September 1959

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September 13-14, 1959: Soviet-launched Lunik 2 becomes first man-made object to land on Moon [1]
September 27, 1959: Soviet Premier Khrushchev at White House to complete 11-day U.S. visit as guest of President Eisenhower
September 17, 1959: American X-15 makes first powered flight
September 18, 1959: The "jetway", first jet bridge, opens at Atlanta airport

The following events occurred in September 1959:

September 1, 1959 (Tuesday)
  • Police in Kolkata fired into a crowd of rioters gathered at the University of Calcutta in the second day of violence arising from food shortages. At least seven persons were killed and 30 others injured. Meanwhile, in Delhi, India's Defense Minister V. K. Krishna Menon and the chiefs of India's Army, Navy and Air Force all resigned.[2] After the Indian Army restored order, 27 rioters were dead.[3]
  • Liquor could legally be sold in Oklahoma for the first time since its admission as a state.[4]
  • Born: Kenny Mayne, American sportscaster on ESPN, in Kent, Washington

September 2, 1959 (Wednesday)
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted 274–138 in favor of overriding President Eisenhower's veto of a $1.2 billion appropriation bill, but fell one vote short.[5]
  • At a conference in Edmonton, Dr. Linus Pauling said that 290,000 people then living would eventually die of cancer due to fallout from atomic blasts since 1945, and that another 30,000 to 60,000 would die for every nuclear bomb exploded in the future.[6]
  • Born: Guy Laliberté, Canadian founder of Cirque du Soleil, in Quebec City

September 3, 1959 (Thursday)
Singapore flag

September 4, 1959 (Friday)
  • The American National Exhibition at Moscow's Sokolniki Park closed after six weeks, having been open since July 25. Earlier in the summer, the Soviet Exhibition of Science, Technology and Culture had been displayed in New York City. The display of American life has been described as "probably the most productive single psychological effort ever launched by the U.S. in any Communist country." [8]
  • Born: Kevin Harrington, Australian TV actor (Neighbours), in Melbourne

September 5, 1959 (Saturday)
  • NWS-9, the first television station in the State of South Australia, began broadcasting.[9]
  • The Kingdom of Laos proclaimed a state of emergency a day after asking the United Nations to protect it from rebels from North Vietnam. UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld cut short a tour to return to New York to convene a meeting on the crisis.[10]

September 6, 1959 (Sunday)
Fibber McGee & Molly
  • The radio show Fibber McGee & Molly was broadcast for the last time. Starring Jim and Marian Jordan, the show debuted on April 16, 1935, and was one of the NBC network's top programs during the 1940s, each Tuesday evening at 9:30.[11] An NBC television version, with Bob Sweeney and Cathy Lewis in the title role, debuted on September 15 and ran for only 12 episodes.
  • The first jet airliner landed in Honolulu, a Pan American 707. With the advent of jet travel, a trip to Hawaii was less than five hours from the mainland, turning the islands into a prime tourist destination.[12] The same plane landed in Tokyo at 8 pm, cutting flight time between the United States and Japan from 29 hours to 17 hours.[13]
  • Died:
    • Edmund Gwenn, 81, English actor
    • Kay Kendall, 33, British actress, winner of Golden Globe in 1957 for Les Girls and wife of Rex Harrison, died of leukemia
    • Andrew Jackson May, 84, Congressman from Kentucky (1931–1947) who was later imprisoned in 1949 for conspiracy to defraud but pardoned 1952

September 7, 1959 (Monday)
  • Eighty-one students from Kenya departed from Nairobi on the first flight of the East African Airlift, en route to New York City and then to colleges in the United States and Canada. The operation, which has been called "The Kennedy Airlift" because of its sponsorship by then-U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, would bring hundreds of young East African men and women to North American universities and colleges during 1959 and 1960.[14]
  • Died: Maurice Duplessis, who had governed the Province of Quebec as its Premier since 1944, died four days after suffering a stroke while visiting Schefferville.[15] One observer opined later that it was "the event that enabled Quebec to open up to the modern world", adding that "He had been a dictatorial leader, treating members of his cabinet as ciphers, and making all the decisions himself." [16]

