Same-sex union court cases

Same-sex marriage is legal (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark,[nb 1] Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,[nb 2] the Netherlands,[nb 3] New Zealand,[nb 4] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,[nb 5] the United States,[nb 6] and Uruguay. Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed in Israel. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Marriage
LGBT portal

International level
See also: List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies

Several attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at the international level through strategic litigation, at the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations and at the European Court of Human Rights, both of which currently have not yet recognized an equal right to marry for same-sex couples. The Human Rights Committee case was in 1999, with two same-sex couples as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of New Zealand as the defender/respondent. The ECHR case, Schalk and Kopf v Austria, was in 2010, with a same-sex couple as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of Austria as the respondents. Although both New Zealand and Austria then responded against the petitions then in each case, both countries now legally recognize same-sex marriage.

Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling

On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legalisation of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees legalising same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. The ruling applies to the countries of Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. The Costa Rican Government subsequently announced that it would implement the ruling "in its totality",[1] and the Government of Panama has also signalled that it would accept the ruling.[2][3]

Coman and Others v Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări and Ministerul Afacerilor Interne

On 5 June 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled that European Union member states must recognise the freedom of movement and residency rights of same-sex spouses, provided one partner is an EU citizen.[4] The Court ruled that EU member states may choose whether or not to allow same-sex marriage, but they cannot obstruct the freedom of residence of an EU citizen and their spouse. Furthermore, the Court ruled that the term "spouse" is gender-neutral, and that it does not necessarily imply a person of the opposite sex.[5][6]

