells rained across the border on the Dominican Republic town of Dajabón [72]. Haiti, in turn, accused the Dominican Republic of firing weapons on the neighboring Haitian town of Ouanaminthe. The nations later took their grievances to the Organization of American States without going to war.
• King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals was established by a Saudi royal decree as the "College of Petroleum and Minerals".

September 24, 1963 (Tuesday)

• The U.S. Senate ratified the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty by an overwhelming majority, 80-19, fourteen more than the two-thirds majority required by the U.S. Constitution.[73] John F. Kennedy considered the ratification of the treaty, which would go into effect on October 11, the greatest achievement of his presidency, according to aide Theodore Sorensen.[74]
• Yaakov Herzog, a deputy at the Foreign Ministry of Israel, secretly met in London with King Hussein of Jordan, beginning a dialogue between the two neighboring nations that were, officially, enemies. King Hussein had suggested the meeting, explaining later that "One had to break that barrier... whether it led anywhere or not." [75]
• The rural-themed situation comedy Petticoat Junction began a seven season run on CBS television, after producer Paul Henning's success with The Beverly Hillbillies. Bea Benaderet, who had portrayed Pearl Bodine mother on the first show, starred as Kate Bradley, as the operator of a hotel accessible only by train. Petticoat Junction was not a spinoff of The Beverly Hillbillies, although, in later years, the characters from the two shows would appear in crossover episodes.
• Eighteen people were killed and twelve seriously injured in the explosion of a fireworks factory at the Italian city of Caserta. The factory owner, who was killed in the blast, had reportedly been asking the employees to rush to produce additional fireworks for the festival of Saint Michael the Archangel.[76]

September 25, 1963 (Wednesday)

Former President Bosch

Former Secretary of War Profumo

• Dominican Republic President Juan Bosch was overthrown in a military coup, only seven months after he had become the nation's first democratically elected leader.[77] Military leaders installed a group of three civilians, headed by Emilio de Los Santos as President, to preside over the nation.[78]
• The U.S. House of Representatives voted 271-155 to approve the reduction of the federal income tax rate.[79] The bill would pass the U.S. Senate, and be signed into law on February 26, 1964.[80]
• The Denning Report on the Profumo affair was published in Great Britain. The report concluded that Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and the rest of his cabinet, had not been aware of the indiscretions of War Minister John Profumo.[81]
• Einar Gerhardsen was appointed as Prime Minister of Norway for the fourth time, after the resignation of John Lyng. He would serve until October 12, 1965.[82]

September 26, 1963 (Thursday)

• After only one day on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, bank robber Carl Close was arrested by local authorities in Anderson, South Carolina. Close had just robbed a branch of the First National Bank in Anderson, and was stopped by a detective three minutes later while trying to commandeer another car.[83]
• A 38-year-old man from Waynesville, North Carolina, crashed his pickup truck through the closed iron gates of the White House, stopping short of hitting the building. The unarmed man, who reportedly demanded to see President Kennedy and shouted that "the Communists are taking over in North Carolina", was taken to a hospital for observation. The President was out at the time.[84]
• An panicked elephant was chased for 90 minutes through the streets of Lansing, Michigan, after running away from an outdoor circus at a shopping center, injuring one man and causing extensive damage to a department store. "Little Rajjee", a 16-year old elephant, was performing at the King Circus at the parking lot of South Logan Shopping Center when she got loose. Pursued by hundreds of curious people, she fractured the pelvis of a bystander, and rampaged through a residential south Lansing neighborhood, before crashing through the doors of Arlan's Department Store on Fenton Street [85]. Her handlers had her under control twice, but Rajje was panicked by a mob inside the store and by a burglar alarm before city police shot and killed her [86].
• T. S. Eliot's Collected Poems 1909–1962, selected by the author, were published on his 75th birthday.
• Born:
  • Vladimír Chovan, Slovak politician and Agricultural Minister
  • Joe Nemechek, American NASCAR driver and owner, in Lakeland, Florida

September 27, 1963 (Friday)