September 8, 1959 (Tuesday)
  • A bill to protect American mustangs was signed into law by President Eisenhower, making it a violation of federal law to use aircraft or motorized vehicles on public land in hunting wild horses and burros. Velma Bronn Johnston of Wadsworth, Nevada, nicknamed "Wild Horse Annie", had lobbied Congress to pass the bill.[17]
  • Britain's Prime Minister Harold Macmillan announced that new elections for the 630 seats in the House of Commons would take place on October 8, with Parliament to be dissolved on September 18.[18]
  • Born: Daler Nazarov, Tajik composer, in Dushanbe, Tajik SSR, U.S.S.R.

September 9, 1959 (Wednesday)
  • The final tests of the Atlas-D, the first ICBM, were conducted "in separate launches from opposite sides of the United States". At Cape Canaveral in Florida, Atlas missile number 10-D carried an unmanned Mercury capsule into space, and proved that the heat shield could protect humans from the heat from reentry. Missile number 12-D was launched successfully from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.[19]
  • Born: Éric Serra, French composer of film scores (GoldenEye)
  • Died: Collie Smith (O'Neill Gordon Smith), 26, Jamaican cricket star, in an auto accident

September 10, 1959 (Thursday)
  • After 145 vetoes that stood, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was overridden by Congress for the first time as both houses got the necessary two-thirds majority. The President had vetoed a $1,185,309,093 public works bill. The vote in the House was 280–121, followed by a 72–23 vote in the Senate.[20]
  • At Mountain Lake Park, Maryland, seven children were killed when their school bus stalled on a railroad crossing and was struck by a freight train. The bus, with 26 on board, was on its way to Denett Road Elementary School in Oakland when the accident happened at 8:30 a.m.[21]

September 11, 1959 (Friday)
  • One day after a similar accident in Maryland, a train killed children on their way to school. Mrs. Irene Zimmerman and her six children were struck while on their way to Sacred Heart Parochial School in Waseca, Minnesota.[22]
  • Relief pitcher Elroy Face of the Pittsburgh Pirates recorded his only loss in an 18–1 season, losing 5–4 to the Los Angeles Dodgers.[23]

September 12, 1959 (Saturday)
  • Bonanza appeared for the first time on American television, premiering at 7:30 p.m. Eastern time on NBC. The Western, first to be broadcast in color, ran for 14 seasons and 440 episodes until January 16, 1973.[24]

September 13, 1959 (Sunday)
Replica of the Lunik 2 object left on Moon [25]
  • A man-made object landed on the Moon for the first time in history, as the Soviet satellite Lunik 2 crashed near the Sea of Tranquility at 2202 GMT (5:02 pm in New York, and 12:02 a.m. Monday Moscow time).[26] Astronomers on Earth with telescopes were able to watch the results of the impact, which spread dust and debris over an area of 40 square kilometers over five minutes, in a radius of 3.5 km.[27] The 800 pound metal sphere bore five-sided pieces stamped with the Communist Party emblem, the hammer and sickle.
  • The National Games of China, the first of their kind in the People's Republic of China since the Communist rise to power ten years earlier, opened in Beijing with 7,707 athletes from 29 provinces and autonomous regions, along with the People's Liberation Army, to be played over a three-week period. Chinese leaders Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De presided over the opening ceremony, which was attended my delegations from nine Communist nations, as well as France and the Sudan. Official slogans of the games exhorted everyone to "exercise the body" and to "protect and serve the construction of the Great Socialist Motherland" and "serve the development of Industry and Agriculture".[28]
  • Born: Jean Smart, American TV actress (Designing Women, Samantha Who?), in Seattle

September 14, 1959 (Monday)
  • The Soviet Union announced the success of Lunik 2 on Radio Moscow with the words "Today, the 14th of September, at 00:02:24 Moscow time, the second Soviet cosmic rocket reached the surface of the moon. It is the first time in history that a cosmic flight has been made from the earth to another celestial body." [29] Speaking at a news conference for the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Leonid Sedov emphasized that the USSR had "no territorial claims whatsoever" on the Moon.[30]
  • For the first time, a radar signal was sent and the echo received from the planet Venus.[31]
  • The Landrum–Griffin Act was signed into law by President Eisenhower, after having passed the Senate 95–2 and the House 353–52[32]
  • Born: Morten Harket, Norwegian lead singer for a-ha, in Kongsberg

