October 1964

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October 14, 1964: Soviet leader Khrushchev removed from office...
October 10–24, 1968: First autumn Summer Olympics are held in Tokyo
...and replaced by Brezhnev
October 15, 1964: UK Prime Minister Home's Conservatives lose Commons majority to Harold Wilson's Labour Party

The following events occurred in October 1964:

October 1, 1964 (Thursday)
  • At the University of California, Berkeley, police attempted to arrest Jack Weinberg, a Congress of Racial Equality volunteer who had violated a university ban on activism at the Sather Gate and who had refused to show his student identification. Hundreds of protesters then blocked the police car, and 21 year-old UC-Berkeley junior Mario Savio stood on the car's roof to address his fellow demonstrators, inaugurating the Free Speech Movement that would spread to other campuses.[1][2][3]
  • The Shinkansen high-speed rail system was inaugurated in Japan, beginning a trip on the line's first section between Tokyo and Osaka.[4] The initial speed for the 320 miles (510 km) trip was slower than expected, at 80 miles per hour (130 km/h).[5][6]
  • The wreckage of the American submarine USS Thresher was located, almost a year and a half after it sank during sea trials 220 miles (350 km) east of Cape Cod, killing all 129 people on board. U.S. Secretary of the Navy Paul H. Nitze disclosed later in the day that the bathyscape Trieste II had positively identified the lost vessel by its identifying number, 593, found on five different parts of the sub, which had broken up as it descended. The Thresher had sunk on April 10, 1963 with its entire crew and 17 civilians.[7]
  • On the first day they could apply for passes to visit relatives in East Germany, 32,156 residents of West Berlin applied at the 17 different offices in the city that issued the permits. Each pass entitled the bearer to one visit between October 30 and November 12, and two visits during Christmas and New Year.[8]
  • Born: Harry Hill, English comedian, in Woking, as Matthew Keith Hall
  • Died: Ernst Toch, 76, Austrian composer

October 2, 1964 (Friday)
  • All 80 people on board a Union de Transports Aériens flight were killed when the plane crashed into a mountain peak after taking off from Palma on the island of Majorca. The DC-6 had made several stops en route from Paris to Nouakchott in Mauritania, and departed from Palma at 4:14 a.m. and made its last contact with the Barcelona control tower at 5:10, giving no indication of trouble. Early accounts erroneously reported that the plane had fallen into the Mediterranean, roughly 45 miles (72 km) from Cartagena[9] and the error would be repeated in reference books, including one account that "Although the crash area was searched by Spanish, French, British and Italian ships, neither survivors nor even wreckage of the doomed plane was ever discovered."[10] The day after its disappearance, however, the missing French plane was located on the side of Mount Alcazaba, where it had impacted at 8,200 feet (2,500 m) on the 11,000 foot (3,400 m) mountain.[11]
  • A Communist Chinese musical, The East Is Red, was performed for the first time on a stage in Beijing and would gain widespread circulation the following year as a government-approved film about the Communist Revolution. People's Daily would report the next day that the musical, using "our people's favorite form of expression— singing and dancing— vividly portrayed the Chinese people, under the leadership of the Chinese Communists and Chairman Mao, engaged in their glorious journey of revolutionary battle and development."[12]
  • The Kinks, created by English brothers Ray Davies and Dave Davies, released their first album. The self-titled album, Kinks, included their first hit song, "You Really Got Me".[13]
  • An American tourist in Paris was killed by a French woman who was committing suicide while both were visiting the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Veronica McConnell, a 24 year old hospital technician, was fatally injured when 37-year old Denise Rey-Herne climbed over the balustrade of the 160 foot high north tower and jumped, killing both of them.[14]
  • Life magazine photographer James Cobb Burke was killed in the eastern Himalayan mountains, when he fell 800 feet while taking pictures for an assignment.[15]
  • Forty-five residents in an apartment building in Cairo were killed when the four-story dwelling collapsed without warning. The dead were residents of the slums of the capital city's Deir el Malak district.[16]

October 3, 1964 (Saturday)
  • Operation Sea Orbit, the first round-the-world voyage by nuclear-powered ships, came to an end as the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and the missile cruiser USS Long Beach arrived in Norfolk, Virginia after a 64-day, 32,600 miles (52,500 km) trip made without refueling; the cruise marked "the first around-the-world showing of the American flag" since the voyage of the Great White Fleet between 1907 and 1909.[17][18]
  • Twenty-one were killed when a tornado, hatched by the approach of Hurricane Hilda, swept through the predominantly Cajun French town of Larose, Louisiana.[19][20]
  • Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN, literally the General Bank of the Netherlands) was created by the merger of two Netherlands banks, Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NTS) and De Twentsche Bank (DTB); the same year, Amsterdamsche Bank and Rotterdamsche Bank merged to create AMRO Bank. The two conglomerates would then merge in 1991 to become ABN AMRO.[21]
  • The New York Yankees clinched the American League pennant for the 29th time in 64 seasons, beating the Cleveland Indians, 8 to 3 and putting them two games ahead of the Chicago White Sox with only one game left in the season.[22] At season's end the next day, the Yankees had a 99–63 win/loss record, the White Sox were 98-64 and the Baltimore Orioles were 97–65.
  • Born: Clive Owen, English actor, in Coventry

October 4, 1964 (Sunday)
  • Ahmad Shukeiri began the daily operation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), with offices at the Orient House in East Jerusalem, at that time a part of the Kingdom of Jordan. The creation of the PLO had been authorized by a June 2 resolution of the Palestinian National Congress.[23]
  • The St. Louis Cardinals clinched the National League pennant on the last day of the season with a combination of their 11 to 5 win over the New York Mets and the Cincinnati Reds' 10 — 0 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies. Going into the final day, St. Louis and Cincinnati both had records of 92 wins and 69 losses and both were playing at home; the Reds' loss came in the afternoon, and would have played a one-game playoff if the Cardinals had lost their evening game against the last place Mets.[24]
  • Graham Hill of England won the U.S. Grand Prix motor race for the second consecutive year, at Watkins Glen, New York, giving him the lead over fellow Englishman John Surtees and Scotland's Jim Clark with one race left in the 1964 Grand Prix series for the World Driving Championship. The tenth and last race would take place in Mexico City on October 25.[25]
  • The 1964 Armstrong 500 motor race was held at the Mount Panorama Circuit in New South Wales, Australia, and was won by Spencer Martin and Bill Brown.[26][27]
  • Born: Francis Magalona, Philippine rap music star
  • Died: Earnest Elmo Calkins, 96, American ad executive who pioneered the use of artwork, the "soft sell", and fictional characters in advertising. E. E. Calkins, known as "The Dean of Advertising Men" and co-founder of the Calkins and Holden agency, became one of the industry's most successful people despite being profoundly deaf since childhood.[28][29]

