August 1963

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The following events occurred in August 1963:

August 28, 1963: 250,000 March on Washington
Martin Luther King Jr.: "I Have a Dream"
August 30, 1963: Philips introduces the cassette tape recorder

August 1, 1963 (Thursday)

August 2, 1963 (Friday)
  • The Sino-Soviet split widened as the People's Republic of China, in its strongest condemnation to that time of the Soviet Union, criticized the Soviets as being "freaks and monsters" for making "unconditional concessions and capitulation to the imperialists" after the USSR had agreed to a partial nuclear test ban treaty with the United States and the United Kingdom. The statement came in an editorial in the Chinese Communist Party newspaper, the People's Daily.[4]
  • The NFL champion Green Bay Packers were upset, 20-17, by the College All-Stars in the annual Chicago College All-Star Game.[5] It would be the last time that the All-Stars would win the series, which would be discontinued after the 1976 contest.[6]
  • José de Jesús García Ayala was consecrated as Auxiliary Bishop of Campeche. He would go on to become the oldest bishop in the Mexican church, living beyond his 100th birthday.
  • A tropical storm off Bermuda intensified and was classified as Hurricane Arlene, though it would degenerate into a tropical depression the following day.[7]
  • Died: Swami Ramdas, 79, Hindu philosopher

August 3, 1963 (Saturday)

August 4, 1963 (Sunday)

August 5, 1963 (Monday)
  • In Moscow, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the first nuclear test ban treaty. The ceremony took place at the Kremlin with U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home, and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko signing on behalf of their respective nations.[14]
  • Craig Breedlove set the record for fastest driver in the world, reaching 428.37 miles an hour "for a measured mile" in a jet-powered vehicle, Spirit of America, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. His average for two runs was 407.45 MPH.[15]
  • The trial of Stephen Ward was formally closed with no sentence pronounced, following Ward's suicide two days earlier.[16]
  • Died: Salvador Bacarisse, 64, Spanish composer

August 6, 1963 (Tuesday)
  • The United States Senate voted, 84 to 0, for a pay increase to nearly all members of the United States Armed Services, whether active or on reserve, three months after the House of Representatives had passed a "somewhat similar, but less generous bill"[17]
  • Died:

August 7, 1963 (Wednesday)

August 8, 1963 (Thursday)
  • The Great Train Robbery of 1963 took place at Ledburn, Buckinghamshire, England, when a gang of bandits halted a train ferrying mail between Glasgow and London. At 3:00 am, the group caused the train's engineer to stop by activating the red signal and covering the green signal. When the train came to a halt, engineer Jack Mills and his assistant were overpowered, while others in the group boarded the first two coaches hauling mail, and tied up the four employees on board. The group then uncoupled the engine and two coaches from the other ten cars on the train, and forced the engineer and assistant to move one mile down the line to the Bridego Bridge, where the mail bags were dropped into automobiles waiting beneath. The haul was estimated at £2,600,000 (at the time worth about $7,300,000; equivalent to $55 million or £37 million in 2013).[23][24]
  • The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was formed by Ndabaningi Sithole, future Zimbabwean prime minister (and later, president) Robert Mugabe, and other members of the Zimbabwe African People's Union who were dissatisfied with the leadership of Joshua Nkomo.[25]

August 9, 1963 (Friday)
  • American dissident Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested in New Orleans while distributing leaflets for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee at the corner of Canal Street and Baronne Street, after getting into a scuffle with three Cuban men (Carlos Bringuier, Celso Macario and Miguel Mariano), who were also arrested. Oswald spent the night in jail, and was then released.[26][27]
  • Hurricane Arlene passed directly over Bermuda with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h).[7] The storm continued to intensify after passing the island, with reconnaissance recording a minimum pressure of 969 mbar (hPa; 28.61 inHg) and maximum winds reached 105 mph (160 km/h).[7] The hurricane began to weaken hours later, with winds decreasing below 100 mph (155 km/h) by the afternoon of August 10. Shortly afterwards, Arlene transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, while maintaining hurricane-force winds, over the north Atlantic.[7]
  • The British rock music show Ready Steady Go! premiered on Associated-Rediffusion in London, part of Britain's ITV network, and would later be shown on the other ITV stations. It would run until December 7, 1966.[28][29]
  • Born: Whitney Houston, American pop singer, in Newark, New Jersey (d. 2012)
  • Died: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, two-day-old son of President John F. Kennedy, of infant respiratory distress syndrome. A funeral mass for the child was held the next day in the private chapel of Cardinal Richard Cushing in Boston.[30]