National level
Jurisdiction End date Description Restrictions
unconstitutional?
United States 1972 The Supreme Court of the United States dismissed Baker v. Nelson "for want of a substantial federal question".[7] This decision was overturned in June 2015 by the same court in the case Obergefell v. Hodges. No
Netherlands 1990 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that is not discriminatory not to allow same-sex couples to marry, because marriage is open to procreation. However, the Hoge Raad stated that the Parliament is free to grant to same-sex couples most of marriage rights.[8] No
Israel 1994 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples. Yes
Israel 1995 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to further benefits. Yes
Israel 1996 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to even further benefits. Yes
New Zealand December 1997 The Court of Appeal of New Zealand ruled in Quilter v Attorney-General that marriage under common law was between one man and one woman, and the common law ban on same-sex marriage was not discriminatory under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. No
South Africa February 1998 The Transvaal Provincial Division in Langemaat v Minister of Safety and Security ordered a medical aid scheme to register the same-sex life partner of a member as a dependent, ruling that scheme regulations excluding same-sex partners were unconstitutionally discriminatory.[9][10] Yes
Canada 1999 The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M. v. H. that cohabiting same-sex partners in a common-law marriage were entitled to the same rights as unmarried cohabiting opposite-sex partners.[11] Yes
South Africa December 1999 The Constitutional Court ruled in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs that foreign same-sex partners of South Africans are entitled to the same immigration benefits as foreign spouses.[12] Yes
Israel 2000 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to pension benefits. Yes
Israel 2001 Common-law status is once again expanded to allow a partner to claim guardianship of the other's child. Yes
South Africa July 2002 The Constitutional Court ruled in Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa that pensions and other financial benefits provided by an employer to spouses must also be provided to same-sex life partners who have undertaken a reciprocal duty of support.[13] Yes
South Africa September 2002 The Constitutional Court ruled in Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development that same-sex partners are entitled to adopt children jointly and to adopt each other's children as if they were married.[14] Yes
Venezuela 2003 The Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that the government is free to introduce measures that provide for economic benefits to same-sex couples, though it is not bound by law to do so.[15] No
South Africa March 2003 The Constitutional Court ruled in J v Director General, Department of Home Affairs that children born to lesbian life-partners through artificial insemination are to be regarded as legitimate in law and that both partners must be registered as the legal parents.[16] Yes
Austria 2003 The European Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex couples must be recognized under common-law status equal to opposite-sex couples. Yes
South Korea July 2004 A lesbian couple who have lived together for 20 years has made a palimony suit the property division by eliminating de facto marriage.[17] No
Israel January 2005 The Supreme Court expanded the common-law status to include for adoption of a partner's child. Yes
South Africa December 2005 The Constitutional Court ruled in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was unconstitutional. The ruling, however, was suspended for one year to allow Parliament time to enact legislation to rectify the inequality.[18] Yes
Costa Rica May 2006 The Supreme Court of Costa Rica ruled 5–2 that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was not unconstitutional.[19] No
United Kingdom July 2006 In Wilkinson v. Kitzinger and Others the High Court ruled that recognizing same-sex marriages performed abroad as "civil partnerships" over marriages was not discriminatory.[20] No
Israel November 2006 The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the government must recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad on par with opposite-sex marriages that have been performed abroad.[21] Yes
South Africa November 2006 Days before same-sex marriage became legal, the Constitutional Court ruled in Gory v Kolver NO that a same-sex life partner is entitled to inherit automatically when the other partner dies without a will.[22] Yes
Brazil 2006 A 2006 decision issued by the Superior Tribunal de Justiça stated that same-sex couples qualify as de facto partners. Yes
Colombia February 2007 A Colombian court ruled that some common law benefits must be extended to same-sex couples.[23] Yes
Colombia January 2009 The Constitutional Court of Colombia later ruled that benefits for cohabiting same-sex couples must be expanded to give them equality with cohabiting opposite-sex couples.[24] Yes
Slovenia July 2009 The Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that the registered partnership law excluding registered partners from inheritance rights was discriminatory and gave the Parliament six months to respond to the ruling.[25] Yes
Portugal July 2009 The Constitutional Court of Portugal ruled 3–2 that the statutory ban on same-sex marriage does not violate the Portuguese constitutional provision that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.[26][27] No
Russia January 2010 Two lesbians who recently married in Canada have announced their intention to push for its recognition within Russia.[28][29] Russian courts have ruled that the two are not legally able to marry, and thus the two women are seeking to use a loophole for recognition only.[30] No[31]
Poland March 2010 The European Court of Human Rights ruled that homosexuals have the right to inherit from their partners.[32] Yes
Italy April 2010 The constitutionality of Italy's refusal to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was questioned before the Constitutional Court.[33][34] In April 2010, the court rejected the bids from Italian couples.[35] No
Austria June 2010 Schalk and Kopf v. Austria challenges the validity of Austria's marriage laws in the European Court of Human Rights.[36][37] No
Mexico August 2010 After affirming the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law, the Supreme Court ruled that all Mexican states are required to recognize the marriages. Yes[38]
Germany August 2010 The Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that the twenty-point higher inheritance tax for registered partners as opposed to married opposite-sex couples violated the constitution. The government had until 2011 to amend the law. Yes
France January 2011 France's highest court of appeal, the Court of Cassation, on November 17, 2010, asked the Constitutional Council to decide whether Articles 75 and 144 of the Civil Code are inconsistent with the preamble and Article 66 of the French constitution.[39][40][41] On January 28, 2011, the Council ruled that the law banning same-sex marriage is constitutional.[42] No
Brazil May 2011 On May 5, 2011, the Supreme Federal Court ruled 10-0 (with one abstention) that same-sex civil unions must be recognized.[43] Yes
Brazil June 2011 A judge in São Paulo converted a civil union into a civil marriage.[44] Yes
Colombia July 2011 The Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that same-sex couples are at a legal disadvantage by being excluded from marriage and ordered Congress to rectify this issue by June 20, 2013. If the deadline is not met, same-sex couples would thenceforth be able to get married by a judge or a notary.[45] Yes
India July 2011 The Gurgaon Court [State of Haryana] granted an individual marriage to a lesbian couple.[46] Individual case
Brazil October 2011 Brazil's Superior Court ruled that two women can legally be married. It's the highest court in Brazil to uphold a gay marriage. It overturned two lower courts' rulings against the women.[47] Yes
Chile December 2011 A Court of Appeals in Santiago asked the Constitutional Court about the validity of Article 102 of the Civil Code that defines marriages only between a man and a woman, after three couples challenged the article.[48] The Constitutional Court rejected their bids in a 9-1 vote,[49] and subsequently, the Court of Appeals rejected the challenges.[50] No
Italy March 2012 The Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples.[51] Yes
Israel December 2012 Ramat Gan family court allowed a gay couple to divorce.[52] Yes
Mexico December 2012 The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of Mexico ruled unanimously in favor of three same-sex couples who sued the state of Oaxaca for the right to marry. The ruling does not immediately eliminate marriage bans in other Mexican states, but it does set a legal precedent to begin challenging statewide marriage bans.[53] Yes
Italy January 2013 The Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that gay couples can bring up children as well as heterosexual couples. It also said that it was "mere prejudice" to assume that living with a homosexual couple could be detrimental for a child's development.[54][55] Yes
Austria January 2013 The Constitutional Court of Austria ruled that same-sex couples who want to register their partnership will have the same ceremony offered to opposite-sex couples who want to marry. In addition, gay couples will be able to bring the witnesses.[56] Yes
Australia February 2013 Court held that the national ban on same-sex marriages did not constitute gender discrimination[57] No
Italy May 2013 An Italian judge recognises a civil partnership contracted by two Italian men in the UK. The couple registered their partnership in the local (Milan) Civil union register. It is the first time that occurs in the Italian jurisprudence.[58] Yes
Brazil May 2013 On May 14, 2013, the National Justice Council ruled 14-1 that every notary of Brazil must perform same-sex marriage and permit the conversion of any same-sex civil union into a marriage.[59] Yes
United States June 2013 In United States v. Windsor the Supreme Court of the United States struck down section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which denied federal benefits of marriage to same-sex couples legally married in their own state. Yes
Colombia July 2013 A Civil Court in Bogotá ruled that a male same-sex couple has the right to marry.[60] Yes
Greece November 2013 In 2008 Greece passed a law which regulated cohabitation but excluded same-sex couples from enjoying the same benefits afforded to opposite-sex couples. On November 7, 2013, in Vallianatos and others v Greece the ECtHR ruled that is discriminatory excluding same-sex couples.[61] Yes
Italy 2014 The Civil Court of Grosseto ordered the recognition of a marriage contracted by two Italian men in New York. It is the first time that occurs in the Italian jurisprudence.[62] In September 2014 an appellate court in Florence has overruled the lowers court decision. However, the court didn't rule on the constitutionality of the marriage, but insisted that the couple sued the wrong agency. The judges sent the case back to the Civil Court of Grosseto.[63] Case dismissed
Costa Rica 2014 Two gay couples asked a Costa Rican court on May 16, to be married in a civil union.[64] The request of one couple was declined, but they said they have the intention to appeal the judgement.[65] United with other similar cases ruled upon in 2018
Costa Rica June 2015 A gay couple asked a Family Court in 2013 for the right to the benefits of de facto unions afforded to heterosexual couples. On 2 June 2015, the court ruled for the plaintiffs granting them pension, visitation and inheritance rights in their verdict. The couple became the first in the nation to have a same-sex union recognised. The effects of the ruling are on hold while a judicial review of a law referenced in the judge's opinion is pending.[66]
United States June 2015 In Obergefell v. Hodges the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment require all states to license marriage between two people of the same sex and recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[67] Yes
Colombia April 2016 The Constitutional Court unified the criteria after Congress did not meet its 2013 deadline and, in practice, only some judges were performing marriages. The 2016 ruling indicates that judges and notaries are obliged to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[68] Yes
China 2016 The court in central Changsha dismissed the suit brought against the civil affairs bureau for refusing to issue a marriage license to a gay couple. One of the plaintiffs, 26-year-old Sun Wenlin, said he would appeal the decision.[69][70] No
South Korea December 2016 After Seodeamun-gu office refused to grant marriage licenses to a same-sex couple, they asked a court on May 21, 2014 to be married.[71] The first oral argument was held on July 6, 2015 in Seoul. On 25 May 2016, the district court ruled against the couple and declared that same-sex marriage can't be granted under the current laws. The couple quickly filed an appeal against the district court ruling. In December 2016 the ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal. The couple announced they would petition the Supreme Court.[72] No