October 5, 1964 (Monday)
  • A narrow tunnel under the Berlin Wall was shut down, but not before 23 men and 31 women had escaped to West Berlin during the previous 48 hours. One border guard, East German Army Corporal Egon Schultz, was killed by gunfire, either by a stray bullet fired by his fellow guardsmen, or by someone on the western side. The tunnel began beneath a building on East Berlin's Streilitzer Strasse, running 35 feet beneath the wall and then another 450 feet "to the cellar of an abandoned bakery at 97 Bernauerstrasse in the Wedding district" in the French zone of East Berlin.[30][31]
  • The conference of Non-Aligned Nations began in Cairo, with representatives from 47 nations that considered themselves to be unaligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union. Congolese rebel Moise Tshombe arrived in Cairo, uninvited, after his charter jet was diverted to Athens and after he had returned to Cairo as the passenger on an Ethiopian Airlines, creating a diplomatic crisis.[32][33]
  • China's Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong received a delegation of officials from North Vietnam, including its Prime Minister, Phạm Văn Đồng, and predicted that the U.S. effort could be defeated. Noting that the U.S. had 18 army divisions and that it could only spare three in Asia, Mao concluded that it was "impossible for the United States to send many troops to South Vietnam." Historian Michael Lind would write nearly 50 years later, "The significance of these conversations can hardly be exaggerated. We now know that the nightmare of American strategists had come true in the summer and fall of 1964."[34]
  • Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her consort The Duke of Edinburgh began an 8-day visit to Canada, starting with their landing at RCAF Station Summerside in Prince Edward Island on a chartered Boeing 707. The couple spent the night on board the royal yacht, HMY Britannia.[35]
  • The West African nation of Gambia issued its own, distinct national currency, the Gambian pound, in preparation for its independence on February 18, 1965; the new notes replaced the existing colonial currency, the British West African pound.[36]
  • Trans-Canada Air Lines began a nationwide campaign with full page newspaper advertisements headlined "TAKE A LOOK AT AIR CANADA", to announce a new name that would work equally well in English or French.[37] The first airplane with the Air Canada logo would fly Queen Elizabeth back to the United Kingdom on October 13.[38]

October 6, 1964 (Tuesday)
  • The Soviet Union launched Kosmos 47, an unmanned test-flight of a prototype Soviet Voskhod spacecraft, a week before the actual Voskhod 1 manned mission,[39] According to one historian, the timetable for putting the three-man Voskhod capsule into space was hastened in order to move ahead of the two-man Gemini capsule being developed by the United States, and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev "placed so high a priority on space spectaculars that he felt it essential to fly a multimanned spacecraft before Gemini"; a three-man mission, by necessity, had to be very short because extra seats could only be accommodated by having less life support.[40]
  • Queen Elizabeth II began "her most guarded day in history"[41] with unprecedented security measures as she visited Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in Canada in the centennial celebration of the 1864 Charlottetown Conference. Because of fears of an attack on the British monarch, members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police patrolled the streets and stood on the roofs of buildings, and four Royal Canadian Navy destroyers and a minesweeper escorted the royal yacht. Fluent in French as well as English, the Queen addressed the crowd in both of Canada's languages.
  • Walter Ulbricht, the Communist Party leader of East Germany, announced an amnesty for 10,000 political prisoners who were to be released before December 20. Ulbricht said that his government would "pardon those who by their conduct in prison had shown that they had learned their lesson".[42]
  • The bishops of the Vatican Ecumenical Council approved measures for unity with non-Catholic Christians. Among items passed were a resolution of the Roman Catholic Church's need for "an examination of conscience" (2,120 to 46); an acknowledgment that the Church also had responsibility for the disunity with their "separated brethren (2,076 to 92); to allow Catholics and other Christians to participate in common prayer in certain circumstances (1,872 to 292); and to take steps "to further Christian unity and inter-faith understanding" (2,099 to 62).[43]
  • Born: Manuela Gretkowska, Polish writer and politician, in Łódź

October 7, 1964 (Wednesday)
  • See How They Run was broadcast on the NBC television network at 9:00 p.m. as the first "made-for-television movie",[44] a feature-length motion picture designed to accommodate commercial breaks in its two hours. NBC ads in American newspapers announced it with the phrase "First Time on any Screen Anywhere!"[45] and celebrated the "world premiere" of the suspense thriller, starring John Forsythe, Senta Berger, Franchot Tone, Jane Wyatt and Leslie Nielsen. Critics praised the "experiment" as a solution for the shortage of good quality motion pictures available for TV, though one noted, "You can call it a movie if you wish. A more accurate description, despite the sumptuous and expensive production, might be that it was really more or less a two-hour television show."[46]
  • Walter Jenkins, one of the most hard-working aides to U.S. President Johnson's staff, was arrested in the men's room of the YMCA in Washington, D.C. and charged with disorderly conduct after being caught engaged in homosexual intercourse. The FBI leaked the story to the Republican National Committee, although Johnson's opponent in the presidential election, Barry Goldwater, chose not to publicize it, and two Republican newspapers, the Chicago Tribune and the Cincinnati Enquirer, declined to publish the story.[47] Jenkins resigned on October 14, after the Washington Star informed him that it would report the incident.[48]
  • The government of Southern Rhodesia announced that when Northern Rhodesia achieved independence as Zambia, the colony would officially refer to itself as Rhodesia.[49]
  • Died: Eugen Varga, 84, Hungarian-born Soviet economic adviser

October 8, 1964 (Thursday)

October 9, 1964 (Friday)
  • At the Hôpital Necker in Paris, Dr. Jean Hamburger performed the first kidney transplantation from a deceased donor, after having pioneered kidney transplants in 1952. The donor was an anonymous 43-year-old person who had "died of a sudden cerebral catastrophe" and the recipient was a 19-year old[53]
  • Explorer 22 was launched into a "near perfect orbit" from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California as part of the first laser tests in outer space.[54]
  • Born: Guillermo del Toro, Mexican-born film producer and director known for the first three installments of The Hobbit; the Hellboy series; the Pacific Rim series; and two of the Kung Fu Panda films; in Guadalajara