September 15, 1959 (Tuesday)
  • Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev arrived for an 11-day visit in the United States, landing at Andrews Air Force Base at 11:30 a.m.[33]
  • Poe Elementary School attack: At Houston's Edgar Allan Poe Elementary School, a man set off a suitcase bomb at a playground, killing himself, a teacher, a custodian, and three children, including his son. Nineteen other children and the principal were hospitalized. Paul Harold Orgeron had brought in his seven-year-old son minutes earlier to enroll him in the second grade.[34]
  • Television was introduced in India, with a station going on the air in Delhi as a project of UNESCO. Initially, programming was limited to 60 minutes on Tuesdays and Fridays, with 40 minutes of education and 20 of entertainment, to be seen at community viewing centers (Tele Clubs) and schools.[35]
  • At the Mayan site of Chichen Itza in Mexico, a local tour guide, José Humberto Gómez, discovered a false wall that concealed a network of caves that became an archaeological treasure trove of the Mayan civilization.[36]

September 16, 1959 (Wednesday)
  • At 8:00 p.m. Paris time, President Charles de Gaulle went on television and radio in France and in its colony of Algeria. After five years of war, five billion dollars and more than 21,000 Frenchmen dead, the President said, "I deem it necessary that recourse to self-determination be here and now proclaimed." The options offered, to take place within four years after the end of fighting, would be "secession" (independence), francisation, with the Algerians becoming part of the French people, or "government of Algerians by Algerians, backed up by French help".[37]
  • The first successful plain paper copying machine, the Xerox 914, was introduced at a show at the Sherry-Netherland Hotel in New York.[38]
  • A federal court in Pennsylvania struck down as unconstitutional a 1928 law that required the reading of ten Bible verses each day in state schools in a case brought by Ellery Schempp.[39]

September 17, 1959 (Thursday)
  • The North American X-15 jet fighter made its first powered flight, with test pilot Scott Crossfield guiding it. A B-52 bomber carried the X-15 to 38,000 feet over Edwards AFB, and Crossfield then launched to 50,000 feet. The X-15 could reach a maximum altitude of 67 miles, sufficient to put it into space although not into orbit.[40]
  • The first navigation satellite, Transit 1A, was launched from Cape Canaveral, but failed to reach orbit when the third stage of a Thor-Able rocket failed. Transit 1B would be placed into orbit on April 13, 1960, and the launch of Transit 5A1 on December 19, 1962, was the first to become operational. Navigational satellites eventually paved the way for products based on GPS (global positioning system).[41]
  • A British proposal for worldwide disarmament was presented to the United Nations by Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd. The three stage program called for an international control agency to oversee reduction of stockpiles of nuclear and other mass destruction weapons, and eventually reducing conventional weapons and manpower to levels required only for internal security. A Soviet proposal was presented by First Secretary Khrushchev the next day.[42]
  • In China, Chairman Mao Zedong issued a Special Pardon order for "the Manchukou war criminal Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi". Puyi had been the nominal Emperor of China during his childhood (1908–1912), and later had been installed by the Japanese as the puppet ruler for the state of Manchukuo. Pu Yi would be released on December 6, and lived until 1967.[43] On the same day, China formally announced that Defense Minister Peng Dehuai had been removed from office and replaced by Lin Biao.[44]