August 10, 1963 (Saturday)
  • Giovanni Colombo became Archbishop of Milan, replacing Pope Paul VI, who had been elected to the papacy two months earlier.
  • A new record was set for latest ending to a Major League Baseball game, when the second game of a doubleheader between the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the visiting Houston Colt .45s (now the Astros lasted until 2:30 in the morning. The first game had been delayed for an hour by rain. Only 300 of the original 9,420 fans stayed to watch Pittsburgh win 7-6 after 11 innings. The record would be broken on June 13, 1967, when a Washington Senators 6-5 win over the Chicago White Sox at 2:44 am.[31]
  • Born: Phoolan Devi, Indian bandit and politician, in Ghura Ka Purwa, Uttar Pradesh (died 2001)
  • Died: Estes Kefauver, 60, American politician who almost won the 1952 Democratic presidential nomination and then served as running-mate for nominee Adlai Stevenson II in 1956

August 11, 1963 (Sunday)
  • Four of the defendants who had been arrested on July 11, at the Liliesleaf Farm near Johannesburg, were able to escape their South African jail after a bribe was promised to their guard by the ANC. Harold Wolpe and Arthur Goldreich, who were both white, were confined at Johannesburg's Marshall Square Police Station, in the same cell with Indian South Africans Abdulhay Jassat and Moosa Moolla, separate from the black South African defendants. Their white guard, Johannes Greeff, served three years of a six-year sentence, and later received 2,000 African pounds.[32] Wolpe and Goldreich would elude a nationwide search and, "disguised as priests", make it to Swaziland (which was surrounded by South Africa), and on September 8, would charter a plane to fly to Tanganyika.[33]
  • Two teams of surgeons, at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, carried out the successful separation of a pair of conjoined twins, Daniel Bartley and David Bartley, 27 hours after their birth. The two were joined at the abdomen.[34]
  • Food poisoning struck about 150 of 800 women who had attended a dinner at which the Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, was the guest speaker.[35]
  • Retired Lt. Gen. Song Yo-Chang, at one time the Prime Minister of South Korea, was arrested on orders of the President and his former superior officer, General Park Chung-hee. On August 8, General Song had published a letter in the nation's newspapers, calling on General Park not to run in the October elections.[36]
  • Benoni Beheyt won the 1963 UCI Road World Championships bicycle race at Renaix, Belgium.
  • Jim Clark won the 1963 Kanonloppet motor race at Karlskoga Circuit in Sweden.
  • Died:

August 12, 1963 (Monday)
  • President of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta spoke to 300 white farmers at Nakuru, and reassured them that the new black African government would look after their interests if they remained. "To the chagrin of many freedom fighters, his prophecy turned out to be accurate", one commentator would observe later about the former Mau Mau Uprising leader.[37]
  • Fifteen of the 16 people on board an Air-Inter flight were killed when Viscount airplane they were on crashed while attempting a landing in a thunderstorm at Lyon. The airplane, which was stopping at Lille on the way to Nice, struck a barn as it descended, and debris from the wreckage killed the farm owner. The sole survivor was a three-year-old girl.[38]
  • The pilot and five passengers of a twin-engine Beechcraft plane, on a charter flight to Fort Erie, Ontario, were injured when their plane crashed at the Toronto Island Airport. One engine failed at an altitude of 200 feet (61 m) during take-off over Lake Ontario. The pilot turned back and landed on the Island, clipping a tree. Most of the plane's starboard wing was torn off.[39]
  • Born: Kōji Kitao, Japanese sumo wrestler, in Mie

August 13, 1963 (Tuesday)

August 14, 1963 (Wednesday)
  • The first of the Yirrkala bark petitions, created by Aboriginal leaders in the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory of Australia, were presented to Australian governmental leaders at the capital in Canberra.[42]
  • British police arrested five persons believed to have been members of the gang that had carried out the robbery of the Glasgow-London mail train the previous week, and recovered £100,000 of the loot that had been stolen.[43]
  • The 1962–63 DFB-Pokal, the second-most important national competition in German football, was won by Hamburger SV.
  • Died: Clifford Odets, 57, American playwright