October 10, 1964 (Saturday)
  • The 1964 Summer Olympics opened in Tokyo.[55] Yoshinori Sakai, chosen to light the Olympic Flame, had been born near Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, the day an atomic bomb was dropped on that city. Japan's Emperor Hirohito then declared the games open.[56] Starting at 2:00 in the afternoon local time, Olympic teams from 94 nations marched into the National Stadium and live television coverage of the events could be seen in the United States with the aid of the recently launched Syncom 3 communications satellite, starting at 1:00 a.m Eastern time on NBC.[57]
  • Born:
  • Died: Eddie Cantor, 72, American comedian

October 11, 1964 (Sunday)
  • Five people were killed in an accident at the 1000 kilometres de Paris automobile race held at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry in Montlhéry. Peter Lindner of West Germany was driving at full speed on the rain-swept course as Franco Patria of Italy was pulling onto the track following a pit stop. On the 85th lap, Lindner slammed on his brakes and his Jaguar skidded into Patria's Abarth Simca 2000, then continued through the air to where four of the French race officials were standing, striking three of them.[58] Patria was killed instantly; Lindner and the three flag marshals — Jean Peyrard, Roger Millot and M. Desmoulins — died of their injuries after being taken to a hospital.[59]

October 12, 1964 (Monday)
  • The Soviet Union launched Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit with three cosmonauts at 1:30 p.m. local time (0730 UTC),[60] marking the first time a spacecraft was launched with more than one crew member. After determining that the capsule was adequately pressurized, Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov requested permission to continue the mission without their space suits, and became the first persons humans to go into space without special gear.[61] The flight was cut short and landed the next day after 16 orbits. Feoktistov was the first engineer to travel into space Voskhod 1 was the first manned spacecraft to use an ion thruster rather than a conventional rocket engine.[62]
  • Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet Union's Prime Minister, was on vacation at the Black Sea resort of Pitsunda in the Georgian SSR, and would recall later that he realized he had a problem when he didn't receive a telephone call to inform him about the details of the Voskhod launch. He called the deputy premier, Leonid Smirnov to demand why he hadn't been kept fully informed[63] Khrushchev was able to make his customary phone call to cosmonauts on a new mission[64] and was heard on national television to joke, "I warn you, you managed quite well with the gravity overloads during takeoff, but be ready for the overloads which we will arrange for you after you come back to Earth. Then we'll meet you in Moscow with all the honors you deserve." It would be the last time that Soviet citizens heard him on television.[65]
  • In the evening, Leonid Brezhnev, the Second Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, called Khrushchev and told him that he was needed at a meeting of the Party's Central Committee "to discuss agriculture and 'some other matters'".[66][67]
  • The 16th Audio Engineering Society Convention, where Dr. Robert Moog demonstrated his prototype Moog synthesizer, opened in New York City.[68]

October 13, 1964 (Tuesday)
  • Summoned by the Communist Party's Central Committee, First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev cut short his vacation. Before departing from Pitsunda to Moscow, he met, as scheduled, France's Energy Minister, Gaston Palewski, in what would be his last conduct of foreign affairs,[65] then boarded a plane and flew to Moscow. He was infuriated when nobody met him at the airport on his arrival, and went to the Kremlin to confront the Presidium, which was discussing his removal from office. According to one source, he ordered his defense minister, Marshal Rodion Malinovsky, to arrest Second Secretary Mikhail Suslov and any other conspirators; Malinovsky replied that he would only respond to the party's Central Committee, and KGB Chairman Vladimir Semichastny gave the same reply.[66] Khrushchev was advised that he was to appear before the entire 170-member Committee for a hearing on his removal from office.
  • Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom concluded her official tour of Canada, departing from Ottawa to London on the first flight of an airplane carrying the name and logos of Air Canada.[69][38]
  • Voskhod 1 landed at 0747 UTC (2:47 p.m. local time) in the Kazakh SSR, northeast of Kustanai, after making 16 orbits of the Earth.[70]
  • Iran's parliament, the Majlis, narrowly approved the "Bill of Capitulation" (Layihiyi Capitulasion) introduced by the government of Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansur, giving diplomatic immunity to American military servicemen stationed there, voting 74 to 61 in favor of it.[71] The reaction by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 13 days later would lead to Khomeini's expulsion from the country for the next 14 years.[72]

October 14, 1964 (Wednesday)
  • Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position as the leader of the Soviet Union, when the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union voted to retire him from his position as the Party's General Secretary, and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet voted to accept his "voluntary" retirement as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. In a continuation of the Central Committee meeting that started the day before, one speaker after another outlined Khrushchev's mistakes, with Mikhail Suslov, Dmitry Polyansky, Alexander Shelepin, Leonid Brezhnev and Petr Shelest denouncing him.[73] Among the offenses charged against Khrushchev were that he had tried to develop a cult of personality; that he had presided over the nation's economic decline; that he had brought the Soviet Union to the brink of war in the Suez, in Berlin and in Cuba; and that he had insulted his colleagues and the nation's foreign allies.[66] The Committee unanimously approved a resolution that "Recognizing that as a result of mistakes and incorrect actions by Comrade Khrushchev, violating Leninist principles of collective leadership... there has been created a completely abnormal situation, preventing members of the Central Committee Presidium from fulfilling responsible tasks in leading the party and the country", and went on to admonish him for "concentrating in his hands great power" (as both party leader and government leader) and failing to consider the views of the senior party leaders, as well as "revealing intolerance and rudeness towards comrades in the Presidium and the Central Committee, treating their views with disdain".[74] Khrushchev resigned his positions, and the Party voted to grant him benefits for the rest of his life, including a security staff, his Chaika limousine and chauffeur, an apartment in Moscow and a dacha to stay at in the countryside, as well as a pension of 500 rubles per month.[63] Resolving to keep the roles of party and governmental leadership separate, the Central Committee then installed Leonid Brezhnev was installed as the new Communist Party leader and Alexei Kosygin became the new Premier.[75] The news of Khrushchev's surprise ouster was not revealed to Soviet citizens or to the rest of the world until October 16, with a statement in Pravda that said "A plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU took place on 14 October of this year. The plenum of the CC CPSU granted the request of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev to be released from his duties as First Secretary of the CC CPSU, member of the Presidium of the CC CPSU and Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, in connection with his advanced age and the deterioration of his health. The plenum of the CC CPSU elected L. I. Brezhnev as First Secretary of the CC CPSU."[76] [http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/10/16/[77]
  • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.[78]
  • A Boeing B-50D-80-BO Superfortress, 48-065, converted to KB-50J, of the 421st Air Refueling Squadron, Takhli RTAFB, crashed in Thailand shortly after takeoff on a training mission while supporting Yankee missions over Laos. Corrosion found in the wreckage would lead to early retirement of the KB-50 fleet and its replacement with Boeing KC-135s.[79]
  • The Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion made its first flight, at the Sikorsky plant in Stratford, Connecticut, several months behind schedule.[80]
  • Italian soccer football legend Giorgio Chinaglia played his first professional game, appearing at the age of 17 for Swansea Town in a 2–2 tie with Rotherham United in the English League's Third Division.[81]
  • The New York Yankees won Game 6 of the World Series, forcing a deciding seventh game with an 8 to 3 win over the host St. Louis Cardinals.
  • Born: Joe Girardi, American baseball player and manager, in Peoria, Illinois; besides being born on the day of the Yankees and Cardinals World Series game, Girardi was a catcher for both teams during his career, and managed the New York Yankees in winning the 2009 World Series