September 18, 1959 (Friday)
  • The jetway, the extending bridge that permits airline passengers to travel directly between the terminal and the airplane door without going outside, was used by airline passengers for the first time. Installed on July 22 at the Atlanta airport by Delta Air Lines, the new device was inaugurated with the first commercial use of the Douglas DC-8, a competitor to the Boeing 707. Both Delta and United flew inaugural DC-8 flights on the same day.[45] Delta Air Lines Flight 823, the airline's first DC-8 flight, arrived in Atlanta from New York to coincide with the first use of the jetway.[46] The United Air Lines DC-8 took off from San Francisco at 11:03 a.m. Pacific Time with 113 passengers, five stewardesses and a flight crew of four led by Captain J. A. McFadden, and landed at New York's Idlewild Airport 5 hours and 19 minutes later at 7:22 p.m. Eastern time.[47]
  • Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev spoke at the United Nations in New York to outline a proposed four year disarmament plan. The Soviet presentation was more drastic than the British of the day before, calling for initial reduction of the armed forces of the USSR, US and China to 1.7 million members, followed by liquidation of all foreign military bases, and eventually destruction of all nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons and rockets.[48]
  • Serial killer Harvey Glatman, who posed as a photographer and lured his victims through classified ads, was executed in California's gas chamber.[49]
  • Memphis State University (now the University of Memphis) admitted its first black students. The "Memphis State 8" began classes without incident, but were restricted from "white" areas of the campus.[50]
  • Born:

September 19, 1959 (Saturday)
  • The most memorable portion of Nikita Khrushchev's 11-day tour of the United States was his stop in Los Angeles. The Soviet leader was outraged by a speech made by L.A. Mayor Norris Poulson at a banquet, offended by a performance of can-can dancers, and annoyed that he would not be allowed to visit Disneyland. Khrushchev complained at a Hollywood reception, "I asked 'Why not? What do you have there-- rocket launch pads?'" After Poulson's speech, Khrushchev responded, "I can just go, and one never knows whether another head of a Soviet government will ever visit this country."[51] Days later, Khrushchev calmed down, blaming the Disneyland cancellation on legitimate security concerns, and saying of Poulson, "Perhaps he got out of the wrong side of the bed." [52]

September 20, 1959 (Sunday)
  • General Nadhim Tabaqchali and 18 other Iraqi officers were executed by a firing squad for their role in the March 1959 Mosul Uprising.[53]
  • Born:

September 21, 1959 (Monday)
  • The Ford Falcon was introduced in a closed-circuit TV press conference. The automobile was produced until January 1, 1970.[54] On the same day, the first Plymouth Valiant came off of the assembly line at the Chrysler plant in Hamtramck, Michigan.[55]
  • Public Law 86-341 was enacted under the title "An act to extend Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, and for other purposes". The "other purposes", in the amendment to a law regarding the export of surplus farm goods, included a law authorizing the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to operate a food stamp program.[56] The first use of Food Stamps came on May 29, 1961.
  • Born:
  • Died: Abraham Flexner, 92, American educator and reformer

September 22, 1959 (Tuesday)
  • The USS Patrick Henry, the second American ballistic missile submarine, was launched in Groton, Connecticut. The wife of Illinois congressman Leslie C. Arends smashed the bottle of champagne on the prow of the Polaris submarine in a ceremony before 20,000 people.[57] The first ballistic sub, the USS George Washington (SSBN-598), had been launched on June 9.
  • The Chicago White Sox won the American League pennant for the first time in 40 years with a 4–2 victory over the second place Cleveland Indians.[58] Air raid sirens were sounded at 10:30 on authorization by Chicago Fire Commissioner Robert Quinn. At least one-third of Chicagoans surveyed later said that they thought that the sirens were a warning of an impending attack.[59]
  • The Havana Sugar Kings beat the Richmond Virginians to win the championship of baseball's AAA International League before 13,021 fans, including Cuban leader Fidel Castro.[60] The Havana team was moved to Jersey City, New Jersey, at the end of the season.