[Appealed ?]

Estonia January 2017 The Tallinn Circuit Court recognized one marriage performed in Sweden, declaring that out-of state marriages are governed by the countries statutes they are concluded under, thus granting foreign same-sex spouses the same-rights as domestic opposite-sex spouses.[73] Yes
Italy February 2017 The Supreme Court recognized one marriage performed in France between an Italian women and her French partner by rejecting an appeal to the ruling from a Naples court recognizing the marriage.[74] Individual case
Taiwan May 2017 On 24 May 2017 the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry, and gave the legislature two years to adequately amend Taiwanese marriage laws. According to the court ruling, if amendments are not passed within two years, same-sex marriages will automatically become legal.[75] Same-sex marriage became legal on 24 May 2019. Yes
Estonia June 2017 The Supreme Court of Estonia ruled that same-sex couples have a right to the protection of family life. Clarifying the courts' jurisdiction in the matter of applying legal protection in residence permit disputes, the Court ruled that Estonian law does not forbid issuing a residence permit to same-sex spouses.[76] Yes
Greece November 2017 A couple married by the Greek municipality of Tilos in June 2008 sought to have their marriage recognized. However, the Supreme Court upheld earlier rulings by lower courts rejecting the legality of their marriage and thereby annulling it.They are expected to bring their case to the ECHR.[77][78] No

[Appealed ?]