October 15, 1964 (Thursday)
  • Elections were held for the 630 seats of the United Kingdom's House of Commons, and brought an end to 13 years of rule by the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home. Prior to the dissolution of Parliament, the Conservatives had 365 seats and Harold Wilson's Labour Party had 258. Sixty-six Conservative MPs were voted out of office, and the party gained only five for a net loss of 61 seats. Labour replaced 65 of the 66. After the votes were counted, Labour had only two more than the 315 seats needed for a majority, with a slim lead of 317 to Conservative's 304 and Liberal's nine.[82][83][84]
  • Craig Breedlove's jet-powered car Spirit of America, set a new world record for fastest speed on land, as he became the first person to drive an automobile at more than 500 miles per hour. Racing on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, he averaged 526.26 miles per hour (almost 847 km/h); the previous mark of 468.72 mph had been set only two days earlier. On his way back down the 10-mile Bonneville track, however, Breedlove deployed the parachute that was supposed to stop his car after it completed one mile, and, in his words, "It ripped to shreds, I was going so fast." He coasted for two more miles and tried the second parachute, and it ripped as well. He then pushed on the disc brakes and left skid marks of 6 miles (9.7 km) long until they burned out, and was still at 350 miles an hour as he reached the end of the track; he continued three more miles, striking two telephone poles, skidded sideways into a dike, went airborne for 30 feet and landed in 18-foot deep waters— and walked away, uninjured.[85][86]
  • The St. Louis Cardinals defeated the visiting New York Yankees, 7 to 5, to win the World Series in seven games, ending the Yankees' long run successes.[87]
  • At the Summer Olympics, Yelena Gorchakova of the Soviet Union shattered the women's world record for the javelin throw with a mark of 62.40 meters (204 feet, 8½ inches), beating the old record of 59.78m (196' 1½").[88]
  • Died:
    • Cole Porter, 73, American composer and songwriter.
    • Nguyen Van Troi, 24, Vietnamese bomber, was executed by a firing squad after being convicted of a plot to assassinate U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara in 1963.

October 16, 1964 (Friday)
  • The People's Republic of China became the fifth nation in the world (after the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France) to acquire nuclear weapons, after successfully exploding an atomic bomb at the Lop Nor test site in a desert in the Xinjiang region. The 25-kiloton bomb, code named "596", was detonated at 3:00 in the afternoon China Standard Time (0700 UTC).[89][90]
  • Harold Wilson was asked by Queen Elizabeth II to form a new government as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, following the triumph of his Labour Party.[91] Immediate appointments to the First Wilson ministry included Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner as Lord Chancellor, James Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Patrick Gordon Walker as Foreign Secretary.[92] He would continue as Prime Minister until June 20, 1970, then serve again from 1974 to 1976.[93]
  • Baron Gardiner, was appointed by Prime Minister Wilson to be the new Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, who functioned as the presiding officer of the House of Lords and the highest ranking judiciary officer for England and Wales, as well as a member of the Queen's Privy Council and of the Prime Minister's Cabinet.

October 17, 1964 (Saturday)

October 18, 1964 (Sunday)

October 19, 1964 (Monday)
  • The Novorossiysk Sheskharis Oil Terminal, one of the largest such terminals in Russia, provided its first shipment of crude oil, with the delivery of 37,000 tons of petroleum to the tanker Likhoslavl at the harbor on the Black Sea.[102]
  • The nearly intact bones of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) were discovered near the town of Kyle, Saskatchewan, where William MacEvoy was working with a construction crew on the building of a new road. When the scraper blade on an earthmover exposed large bones, MacEvoy recognized its significance and work halted until the rest of the skeleton could be found. Radiocarbon dating determined that the mammoth had died sometime between 10200 and 9800 BC.[103]
  • NASA and the National Academy of Sciences announced the taking of applications for NASA Astronaut Group 4, the first to be chosen from scientists rather than pilots. According to the announcement, a candidate had to be a U.S. citizen, no taller than six feet (183 cm), born on or after August 1, 1930, and to have an M.D. or a Ph.D. in natural sciences or engineering. Three physicists, two physicians and a geologist would ultimately be chosen as the six candidates.[104]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Marshal Sergey Biryuzov, 59, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union and the nation's highest-ranking military officer, was killed along with six other Red Army generals and the airplane's 11 member crew, when their Ilyushin-18 turboprop crashed into the side of Mount Avala in Yugoslavia's Serbian Republic. The officers were on their way to a celebration of the 20th anniversary of Yugoslavia's liberation from Germany in 1944.[105]
    • Russ Brown, 72, American stage actor who won a Tony Award for the musical Damn Yankees

October 20, 1964 (Tuesday)
  • The new Soviet government announced, by way of the official newspaper Izvestia, its approval of an experimental profit-based economic system that had been recommended by economist Yevsei Liberman of the Kharkov State University. On September 20, Liberman had noted in the Communist Party newspaper Pravda that two textile factories had increased productivity by allowing factory managers to depart from government-mandated production quotas and had relied instead on direct communication from retail stores and distributors concerning consumer need.[106]
  • Aircraft flown from South Vietnam flew into neighboring Cambodia and bombed the village of Anlong Chrey killing seven civilians.[107] Cambodia protested to the United Nations, then shot down a U.S. transport plane four days later.[108]
  • Born: Kamala Harris, U.S. Senator from California (2017–present) and 2020 Democratic vice presidential nominee; in Oakland
  • Died: Herbert Hoover, 90, former President of the United States. Hoover, the 31st President, had served from 1929 to 1933, and expired at 11:35 a.m. in the Waldorf Towers in Manhattan, where he had retired after leaving the White House. U.S. President Johnson ordered flags to be flown at half mast for 30 days.[109]