September 23, 1959 (Wednesday)
  • Walter F. Munford, the President of United States Steel, was fatally injured while putting away kitchen utensils at his summer home in Chatham, Massachusetts. Munford, exhausted from the ongoing steelworkers strike, slipped on the waxed kitchen floor and a paring knife in his hand cut 3 inches deep into his abdomen. Complications from the wound contributed to his death five days later.[61]
  • After visits to Washington, D.C., New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev visited Coon Rapids, Iowa and had dinner at the farm of Roswell "Bob" Garst.[62]

September 24, 1959 (Thursday)
  • In the race to be the first to photograph the far side of the Moon, the United States suffered a setback when the Atlas-Able rocket exploded on the launch pad during tests. The rocket was being readied for an October 3 launch, when the Moon would be within 219,000 miles of the Earth, and would have carried a satellite into lunar orbit, and the explosion pushed the launch back to November.[63] The Soviet probe Lunik 3 was launched on October 4 and photographed the far side two days later.
  • 1959 TAI Douglas DC-7 accident: A Douglas DC-7C airliner, operated by Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux (TAI), crashed into a forest in France, shortly after taking off from Bordeaux toward the West African city of Mali. All nine of the crew, and 45 of the 56 passengers, were killed.[64]

September 25, 1959 (Friday)
S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, 1899-1959

September 26, 1959 (Saturday)
  • The "Isewan Typhoon" also known as Typhoon Vera struck Nagoya, bringing a 17 foot high wave and 160 mph winds, and then moved across Japan. The strongest storm ever recorded in Japan killed more than 5,000 people, injuring over 32,000 and leaving 1.5 million people homeless.[66]
  • Unable to persuade businesses to spend thousands of dollars to buy its copy machines, the Haloid Xerox Company introduced a leasing program that would become a model followed by other businesses. The $95 per month lease could be cancelled on 15 days notice, and included repairs and 2,000 copies each month, 4¢ per copy afterward. Created by the consulting firm of Arthur D. Little and Associates, the program increased Xerox annual revenues from $30 million to $2.5 billion by 1972.[67]

September 27, 1959 (Sunday)

September 28, 1959 (Monday)
  • The Quick Draw McGraw Show was first broadcast, as a cartoon syndicated by Hanna-Barbera, and introduced several well-known characters, along with the "guitar smash" sound effect. The three segments spoofed Westerns (Quick Draw McGraw and Baba Looey), detective shows (Super Snooper and Blabbermouse), and family shows (Augie Doggie and Doggy Daddy).[70]
  • Rochester College (formerly North Central Christian College and Michigan Christian Junior College) began its first classes. The private 4-year college is located in Rochester Hills, Michigan.[71]
  • Born: Laura Bruce, American artist, in East Orange, New Jersey
  • Died:
    • Vincent Richards, 56, the first (in 1927) American professional tennis champion
    • Rudolf Caracciola, 58, German race car driver and European Grand Prix champion 1935, 1937 and 1938

September 29, 1959 (Tuesday)
  • The Brunei Constitution and Agreement of 1959 gave the British colony of Brunei its first written Constitution and protectorate status. Great Britain was given complete control of the external affairs of the South Pacific nation, while the Sultan, Omar Ali Saifuddin III, presided over an Executive Council. Brunei became fully independent in 1984.[72]
  • Braniff Flight 542 from Houston to Washington broke apart at 11:07 p.m. CST while at an altitude of 15,000 feet, killing all 33 people on board. The Lockheed L-188 Electra had lost a wing from structural failure.[73] Another Electra, Northwest Flight 710, would lose a wing and crash on March 17, 1960.[74]
  • The Dodgers beat the Braves 6–5 to win a playoff for the National League pennant, and advanced to the World Series.
  • Born: Benjamin Sehene, Rwandan author, in Kigali, Ruanda-Urundi

September 30, 1959 (Wednesday)
  • Three days after departing the United States, where he had met with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev began talks with China's Chairman Mao Zedong in Beijing.[75] In 1967, Khrushchev would tell an interviewer from the West German magazine Stern that "In 1959 Mao Tse-tung said to me, 'We must just provoke the United States into a war, then I will send you as many divisions as you need— 100, 200, 1,000'."[76]
  • President Eisenhower hosted leaders of U.S. Steel, Bethlehem Steel and Inland Steel at the White House, followed by officials of the United Steel Workers, and set a deadline of October 8 for labor and management to settle the nationwide steel strike.[77]
  • Born: Ettore Messina, Italian pro basketball coach for Virtus Bologna and CSKA Moscow, in Catania, Sicily
  • Died: Sid Richardson, 68, bachelor philanthropist and Texas oil multimillionaire
gollark: I agree.
gollark: "people do not agree with me, therefore we live in a simulation"
gollark: cyber fails at empathy, 2021 colorized.
gollark: Of course.
gollark: The truth cuboids (which are right) disagree.