August 15, 1963 (Thursday)
  • A team of scientists from Yale University and the Brookhaven National Laboratory announced their discovery of what was believed at the time to be the last class of subatomic particle, the hyperon referred to as "anti-xi-zero".[44]
  • Fulbert Youlou was forced to resign as president of the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.[45] A delegation of military leaders, led by Colonel David Mountsaka and Major Felix Mouzabakani, refused to obey President Youlou's order for the Congolese Army to shoot at the protesters, and demanded his resignation.[46] Youlou was replaced the next day by Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who was designated by the title "chief of government", rather than president.[47] and would be imprisoned until being freed by his supporters on February 7, 1964.[48]
  • The last of the American nuclear Thor missiles, located in the United Kingdom at the 144th Strategic Missile Squadron at North Luffenham, was taken off of alert, ending a process that had started on November 29. The missiles were removed by September 27, and the missile facilities closed by December 20.[49]
  • Born: Simon Brown, Jamaican boxer, IBF welterweight champion 1998–1991, and WBC light middleweight champion 1993–1994; in Clarendon
  • Died:
    • Vsevolod Ivanov, 68, Soviet novelist
    • Eddie Mays, 34, the last person to be executed in the state of New York, in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison
    • Karl Drews, 43, former American MLB pitcher from 1946 to 1954, after being struck by a drunk driver.[50]

August 16, 1963 (Friday)
  • The NASA M2-F1, a wingless lifting body glider nicknamed the "flying bathtub", was flown for the first time, with test pilot Milt Thompson at the controls. The lifting body design, which permitted a spacecraft to descend horizontally through the atmosphere, would be put into service through the American space shuttle.[51]
  • Canada's new Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, reversed the policy of his predecessor, John G. Diefenbaker, and announced that his government had agreed with the United States to arm American-deployed missiles with nuclear warheads.[52]
  • Former President of Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez was extradited from the United States back to Venezuela, eight months after his arrest and confinement in the Dade County Jail in Miami. Perez Jimenez had been dictator from 1952 to 1958, then fled to the U.S., where he lived in luxury until being jailed in Miami on December 12, 1962.[53]
  • Two people walking in Dorking Woods discovered a briefcase, a holdall and a camel-skin bag, all containing money. The evidence would lead to the arrest of Brian Field, a member of the gang who had carried out the Great Train Robbery a few days earlier. The discovery raised the total amount of money recovered to £141,000 ($394,800).[54]

August 17, 1963 (Saturday)
  • Fifty-five people were drowned when the Japanese ferry boat Midori Maru capsized in heavy waves as it sailed from the Okinawan capital to Kumejima Island. Another 185 of the passengers and crew were rescued by fishing boats and U.S. military aircraft.[55]
  • One day short of a year after its launch, Kosmos 8's orbit decayed.[56]
  • Died:

August 18, 1963 (Sunday)
  • James Meredith became the first African-American to graduate from the University of Mississippi in its 115 years of existence. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, having majored in political science and minored in French. The cost of Meredith's protection by federal marshals was more than $5,000,000.[57] His graduation day was without incident; Meredith would later earn a law degree from Columbia University.[58]
  • The last match in the third round of the 1963 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was played at the Estadio Nacional in Costa Rica. The final, scheduled to be played the following month, would eventually be scratched, and Racing Club Haïtien would eventually be declared champion.

August 19, 1963 (Monday)
  • Israel's Prime Minister Levi Eshkol agreed to allow American observers to visit the Negev Nuclear Research Center at Dimona, where Israel was working on developing a nuclear weapon.[59]
  • Born: Monday Michiru, Japanese "acid jazz" musician, in Tokyo
  • Died:
    • Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, 74, Pakistani politician, President (speaker) of Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly
    • Jay Meuser, 51, American abstract expressionist painter

August 20, 1963 (Tuesday)

August 21, 1963 (Wednesday)