October 21, 1964 (Wednesday)
  • The film version of the hit Broadway stage musical My Fair Lady had its world premiere, projected at the Criterion Theater in New York City on Broadway.[110] It would then be released in other major cities during the autumn before being distributed nationwide[111] Rex Harrison reprised his stage performance as Professor Henry Higgins, a role which would win him the Academy Award for Best Actor. Harrison's Broadway co-star, Julie Andrews, had been passed over in favor of Audrey Hepburn for the role of Eliza Doolittle. My Fair Lady would win eight Academy Awards in all, including Best Picture, but Hepburn would not even be nominated; the award for Best Actress would go, instead, to Andrews for her performance in Mary Poppins.
  • Students at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan began protests against the nation's government after being inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood, leading to the downfall of President Ibrahim Abboud.[112]
  • Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the President and Communist Party chief of Romania, broke relations with the Soviet Union's new leadership, and told the Soviet Ambassador in Bucharest to withdraw all KGB spies and officials from the country. The move would trigger an angry reaction from the Soviets, who ultimately agreed to pull their agents out of Romania in December, marking the first time that a Warsaw Pact member to get rid of the USSR's intelligence agency.[113]
  • Ethiopian athlete Abebe Bikila won the Olympic Marathon, only 40 days after he had undergone surgery for an appendectomy. Bikilia was the first person to win the event twice.[114][115]
  • The asteroid 1930 Lucifer, roughly 21 miles (34 km) in diameter, was discovered by astronomer Elizabeth Roemer from the observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona.[116] Roemer was given the honor of naming the asteroid, and gave it the name "Lucifer", Latin for "light-giver", but also associated in literature with the fallen angel who became the Devil, most notably by Dante Alighieri in his 13th century epic The Inferno, and by John Milton in his 17th century epic Paradise Lost. Lucifer was mentioned in the King James Version of the Bible in Isaiah 14:12, though subsequent translations of the original Hebrew refer to the "morning star".
  • Died: Margaret Gibson, 70, American silent film leading lady

October 22, 1964 (Thursday)
  • A 5.3 kiloton nuclear device was detonated in Mississippi in the underground Tatum Salt Dome, 2,700 feet (820 m) below Lamar County near Baxterville. The shock wave from the blast "lifted the ground 4 inches in a ripple that rolled across the countryside for miles"; prior to the blast, a U.S. Atomic Energy Commission employee placed a humorous sign near the instruments over the blast site, with the words "The South shall rise again".[117] The test was the "Salmon" phase of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Project Dribble, part of the Vela Uniform program.
  • The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, despite the fact he had declined it in advance.[118][119]
  • Born:
  • Died: Whip Wilson (Roland Charles Meyers), 53, American western film star in the 1940s and 1950s, died of a heart attack

October 23, 1964 (Friday)
  • The first land was purchased for the site of the future Walt Disney World in rural Orange County, Florida, near Interstate 4 highway (I-4), using a holding company called the "Ayefour Corporation" in order to prevent speculators from finding out that Walt Disney was buying up property. The first sale was for five acres of land.[120][121] Over the next 12 months, Disney would acquire 21,000 acres in Orange County and about 9,000 adjacent acres in Osceola County.[122]
  • Eight weeks after J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers had released its hit ballad, "Last Kiss", about a boy whose date was killed in a car accident, several of the band members were injured and their manager was killed when their car collided head-on with a tractor-trailer near Kenton, Ohio. Sonley Roush was driving Wilson and his band to Lima, Ohio, for an appearance.[123]
  • World Championship Wrestling, the first large scale professional wrestling circuit in Australia, made its arena debut at the Sydney Stadium.[124] The Australian WCW was organized by American promoter Jim Barnett and Australian Johnny Doyle, who had shown bouts from the Melbourne studios of the Nine Network for the previous month. The highlight was a "world championship bout" between Killer Kowalski and Dominic DeNucci.[125]
  • Inventor Sidney A. Heenan of Park Ridge, Illinois, applied for the patent for the reflective raised pavement marker that marks traffic lanes in much of the world, describing his invention as "a marking visible from an oncoming vehicle on a generally horizontal roadway surface" by means of a "reverse light receiving and reflecting face provided with a plurality of retrodirective reflector elements of the cube corner type for receiving light emanating from the oncoming vehicle and incident upon the obverse face in a generally horizontal direction of incidence and reflecting such light to return the incident light generally parallel to the direction of incidence."[126] U.S. Patent Number 3,332,327 would be granted on July 25, 1967.
  • Born: Camilla Henemark, Swedish singer, actress, model and political spokesperson, in Stockholm
  • Died:

October 24, 1964 (Saturday)
Northern Rhodesia
Zambia

October 25, 1964 (Sunday)
  • The Rolling Stones made their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. While the studio audience was enthusiastic, television viewers had a different reaction. Unlike The Beatles, who had appeared in February dressed in jackets and ties, the Mick Jagger wore a sweatshirt, prompting the show's producers to tell the Stones' manager later, "We were deluged with mail protesting the untidy appearance—clothes and hair of your Rolling Stones. Before even discussing the possibility of a contract, I would like to learn from you, whether your young men have reformed in the matter of dress and shampoo." Nevertheless, the band would return six months later.[132][133]
  • Phan Khắc Sửu was installed as the new President of South Vietnam as part of the military leaders' promise to make the transition to a civilian government. He would serve less than eight months before being ousted on June 14.[134]
  • In one of the more notable mistakes in National Football League history, Jim Marshall of the Minnesota Vikings scooped up a fumble made by the San Francisco 49ers, was twisted around in the process, and ran 66 yards with it to the end zone "for what he thought was a touchdown";[135] Marshall had actually run towards his own end zone, and throwing the ball out of bounds in a celebration resulted in a safety and two points for his opponents. Late in the fourth quarter, the Vikings had been ahead of the 49ers, 27–17, and the mistake cut the lead to 27-19; Marshall and his teammates were able to keep the 49ers from the end zone for the rest of the game, and limited them to one more field goal in a 27–22 win.[136] Roy Riegels, whose wrong-way run in the 1929 Rose Bowl helped the University of California to lose the game, joked the next day, "I think I'll drop him a line saying, 'Welcome to the club.' Take it from me, he'll get a lot of kidding for the rest of his life, so he'll just have to learn to take it and laugh with the crowd."[137]
  • The World Driving Championship, awarded to the best overall driver of Formula One race cars in the season's series of Grand Prix motor racing events, came down to the 10th and final event of the 1964 Formula One season, the Mexican Grand Prix. After nine races, Graham Hill had 39 points, John Surtees 34, and Jim Clark 30 under a "9-6-4-3-2-1" scoring system that gave points to the six highest finishers in a race (nine points for first place, six points for second, down to one point for sixth place).[138] Hill needed only to be one of the six top finishers; Surtees had to finish first or second; Clark (who won the pole position in qualifying) had the potential to tie for the series championship if he won in Mexico and neither Hill nor Surtees finished in the top six. Hill completed 44 of the 65 laps in the 300 kilometres (190 mi) race before developing engine trouble, and got no extra points; Clark led most of the way until 10 laps from the end when he had an oil leak, and would say later, "I did what I could but half a lap from the end the motor just ceased and that was the end."[139] Dan Gurney crossed the finish line first in Mexico, and in the final minute, the race for second ended up as a duel between Surtees and Lorenzo Bandini; Surtees crossed the finish line at 2:10.59.26, just 0.69 seconds ahead of Bandini. On the strength of the six points for second place, Surtees finished the season with 40 points, Hill with 39, to win the 1964 championship by a single point[140]
  • Born:
  • Died: General Terentii Shtykov, 57, Russian officer who was the military administrator of the Soviet occupation of the Korean peninsula above the 38th parallel from 1945 to 1948 and guided the establishment of the Stalinist government of North Korea