• Parliamentary elections were held in South Vietnam. No political parties were represented, and all 123 seats were filled by independents.
• The Scout X-2B rocket was launched from Point Arguello, carrying weather satellites, but failed to achieve orbit.
• The Houston Colt .45s became the only Major League Baseball team to play a regular season game with a team composed entirely of rookies.[57][87] They were hosting the New York Mets, and lost, 10-3. The lineup included Joe Morgan, Jimmy Wynn and Rusty Staub, each of whom would score more than 250 home runs in their careers, Aaron Pointer (brother of the singing group The Pointer Sisters). The Colts' pitcher was 17-year-old Jay Dahl, appearing in his first and only major league game; Dahl would die in an auto accident in 1965.
• According to the Warren Commission, Lee Harvey Oswald arrived in Mexico City on this date and went to the consulate of Cuba, where he applied for a transit visa to travel to Cuba and then back to the Soviet Union, where he had lived from 1959 to 1962. After being refused visas by the Cuban consulate and the Soviet embassy, the Commission concluded, Oswald returned to his home near Dallas, Texas after a few days [88].
• Born: Caren Metschuck, German swimmer, in Greifswald

September 28, 1963 (Saturday)

• Jim Morrison, a 19-year-old student at Florida State University and future founder of the rock group The Doors, was arrested for the first of six times, after he and his friends stole items from a Tallahassee Police Department cruiser. Morrison spent a night in jail, then paid a fifty dollar fine and continued his studies at FSU.[89]
• Born: Wei Wei, Mongolian pop singer, in Hohhot

September 29, 1963 (Sunday)

• The second period of the Second Vatican Council in Rome opened.[90]
• The University of East Anglia was established in the United Kingdom at Norwich.
• Stylianos Mavromichalis replaced Panagiotis Pipinelis as Prime Minister of Greece.
• Joseph Kasavubu, the President of the Republic of the Congo (the former Belgian Congo, colloquially referred to as "Congo-Léopoldville"), dissolved that nation's parliament for the second time in less than four years, so that he and his allies could rule by decree.[91]
• My Favorite Martian, an American television sitcom starring Ray Walston and Bill Bixby, premiered on CBS.

September 30, 1963 (Monday)

• The Pantone Color Matching System, developed in the United States, was introduced and would become "a de facto international colour standard" for printing companies around the world.[92]

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2. Dmitri Volkogonov, Lenin: Life and Legacy (HarperCollins, 1994) p446
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7. USInflation calculator.com
8. The date conforms to the data published in 陳鎮輝,《武俠小說逍遙談》, 2000, 匯智出版有限公司, pg. 58.
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11. "Troopers Rush to Birmingham", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 4, 1963.
12. "Police Bar Negroes From Schools", Glasgow Herald, 7 September 1963.
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56. "U.S. Launches Winged Spaceship", Miami News, September 18, 1963, p1
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72. "Dominicans Accuse Haiti Of Town Blast— Threaten Air Raid On Duvalier Palace For Border Shelling", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 24, 1963, p2
73. "Senate Ratifies Test Ban Pact By Vote of 80-19", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 25, 1963, p1
74. Ronald E. Powaski, March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 1987) pp111-112
75. Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (W. W. Norton & Company, 2001) p226
76. "Fireworks Blast Kills 18", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 25, 1963, p1
77. "Army Overthrows Bosch", Miami News, September 25, 1963, p1
78. "Dominicans Pick 3 To Lead Nation", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1963, p1
79. "HOUSE PASSES INCOME TAX CUT", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1963, p1
80. Michael Meagher and Larry D. Gragg, John F. Kennedy: A Biography: A Biography (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p119
81. "Macmillan Cleared In Sex Scandal", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1963, p1
82. "Gerhardsen, Einar", in The A to Z of Norway, Jan Sjåvik, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p86
83. "Fugitive Robber Put on 'Top 10'", Bakersfield (CA) Californian, September 26, 1963, p7; "FBI's Latest'List' Addition Captured", Bakersfield (CA) Californian, September 27, 1963, p5
84. "Driver Sees Red, Crashes White House", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1963, p1
85. "Police Kill Berserk Elephant— Wide Havoc Caused by Big Beast", Lansing (MI) State Journal, September 27, 1963, p1
86. "Elephant Blitzes Store", Pittsburgh Press, September 28, 1963, p2
87. "Mets Thump Rookies", San Antonio Express And News, September 28, 1963, p5-B
88. The Warren Commission Report (Government Printing Office, 1964) p413
89. Stephen Davis, Jim Morrison: Life, Death, Legend (Penguin, 2005) p42
90. John-Peter Pham, Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession (Oxford University Press, 2004) p xxii
91. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (Zed Books, 2002) p125
92. David Whitbread, The Design Manual (University of New South Wales Press, 2009) pp290–291