References
  1. attribution: Alexander Mokletsov
  2. "7 Killed As Police Fire on Calcutta Reds"; "Menon, Military Chiefs Quit in Row"; Oakland Tribune, September 1, 1959, p1
  3. "One of Those Weeks", TIME, September 14, 1959
  4. Arrell Morgan Gibson, Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press, 1981), p247
  5. "Ike Veto Upheld by One Vote", Oakland Tribune, September 2, 1959; Victory for Veto, TIME, September 14, 1959, p1
  6. "290,000 Fallout Deaths Predicted From Past Tests", Winnipeg Free Press, September 3, 1959, p1
  7. "The Singapore Promise" Archived 2009-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Barrie Robyn Jakabovics, "Displaying American Abundance Abroad: The Misinterpretation of the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow"
  9. Australian TV Archive
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  11. Olson, James Stuart (2000). Historical Dictionary of the 1950s. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 102–103.
  12. Hibbard, Don J. (2006). Designing Paradise: The Allure of the Hawaiian Resort. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 55–59.
  13. "Pan-Am Jet In Inaugural To Tokyo", Stars and Stripes (Pacific), September 6, 1959, p8
  14. "JFK and the Student Airlift", JFK Presidential Library
  15. "Fiery Quebec Premier Dies", Winnipeg Free Press, September 7, 1959, p1
  16. Boyce Richardson, Memoirs of a Media Maverick (Between The Lines, 2003), p130
  17. "Ike Approves Bill To Save Mustangs", Oakland Tribune, September 8, 1959, p9
  18. "Macmillan Government Sets National Election for Oct. 8", Oakland Tribune, September 8, 1959, p1
  19. NASA History; Vandenberg Air Force Base history Archived 2008-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  20. "Ike's Veto Overruled On Public Works Funds; President Finally Beaten After Turning Back 145 Bills", Bridgeport Telegram, September 11, 1959, p1
  21. "Train Kills 7, Injures 10 Pupils in Stalled School Bus", Oakland Tribune, September 10, 1959, p1
  22. "Freight-Auto Smash Kills Family of 7". Oakland Tribune. September 11, 1959. p. 1.
  23. Baseball Digest, May 2004, pp10–12
  24. The Museum of Broadcast Communications Bonanza
  25. attribution: Patrick Pelletier
  26. "Moon Shot Gives Khrushchev Big Talking Point With Ike", Oakland Tribune, September 14, 1959, p1
  27. Tammy Plotner, The Night Sky Companion: A Yearly Guide to Sky-Watching, 2009–2010 (Springer, 2009), p44
  28. Fan Hong and Lu Zhouxiang, The Politicisation of Sport in Modern China: Communists and Champions (Routledge, 2015) p20
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  30. "Russia Won't Claim Moon", Winnipeg Free Press, September 14, 1959, p1
  31. Paul Davies, The New Physics (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p8
  32. R. Alton Lee, Eisenhower & Landrum-Griffin: A Study in Labor-Management Politics (University Press of Kentucky, 1990), p156
  33. "Khrushchev Cheered, Booed, As He Begins Historic U.S. Tour", Oakland Tribune, September 15, 1959, p1
  34. "Houston School Bombed; 6 Die", The Light (San Antonio), September 15, 1959, p1; "Playground Explosion Kills Six", San Antonio Express, September 16, 1959, p1; TIME Magazine, September 28, 1959
  35. B.S.S. Rao, Television For Rural Development (Concept Publishing Company, 1992), pp62–63
  36. Andrews, E. Wyllys Andrews IV, Balancanche: Throne of the Tiger Priest (Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, 1970)
  37. "DeGaulle Offers Rights To Algerians To Choose Their Destiny", Oakland Tribune, September 16, 1959; "The Watershed", Time magazine, September 28, 1959; "DeGaulle Speaks To Algeria"
  38. Eva Hemmungs Wirten, No Trespassing: Authorship, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Boundaries of Globalization (University of Toronto Press, 2004), p61