August 22, 1963 (Thursday)
  • American test pilot Joe Walker achieved a second sub-orbital spaceflight, according to the international standard of 100 kilometers, piloting an X-15 rocket to an altitude of 354,200 feet (67.08 miles or 107.96 kilometers).[70] The record was unofficial, because the X-15 did not take off from the ground under its own power, and sent up by an air launch. Walker's flight would remain the highest ever achieved by an airplane for more than fifty years, until broken on October 4, 2004, when Brian Binnie would pilot SpaceShipOne to an altitude of 367,500 feet (69.6 miles or 112 kilometers).[71][72][73]
  • Lloyd Miller Jr., convicted in 1956 of the murder and rape of an 8-year-old girl, was given a stay of execution seven hours before he was scheduled to die in the electric chair at the Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois.[74] U.S. District Court Judge Bernard M. Decker issued a writ of habeas corpus to halt proceedings while Miller's attorneys continued to pursue an appeal. Three-and-a-half years later, on February 13, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court would reverse Miller's conviction after it was determined that the prosecutor in Fulton County, Illinois, had presented faked evidence at Miller's trial, and Miller would be set free on March 20 after more than ten years behind bars.[75]
  • Died: Eric Johnston, 66, American motion picture executive who had served as president of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1945.

August 23, 1963 (Friday)

August 24, 1963 (Saturday)
  • The very first games of the Bundesliga, composed of the 16 best professional soccer football teams in West Germany, were played, with all eight matches starting at 5:00 pm. In Bremen, Timo Konietzka of Borussia Dortmund scored the first goal in league history, 59 seconds into the match against SV Werder Bremen, although Bremen would win 3-2. In other contests, Meidericher SV beat Karlsruher SC, 4-1; FC Schalke 04 defeated VfB Stuttgart, 2-0; 1. FC Köln won 2-0 over FC Saarbrücken. The other four games ended in 1-1 draws.[79]
  • What would become known later as "Cable 243" was sent by the U.S. Department of State, with conditional approval by President Kennedy, to Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge in South Vietnam. The wording of the message, which was dispatched after the violent Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, included the statement that the Ambassador should "make detailed plans as to how we might bring about Diem's replacement if this should become necessary", and implied support for a coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem.[80][81]
  • John Pennel, who had broken the world record in the pole vault on August 5, became the first person to vault more than 17 feet, vaulting 17 feet, 0.75 inches in a meet near his hometown, at the University of Miami.[82]

August 25, 1963 (Sunday)
  • Nearly three years after the December 15, 1960 decision by King Mahendra of Nepal to abolish the nation's short-lived elected legislature, the King held the first meeting of the new "National Guidance Council" as an advisory body.[83]
  • The Greek freighter MV Donald, formerly the U.S. Navy cargo ship USS Cabell, was last heard from, when its captain reported by radio that he was encountering bad weather in the Indian Ocean. The ship had been en route to Indonesia with 26 people on board and a cargo of 5,000 tons of iron, and was never found after being reported as missing a month later by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Marine.[84]
  • The Beatles gave their sixth concert in Blackpool in two months, at the ABC Theatre.[85]
  • Died: Karl Probst, 79, American automobile engineer who, in 1940, designed the U.S. Army's "G.P." (general purpose) vehicle, which would become known as the "jeep"

August 26, 1963 (Monday)

August 27, 1963 (Tuesday)
  • Eighteen miners were killed in an explosion at an underground potash mine near Moab, Utah, but five men were able to survive the carbon monoxide by finding an air pocket, 2,712 feet below the surface, and were lifted to safety by rescue workers.[87]
  • Less than six hours before the railroads of the United States were scheduled to be shut down by a walkout of railway employees, President Kennedy signed anti-strike legislation that had been passed minutes earlier by the U.S. House of Representatives. The vote in the House, finished at 4:42 pm, was 286-66 on a bill that had passed the U.S. Senate on August 22. President Kennedy signed the bill into law at 6:14 pm, ending the strike that had been scheduled for one minute after midnight.[88]
  • Japanese Construction Minister Kono Ichiro announced that the government would construct a new city at undeveloped land in "a very suitable place near Mount Tsukuba". The "Tsukuba Science City", located 35 miles northeast of Tokyo and intended as a community for researchers and scientists, would be ready for its first residents after ten years of construction, and would have over 200,000 residents within 50 years.[89]
  • Died:
Morgan
Du Bois