Austria December 2017 The Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry, and gave the legislature until 01.12.2019 to adequately amend the Austrian Civil Code. According to the court ruling, if amendments are not passed until the date given, same-sex marriages will automatically become legal.The plaintiffs were allowed to marry immediately.[79][80] Yes
Bulgaria January 2018 The case of a Bulgarian couple that had married in the UK sought to have their marriage recognized in Bulgaria. The Sofia Administrative Court rejected their case labelling it "against the public order".[81] No
Hungary February 2018 The Budapest District Court ruled that foreign same-sex marriages have to be given the same rights domestic civil unions are given.[82] Yes
Estonia April 2018 The Supreme Court of Estonia held that despite the lack of implementing measures the Registered Partnership Act has taken effect and is valid as it found the denial of recognition to same-sex couples unconstitutional.[83][84] Yes
Nepal June 2018 The Supreme Court of Nepal held that denying a dependent visa for a foreign same-sex spouse of a Nepalese citizen is unlawful, as the Immigration Rules do not specify the gender of the spouse. The plaintiffs married in the U.S.[85] Yes
Costa Rica August 2018 Sala IV of the Constitutional Court ruled two articles of the Family Code (§14; §242) and article 4 of the Law of Younge People unconstitutional giving lawmakers 18 months to amend the lawbooks in oder to legalize same-sex marriage. If they fail to do so, it will become legal automatically.[86][87] Yes
Lithuania January 2019 The Constitutional Court ruled that foreign same-sex spouses have to be granted equal residency rights.[88][89] Yes
El Salvador January 2019 The "Sala de lo Constitucional" is studying whether to admit or not a case against article 11 of the Family code which defines marriage as "the legal union between a man and a woman". It was then rejected on procedural ground.[90][91] Case dismissed
Poland February 2019 The case of a Polish couple seeking to get their Portuguese marriage recognized was rejected by the "Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w Warszawie" but the court also ruled that the Polish constitution does not prohibit same-sex marriage.[92] No
Ecuador June 2019 On 29 June 2018 a Judge in Cuenca admitted two same-sex marriages relying on the IACRH ruling. However, this decision was overruled by the Labor Chamber of the Provincial Court of Justice due to an appeal by the Civil Registry.[93][94] The case was heard by the Constitutional Court,[95][96] which then voted 5-4 that the IACRH ruling is applicable, thus legalizing same-sex marriage in Ecuador.[97] Yes
Estonia July 2019 The Supreme Court of Estonia held one section of the Aliens Act unconstitutional, thereby granting residency rights for same-sex couples married abroad equal to those of different-sex couples.[98] Yes
Philippines September 2019 Arguments at the Supreme Court of the Philippines on same-sex marriage in response as part of the Falcis III vs. Civil Registrar-General case were heard June 19, 2018.[99] They were rejected on procedural grounds in September 2019.[100] Case dismissed
Venezuela Litigation pending A case aiming at legalizing same-sex marriage is still pending in the "Tribunal Supremo de Justicia".[101]
Paraguay Litigation ongoing?[102] A Paraguayan gay couple asked an Asunceño judge to register their marriage which they performed in Argentina.[103] On 4 April 2013 the judge refused to register the couple's marriage because the Paraguayan Constitution establish that marriage can only be formed by a man and a woman. The couple said that the decision will be appealed.[104]
Cyprus Litigation ongoing? In 2014, a Cypriot couple is taking the Republic of Cyprus to the European Court of Human Rights for not giving them the right to enter into a same-sex marriage.[105]
Latvia Litigation ongoing In May 2016 the Constitutional Court overturned a lower courts decision to deny a same-sex marriage application, stating that for thought there are no provisions allowing for the recognition of same-sex couples, it must be considered if this lack does not violate the Constitution of Latvia or the European Convention on Human Rights and if it would not be necessary to grant them a protection under terms different from marriage.[106]
Georgia Litigation ongoing A man is challenging that while the civil code of Georgia is explicitly between a man and a woman; the Constitution does not reference sex/gender in its section on marriage. The plea was launched in 2016.[107]
Namibia Litigation pending In 2017, filing a lawsuit in the Windhoek High Court, a Nambian-South African couple sought to have their South African marriage recognized in Namibia in order to obtain residency rights and get their adopted children recognized as theirs.[108][109] In 2019 two other cases of same-sex couples married abroad were filed, too.[110]
Albania Litigation pending An Albanian LGBT rights group, PRO LGBT, has filed a lawsuit in 2017 requesting recognition of same-sex partnerships in the country's Family Code.[111]
Panama Litigation pending Two lawsuits have been filed regarding same-sex marriage in Panama and are before the Supreme Court of Justice.[112] The Episcopal Diocese of Panama in the Catholic Church has said they do not oppose the establishment of marriage equality within secular laws and oppose discrimination.[113]
Peru Litigation pending The Constitutional Court heard a case on 20 June regarding the registration and recognition of a marriage performed abroad[114]
Honduras Litigation pending In May 2018 two lawsuits have been filed regarding same-sex marriage in Honduras, one was rejected due to technical errors. The other one remains pending in the Supreme Court.[115][116]
Chile Litigation pending After the Constitutial Court ruled in a separate case that marriage is a fundamental right, a couple filed a lawsuite against the Civil Registry in January 2019 for denying them a marriage licence and family protection. After the Court of Appeals refused to admit the case, the Supreme Court interfered in February 2019, ordering the case to continue its legal proceeding through the Court of Appeals.[117][118] It then ruled the refusal of the Civil Registry not to be illegal. The plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court.[119]
Japan Litigation pending On February 14, 2019, 13 same sex couples filed suit in Japan claiming that the denial of same-sex marriages is unconstitutional [120]
Romania Litigation pending In June, 2019, 7 same sex couples filed suit in the ECHR claiming that the lack of legal protection for same-sex relationships is unconstitutional and a breach to a decision by the ECHR (Oliari and Others v. Italy) [121]
Serbia Litigation pending In July, 2019, a lesbian couple launched a legal challenge after being rejected in the civil registry in Novi Sad.[122]
El Salvador Litigation pending In August 2019 La Sala Constitutional accepted a case to review the constitutionality of the articles 11, 90.3 and 118 of the Family Code. LGBT-rights organizations called on the court to respect the IACHR ruling concerning same-sex marriage.[123]