October 26, 1964 (Monday)
  • Ten days into his new administration, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson addressed the nation and announced a 15 percent surcharge on all imported manufactured goods in order to combat the nation's trade deficit, as well as tax rebates to encourage British exports.[141]
  • Born: Marc Lépine, Canadian mass murderer, who shot and killed 14 women in 1989 before killing himself; in Montreal
  • Died:
    • Eric Edgar Cooke, 33, Australian serial killer, became the last man executed in Western Australia. He had murdered eight people and committed a total of 22 violent crimes in Perth, between 1959 and 1963. Only two more convicts would be put to death in Australia after Cooke, with Glen Sabre Valance hanged on November 24, 1964 in South Australia, and Ronald Ryan on February 3, 1967, at Victoria.[142]
    • Max McGraw, 81, American industrialist CEO of the McGraw-Edison company, and founder of its predecessor, McGraw Electric and founder of Centel
    • Paul Rhymer, 61, American humorist and creator of the popular radio show Vic and Sade

October 27, 1964 (Tuesday)
  • Ronald Reagan, at the time "a supposedly washed-up actor"[143] whose last leading role in a movie had been in 1957's Hellcats of the Navy, appeared in a nationally televised speech that launched him into a new career that would make him President of the United States. The address, which would later be referred to as "A Time for Choosing", had been given earlier at a fundraiser for Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater in Los Angeles.[144] A group of California businessmen were so impressed by Reagan that they purchased 30 minutes of airtime on NBC to broadcast the speech again; Goldwater's national campaign headquarters tried to get Reagan to cancel the program because of fears that it was "too incendiary", and Reagan refused unless he heard from Goldwater himself.[145] Reagan told his audience, "We have come down to a time for choosing. Either we accept the responsibilities for our own destinies, or we abandon the American Revolution and confess that a little intellectual elite in a far distant capital can plan our lives for us better than we can plan ourselves.[146] Reagan's endorsement was so appealing to conservatives that it "raised more than a half-million dollars for the Republican Party, and when he finished it, Ronald Reagan was a national political figure."[147]
  • The Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shi'ite Muslim religious leader in Iran, appeared at the city of Qom and gave an anti-government speech against that would get him exiled for 14 years, but that would also identify him as the most prominent foe of Iran's monarch, the Shah Reza Pahlavi and the future leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The address, titled The Granting of Capitulatory Rights to the United States, was a response to the recent passage of the "law of capitulation" that gave U.S. servicemen in Iran diplomatic immunity from local prosecution. "The government has sold our independence, reduced us to the level of a colony, and made the Muslim nation of Iran appear more backward than savages in the eyes of the world!" He added that "If the religious leaders have influence, they will not permit some agent of America to carry out these scandalous deeds; they will throw him out of Iran."[148]
  • As the Congo Crisis deepened, Christophe Gbenye offered to negotiate for the safe passage of white settlers (60 Americans and 800 Belgians) from Stanleyville and other areas controlled by the Simba Rebellion.[149][150]
  • Died: Pierre C. Cartier, 86, French jeweler[151]

October 28, 1964 (Wednesday)
  • The East German ship MV Magdeburg capsized after colliding with the Japanese ship MV Yamashiro Maru off Broadness Point in the United Kingdom, dumping its entire cargo of 42 British Leyland buses into the Thames river. The buses had been sold to Cuba in spite of American requests that Britain not trade with the regime of Fidel Castro.[152][153][154]
  • The municipal government of the Indian city of Bangalore demolished a monument that had been built by the British to commemorate the British lives lost in the 1791 Siege of Bangalore. For 15 years, the city had resolved to get rid of the memorial as a symbol of the British conquest of India.[155]
  • Canada's Prime Minister Pearson announced that Mount Kobau near Penticton, British Columbia would be the site of the Queen Elizabeth II Observatory, with a 150-inch telescope that would be second only to the 200-inch Mount Palomar telescope in California.[156] Cost overruns and "objections from university-based astronomers who wanted a better site" would lead to the cancellation of the project in 1968.[157]
  • The Wednesday Play, a British anthology series, began the first of six seasons on the BBC1 network and, in its first two seasons "changed the face of television drama in Britain, introducing contemporary, social-issue drama", and later "initiating a technological breakthrough by moving over to film and location shooting... out of the studio and into the real world."[158][159]
  • The Irish television police show, Garda Patrol, was broadcast for the first time, as a weekly show on the Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTE) network. Sergeant Tommy Burns of Ireland's national police agency, the Garda Síochána, would explain to viewers that the objectives of the program were "to offer advice on how to defeat the criminal and outsmart him in his efforts and secondly to seek your help in bringing offenders to justice."[160]
  • Died: Harold H. Burton, 76, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1945 to 1958, former U.S. Senator for Ohio and former Mayor of Cleveland