August 28, 1963 (Wednesday)
  • At the 1963 "March on Washington" (officially, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom), Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his I Have A Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000 people.[90]
  • The "Career Girls Murders" were committed as Janice Wylie, a 21-year-old researcher for Newsweek magazine, and her roommate, 22-year-old schoolteacher Emily Hoffert, were stabbed to death in their luxury apartment on New York's Upper East Side.[91] An innocent man would be convicted of the murders and was imprisoned until the discovery of the actual killer, Richard Robles.[92]
  • John Lyng became Prime Minister of Norway, forming the first government in 28 years not to be led by the Norwegian Labour Party. Lyng's government would last for only one month.
  • Two U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotankers collided over the Atlantic Ocean and crashed.

August 29, 1963 (Thursday)
  • Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, sent a top secret cable to the White House, reporting that "We are launched on a course from which there is no turning back: the overthrow of the [Ngo Dinh] Diem government." [93] At noon in Washington, DC, President Kennedy held a conference with his Secretaries of State, Defense and the Treasury, as well as with the CIA Director, after which Kennedy authorized a reply to Lodge, which included the statement that "The USG [United States Government] will support a coup whicara Nationalist Movement]], who stole 14,000,000 Argentine pesos (equivalent to $100,000 USD), and killed two bank employees in the process.[94]
  • Gulzarilal Nanda replaced Lal Bahadur Shastri as India's Minister for Home Affairs.
  • The 47th General Assembly of Nova Scotia ended its term.

August 30, 1963 (Friday)
  • The Moscow–Washington hotline began operations, as the U.S. Department of Defense made a one-sentence announcement to the world press: "The direct communication link between Washington and Moscow is now operational." [95][96]
  • The audio cassette tape and the tape recorder that used it were both introduced to the public by the Philips Company, at the annual Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin, an exhibition of the latest consumer technology, in West Germany. For the next 30 years, the "cassette" would be the standard form of portable recorded music.[97]
  • Born:
  • Died:

August 31, 1963 (Saturday)
gollark: Close enough.
gollark: &sys execa ctx.send("No.")
gollark: &sys error Invalid thyme
gollark: ++remind 22mo https://discord.com/channels/346530916832903169/348702212110680064/728663186911395921
gollark: ++remind 500y Conquer Andromeda first.