  39. Stephen D. Solomon, Ellery's Protest: How One Young Man Defied Tradition and Sparked the Battle over School Prayer (University of Michigan Press, 2007), p197
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  41. Michael Russell Rip and James M. Hasik, The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare (Naval Institute Press, 2002), p60
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  43. S.Z. Ahmed, Manchukou (Infinity Publishing, 2004) p 196
  44. "Red Chinese Purge Chief Of Defense", Oakland Tribune, September 17, 1959, p1
  45. Guy Norris and Mark Wagner, Douglas Jetliners (Zenith Press, 1999), p135
  46. "Launch New Jet Flights", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, September 18, 1959, p27
  47. "United Inaugurates Coast-to-Coast Jets", Bridgeport (CT) Post, September 19, 1959, p10
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  49. R. Barri Flowers and H. Loraine Flowers, Murders In The United States: Crimes, Killers and Victims of the Twentieth Century (McFarland, 2004), pp95–96
  50. Sherry L. Hoppe and Bruce W. Speck, Maxine Smith's Unwilling Pupils: Lessons Learned in Memphis's Civil Rights Classroom (University of Tennessee Press, 2007), pp29–30
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  52. "Nikita Mellows, Forgives All in L.A.", Oakland Tribune, September 22, 1959, p22
  53. "The Colonel's Mistake", TIME Magazine, September 28, 1959; Phebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq (Westview Press, 2004), pp91–92
  54. Falcon history Archived 2009-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  55. History Channel, "This Day in History"
  56. Willard W. Cochrane and Mary E. Ryan, American Farm Policy, 1948–1973 (University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p151
  57. "'Big Stick' Missile Sub Lanunched", Oakland Tribune, September 22, 1959, p1
  58. "Chicago Blows Top For Go-Go Champs", Tucson Daily Citizen, September 23, 1959, p23
  59. "Joy in Mudville", by Elihu Katz, presented at National Academy of Sciences Symposium on Human Problems in The Utilization of Fallout Shelters (February 11–12, 1960), pp25-32
  60. "Castro Sees Havana Win Int. Playoffs", Charleston (W.V.) Daily Mail, September 23, 1959, p21
  61. "President Of U.S. Steel Stabs Self", Oakland Tribune, September 24, 1959, p1; "Knife Stab, Stroke Kill Steel Chief", Tribune, September 28, 1959, p1
  62. "Coon Rapids Welcomes Khrushchev", Carroll Daily Times Herald (Carroll, Ia.), September 24, 1959, p1
  63. "Moon Rocket Explodes on Launch Pad", Oakland Tribune, September 24, 1959, p1
  64. AviationSafetyNetwork
  65. John Richardson, Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development From Sri Lanka's Civil Wars (International Centre for Ethnic Studies), pp169–170
  66. "Japan typhoon", Encyclopedia of Disasters by Angus M. Gunn (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), pp456–57
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  68. The Khrushchev-Mao Conversations
  69. "Craig, Buhl Won Big Ones For Dodgers, Braves", Bridgeport Post, September 28, 1959, p28
  70. "Animated Cartoons in TV Spotlight", Independent Star-News (Pasadena, California), TV Week, p1; The 60s Official Site
  71. Rochester College website Archived 2008-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  72. Harun Abdul Majid, Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil (I.B. Tauris, 2007), pp25–26
  73. AviationSafetyNetwork
  74. Brian Power-Waters, Safety Last: The Dangers of Commercial Aviation: An Indictment By an Airline Pilot (Authors Choice Press, 2001), p202
  75. "Khrushchev In Peiping-- Talks Peace", Oakland Tribune, September 30, 1959, p1
  76. "Mao offered Russ 1,000 divisions for U.S. war", UPI report in Kokomo (IN) Morning Times, July 8, 1967, p1
  77. "Ike Fixes Deadline in Steel Strike", Lincoln (NE) Evening Journal, September 30, 1959, p1
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