October 29, 1964 (Thursday)
  • President Julius Nyerere of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar announced in Dar es Salaam that the East African's nation was now Tanzania. The new name was to be pronounced as "tan-zuh-NEE-uh", with an accent on the third syllable, but remains frequently mispronounced as "tan-ZAY-nee-uh".[161] A contest had been announced in July, and the winner received 200 East African shillings, worth 28 U.S. dollars at the time.[162] According to one researcher, External Affairs Minister Oscar Kambona chaired the committee that screened proposals from 1,354 people, of whom 16 independently came up with the name "Tanzania", and that other popular suggestions included "Tangibar", "Tanzan" and (based on the language of both countries before the merger) "Swahili". The prize was divided among the 16 winners, who each got 12½ shillings.[163]
  • The design for the new official Flag of Canada was selected by a multi-party committee of Members of Parliament, who chose the emblem of a single red maple leaf on a field of white between two red bars by a vote of 10 to 4.[164] The Canadian Flag Committee acknowledged that almost 2,000 suggestions for the design were submitted and that these had been grouped into three categories; those in "Class C" (designs that contained either or both the British Union Jack and the Quebec fleur-de-lis) were rejected by a 5 to 9 vote; the remaining choices were in "Class A", a three maple leaf design proposed by Prime Minister Pearson and narrowly retained 8 to 6; and "Class B", a single maple leaf design, which members liked 13 to 1. The three leaf design was unanimously rejected, 14–0, and the final vote on the single red maple leaf between two red bars came down to "whether or not the final selection was acceptable as a national flag for Canada".[165]
  • The Star of India, a 565-carat (113-gram) blue star sapphire, was stolen from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, along with the 100-carat DeLong Star Ruby, another sapphire (the "Midnight Star"), and 19 other priceless gemstones.[166] The jewelry would be recovered two days later.[167]
  • Charles H. Townes of the United States and Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov of the Soviet Union were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their development of the laser, while Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin of the United Kingdom won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the atomic structure of biochemical substances through x-ray crystallography.[168]
  • Born: Yasmin Le Bon, British supermodel, as Yasmin Parvaneh in Oxford
  • Died: Henry Larsen, 65, Norwegian-born Canadian Arctic explorer

October 30, 1964 (Friday)
  • At New Delhi, India's Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri hosted Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and the two leaders signed what has come to be known as the "Sirima–Shastri Pact", though its official name was the "Agreement on Persons of Indian Origin in Ceylon". Under the pact, Indian Tamils (those persons whose ancestry was from persons from the Tamil Nadu state of south India who had came to the island of Ceylon during British rule), were to be afforded the opportunity of repatriation from Ceylon to India, or Ceylonese citizenship. India agreed to accept up to 525,000 Tamil immigrants from Ceylon, while Ceylon agreed to offer citizenship to as many as 300,000 Tamils who wished to stay. The two nations agreed that the fate of another 150,000 of the 975,000 Indian Tamils in Ceylon would be decided later.[169]
  • Buffalo wings, according to the more commonly accepted account, were first served at the Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York, by Teressa Bellissimo, a story that has been cited more often in publications.[170] However, another restaurateur, John Young, has also received recognition as having invented the appetizer in 1964 at his place of business, "Wings 'n' Things".[171]
  • In a response to ongoing anti-government riots, Ibrahim Abboud, the President of the Sudan, resigned his post as the northeast African nation's Prime Minister, and Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa formed a new government.[172]
  • Nguyễn Khánh resigned as Prime Minister of South Vietnam after less than two months, and was replaced by Trần Văn Hương.[173][134]

October 31, 1964 (Saturday)
  • Satellite laser ranging (SLR) was first demonstrated as a laser pulse was fired from an observation station on Earth (NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland) to a retroreflector on an orbiting satellite (the recently launched Explorer 22). Fifty years later, an international network of 40 SLR stations would track multiple orbiting space missions.[174]
  • Making a final campaign stop three days before the U.S. presidential elections, U.S. President Johnson addressed a rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City, strongly criticized his Republican opponent, U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, and told his audience, "This Nation, this people, this generation, has man's first opportunity to create the Great Society", which he described as "a society of success without squalor, beauty without barrenness, works of genius without the wretchedness of poverty." In a twist on Goldwater's declaration that "extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice... moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue", Johnson said, "as far as the American people are concerned, extremism in the pursuit of the Presidency is an unpardonable vice, and moderation in the affairs of the nation is the highest virtue."[175][176]
  • Jack Roland Murphy, known as "Murph the Surf", was arrested in Miami, along with an accomplice, and charged with the October 29 theft of the Star of India and other priceless gems.[177]
  • A tornado caused the collapse of the hangar of the Primero Gruppo Elicotteri (First Helicopter Group), Italian Navy, at the Naval Air Station at Catania, destroying five Sikorsky SH-34G Seabat helicopters.[178]
  • Born: Marco van Basten, Netherlands soccer football forward and manager who played for Ajax Amsterdam and for Milan in a 15-year career, as well as the Netherlands national team; he later managed the national team; in Utrecht
  • Died: Theodore Freeman, 34, American astronaut in training for the Gemini program, was killed in a collision with a goose that smashed through the cockpit canopy of his T-38 Talon jet during a routine flight at Ellington AFB near Houston. Flying shards of plexiglas from the canopy entered the jet engine intake, causing both engines to flame out.[179] A report concluded that Freeman apparently attempted to land the crippled jet at the air base and, failing that, tried to avoid colliding with the buildings on the base; and that Freeman ejected only 100 feet from the ground, leaving insufficient time for his parachute to fully deploy.[180][181]
gollark: No, you just can't generally get a solution in terms of roots for 5th degree and up.
gollark: They probably have the quadratic, cubic and quartic formulae programmed into them.
gollark: Well, if you aren't considering *general* polynomials of some kind, this is just a calculator problem.
gollark: This is a job for calculators.
gollark: It's very useful. For example, one Wikipedia article explains one step of a process by just saying "use linear algebra". If you know linear algebra, you may know what it means.