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  1. "Nuclear Notebook", in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (June 1989) p48
  2. Chia-Jui Cheng, Basic Documents on International Trade Law (BRILL, 1990) p366
  3. Gale, Cengage Learning. A Study Guide for Theodore Roethke's "Dolor". Gale, Cengage Learning. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-5358-4544-1.
  4. "Soviets are 'Freaks, Monsters'", Miami News, August 2, 1963, p1
  5. "All-Stars Upset Packers", Milwaukee Sentinel, August 3, 1963, p7
  6. "The Death of an All-Star Game" Archived 2012-01-31 at WebCite, by John C. Hibner, Coffin Corner 1986 Annual, (Professional Football Researchers Association)
  7. Hurricane Specialists Division (2009). "Easy to Read HURDAT 2008". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  8. Barry Miles, Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now (Macmillan, 1998) p80
  9. "Ward Dies, Leaves Note: 'I'd Rather Get Myself'", Miami News, August 4, 1963, p1
  10. "Washington Post Chief Killed", Miami News, August 4, 1963, p1
  11. "African Development Bank", in International Governmental Organizations: Constitutional Documents, Amos J. Peaslee and Dorothy Peaslee Xydis, eds. (BRILL, 1961) p66
  12. "Haiti Rushes Men by Air to Fight Rebels", Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1963, p1
  13. "Jim Clark Holds Auto Point Lead", Miami News, August 5, 1963, p1B
  14. "Big 3 Sign Ban Pact In Kremlin Ceremony", Miami News, August 5, 1963, p1
  15. "American Driver Sets Speed Mark-- 407 MPH", Miami News, August 5, 1963, p1B
  16. Ludovic Kennedy (1964) The Trial of Stephen Ward: 227
  17. "MILITARY PAY RAISE OK'D — Senate Approves by 84-0 Margin", Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1963, p1
  18. Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan, War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa (New Africa Books, 1989) p233
  19. Paul Crickmore, Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond The Secret Missions (Osprey Publishing, 2004) p93
  20. "Father, Daughter Crushed to Death Under Escalator", Long Beach (CA) Press Telegram, August 8, 1963, p3
  21. America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children, by Sandra L. Quinn-Musgrove, Sanford Kanterand, 1995; "IT'S A BOY FOR THE KENNEDYS", Pittsburgh Press, August 7, 1963, p1
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  23. "Train Robbery Nets $2.8 Million", Miami News, August 8, 1963, p1
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  25. Andrew Norman, Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe (McFarland, 2004) p57
  26. John Newman, Oswald and the CIA: The Documented Truth About the Unknown Relationship Between the U.S. Government and the Alleged Killer of JFK (Skyhorse Publishing, 2008) pp328-329
  27. The Warren Commission Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Associated Press, 1964, reprinted by Filiquarian Publishing, 2007) pp407-408
  28. Ian Inglis, Popular Music And Television In Britain (Ashgate Publishing, 2010) pp71-72
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  32. Nelson Mandela, Conversations with Myself (Random House Digital, 2010)
  33. Gideon Shimoni, Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa (University Press of New England, 2003) p67
  34. "2 Teams of MDs Separate Day-Old Siamese Twins", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 12, 1963, p1
  35. "150 Stricken After Church Dinner", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 13, 1963, p1
  36. "Gen. Song Is Arrested In Korea", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 12, 1963, p2
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  55. "Ferry Boat Sinks, 55 Believed Dead", Miami News, August 18, 1963, p1
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  68. Andrej Kreutz, Russia in the Middle East: Friend Or Foe? (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007) p40
  69. "N.O. Official of 'Fair Play for Cuba' Admits He Was Marxist, Lived in USSR", Alexandria (LA) Daily Town Talk, August 22, 1963, p7
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  74. "Seeks a Writ in Bid to Save Doomed Killer", Chicago Tribune, August 22, 1963, p22
  75. "10 Yrs. in Death Row; Free— Cabbie Held in Slaying of Girl, 8", Chicago Tribune, March 21, 1967, p1
  76. "Norway Regime Falls by 76 to 74", Stars and Stripes (European Edition), August 24, 1963, p24
  77. "Kings Bay Affair", in The A to Z of Norway, Jan Sjåvik, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p143
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  79. "Der 1.Spieltag der Bundesliga 1963/1964", Fussballdaten.de
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  81. the telegram, NSA Archive, www.gwu.edu
  82. "Our John Pennel Goes Over 17 Feet!", Miami News, August 25, 1963, p1
  83. Bhuwan Lal Joshi and Leo E. Rose, Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation (University of California Press, 1966) p412
  84. "Ship Missing, 26 Aboard", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 25, 1963; "USS Cabell (AK-166)", NavSource Online
  85. "Beatles Bible". Beatles Bible. 1963-08-25. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  86. James G. Blight and David A. Welch, Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Frank Cass Publishers, 1998) pp42-43
  87. "Miracle In Utah Mine Cave-In: Survivors From 2,700 Feet", August 28, 1963, p1; "5 More Rescued From Utah Mine; Death Toll At 18", August 30, 1963, p1
  88. "Trains Roll As Strike Is Blocked", Miami News, August 28, 1963, p1
  89. James W. Dearing, Growing a Japanese Science City: Communication in Scientific Research (Routledge, 2012)
  90. "200,000 March On Washington", Miami News, August 28, 1963, p1
  91. "Sadist Sought In Killing Of Two N.Y. Career Girls", Miami News, August 30, 1963, p4A
  92. "The Career Girls Murders", by Mark Gado, trutv.com
  93. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (Random House Digital, 2008) pp699-700
  94. Germán Ferrari, Simbolos y Fantasmas (SudAmericana, 2012)
  95. "'Hot Line' Rady For Use In East-West Crisis", Miami News, August 31, 1963, p4
  96. Paul Joseph and Simon Rosenblum, Search for Sanity: The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Disarmament (South End Press, 1984) p169
  97. "Happy 50th birthday, Compact Cassette: How it struck a chord for millions", by Bob Damon, The Register, August 30, 2013
  98. Stephen McCarthy, The Political Theory of Tyranny in Singapore and Burma: Aristotle and the Rhetoric of Benevolent Despotism (Taylor & Francis, 2006) pp68-69
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