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  114. Abebe Bikila. sports-reference.com
  115. "Bikila Repeats in Marathon; Snell Breezes", Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1964, III-2
  116. Lutz D. Schmadel, Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (Springer, 1997) p248
  117. "Salt Dome A-Blast Lifts Earth Crust", Chicago Tribune, October 23, 1964, p1
  118. Guardian archive: "Nobel Prize refused by Sartre". Accessed 16 June 2013
  119. "Winner Rejects Nobel Prize", Chicago Tribune, October 23, 1964, p1A-1
  120. "Legacy: Walt Disney World"
  121. "Mystery Industry Land Buying Tops $5 Million— 47 Deals Detailed By Broker", Orlando Evening Star, May 28, 1965, p1
  122. "We Say: 'Mystery' Industry Is Disney", Orlando Sentinel, October 24, 1965, p1
  123. "Singer Killed, 5 Hurt In Ohio Crash", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, October 23, 1964, p15
  124. "Sydney Morning Herald, October 21, 1964, p25
  125. "World Championship Wrestling - The Start"
  126. "Pavement marker" US 3332327 A, Google Patents
  127. R. Gary Patterson, Take a Walk on the Dark Side: Rock and Roll Myths, Legends, and Curses (Simon and Schuster, 2008) p28
  128. Andrew Sardanis, Zambia: The First 50 Years (I.B.Tauris, 2014) p11
  129. "Zambia Becomes 36th Independent Nation in Africa", Detroit Free Press, October 24, 1964, p3
  130. "DOWNED U.S. PLANE— CAMBODIA: 8 Americans Lost Lives Aboard C-123", Pittsburgh Press, October 27, 1964, p1
  131. "72,000 Say 'Sayonara' to 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo", Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1964
  132. Ed Sullivan Official Site. Accessed 15 June 2013
  133. Peter Fornatale, 50 Licks: Myths and Stories from Half a Century of the Rolling Stones (A&C Black, 2013) p25
  134. "Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam)", in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, by Harris M. Lentz (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994)
  135. "Marshall, James Lawrence 'Jim'", in Historical Dictionary of Football, by John Grasso (Scarecrow Press, 2013) p235
  136. "Wrong-Way Vikings Win, 27-22; 60-Yard 'Safety' by Marshall", Chicago Tribune, October 26, 1964, p3-1
  137. "Vikes' Marshall Welcomed to Riegels' Exclusive Club", Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1964, pIII-1
  138. "Drivers Struggle For World Top Title", Sydney Morning Herald, October 12, 1964, p11
  139. "Gurney Wins; Surtees Takes Driving Crown", Los Angeles Times, October 26, 1964, pIII-7
  140. "Gurney Wins Mexico Race", Honolulu Star-Advertiser, October 26, 1964, p15
  141. "U.S. to Be Hit by 15% British Imports Levy— Effort to Cut balance of Payments", Chicago Tribune, October 27, 1964, p9
  142. "Cooke, Edgar Eric (1931 - 1964)". adb. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  143. Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role Of A Lifetime, (Simon and Schuster, 1991) p ix
  144. Pierre-Marie Loizeau, Nancy Reagan in Perspective (Nova Publishers, 2005) p41
  145. Ron Felber, Presidential Lessons in Leadership: What Executives (and Everybody Else) Can Learn from Six Great American Presidents (Government Institutes, 2011) p172
  146. "Actor Reagan Urges Support for Barry", Chicago Tribune, October 28, 1964, p2
  147. Kiron K. Skinner, The Strategy of Campaigning: Lessons from Ronald Reagan and Boris Yeltsin (University of Michigan Press, 2008)
  148. Shabnam J. Holliday, Defining Iran: Politics of Resistance (Routledge, 2016) pp66-67
  149. William Blum, Killing Hope, 1995; p. 162.
  150. Olivier Lanote, "Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960-1997)", Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (online), 6 April 2010.
  151. Fondation Pierre Cartier
  152. "Davy Jones Locker Gets Castro's Buses", Tampa Bay Times, October 28, 1964, p1
  153. "Owners Write Off 42 Sunken Buses Headed for Cuba", AP report in Fort Myers (FL) News Press, October 29, 1964, p1
  154. Alistair Hennessy, George Lambie, The Fractured Blockade: West European-Cuban Relations During the Revolution (Macmillan, 1993) p183
  155. "The 1791 war against Tipu Sultan changed Bengaluru's destiny", by Divya Shekhar, The Economic Times, March 9, 2017
  156. "Observatory Site Chosen", Ottawa Journal, October 28, 1964, p1
  157. "Canadian Astronomy", in History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia, ed. by John Lankford (Taylor & Francis, 1997) p111
  158. Lez Cooke, British Television Drama: A History (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
  159. "History of the BBC: The Wednesday Play first broadcast 28 October 1964"
  160. "21 Years of Garda Patrol 1985", RTE Archives
  161. e.g., "Trump devises 'zany' way to pronounce Tanzania in foreign policy speech", The Guardian, April 27, 2016
  162. "New Country's Name Worth $28", UPI report in The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua, New York), October 30, 1964, p1
  163. "Who Came up with the Name Tanzania", by Azaria Mbughuni, United Africa
  164. "Flag Crisi May Force Election — Diefenbaker Stand Rocks PCs", Montreal Gazette, October 30, 1964, p1
  165. "Flag Committee Report", Ottawa Journal, October 30, 1964, p25
  166. "Star of India, Other Gems Stolen from N.Y. Museum", Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1964, p1
  167. Frank E. Hagan, Crime Types and Criminals (SAGE, 2010) p168
  168. "Nobel Prize Won by Three Light Tamers— English Woman Gets Chemistry Award", Chicago Tribune, October 30, 1964, p14
  169. R. Sidda Goud and Manisha Mookherjee, India-Sri Lanka Relations: Strengthening SAARC (Allied Publishers, 2013) p46
  170. Sherri Liberman, ed., American Food by the Decades (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p154
  171. "An Attempt to Compile a Short History of the Buffalo Chicken Wing", by Calvin Trillin, in The New Yorker (August 25, 1980)
  172. Tim Niblock, Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898–1985 (State University of New York Press, 1987) p225
  173. "New Viet Prmier Vows End to Misrule", Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1964, p10
  174. "Laser Transponders for High-Accuracy Interplanetary Laser Ranging and Time Transfer", by John J. Degnan, in Lasers, Clocks and Drag-Free Control: Exploration of Relativistic Gravity in Space, Hansjörg Dittus, et al. (Springer, 2009) p231
  175. "Lyndon B. Johnson - Remarks in Madison Square Garden, October 31, 1964", The American Presidency Project, compiled by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley
  176. "LBJ Storms New York; Barry Marching In Dixie", Pittsburgh Press, November 1, 1964, p1
  177. "3 Arrested in Great N.Y. Jewel Theft", Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1964, p1
  178. Lundh, Lennart, "Sikorsky H-34: An Illustrated History", Schiffer Publishing Limited, Atglen, Pennsylvania, 1998, Library of Congress card number 97-80805, ISBN 978-0-7643-0522-1, pages 88-89.
  179. "Jet Crash Kills One Of New Astronauts", Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), November 1, 1964
  180. "Goose Hit Jet, Killing Astronaut", Miami News, November 17, 1964, p8
  181. David Shayler, Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight (Springer, 2000) p80
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