Subnational level

For same-sex marriage court cases seeking to recognize individual marriages in the US states see Same-sex marriage in the United States. For individual amparos and the "México Igualitario" in Mexico see Same-sex marriage in Mexico. For individual injunctions in Brazil see Same-sex marriage in Brazil

Jurisdiction Country End date Description Restrictions
unconstitutional?
Washington United States 1974 Singer v. Hara unsuccessfully challenged the validity Washington's Civil Code ban on same-sex marriage in the Washington Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court of Washington refused to review the decision. No
Colorado United States 1985 Adams v. Howerton unsuccessfully argued that the then-current marriage defenition was gender neutral, thus giving same-sex marriages validity, in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, upholding a decision by the United States District Court for the Central District of California. The U.S. Supreme Court refused to review the decision. No
Alaska United States August 1994 Bess v. Ulmer unsuccessfully challenged the validity under the Alaskan Constitution of Alaska's Civil Code ban on same-sex marriage. The Supreme Court of Alaska overturned an earlier court ruling favoring further hearings. No
Hawaii United States December 1999 Baehr v. Miike unsuccessfully challenged the validity of the same-sex marriage ban under the Constitution of Hawii. The Supreme Court of Hawaii overturned an earlier court ruling favoring legalization, as a newly passed constitutional amendment limited the provisions the lower court relied on. No
Vermont United States December 1999 In Baker v. Vermont the Vermont Supreme Court found that the Constitution of Vermont mandates to grant same-sex couples the same rights as opposite-sex ones. Nonetheless it did not legalize same-sex marriage. /
Florida United States 2001 In Frandsen v. County of Brevard the Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal found that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples did not violate the state Constitution's equal protection for gender classifications. No
Ontario Canada June 2003 The Court of Appeal for Ontario in the case Halpern v Canada (AG) against the current Civil Code that does not allow for same-sex marriage because it violated the Charter of Rights and ordered that its judgment come into effect immediately, Yes
British Columbia Canada July 2003 The Court of Appeal of British Columbia ordered in Barbeau v. British Columbia 2003 BCCA 251, requiring the Federal Government to legalize same-sex marriage and ordering that the ruling in the Province take effect immediately. Yes
Massachusetts United States November 2003 In Goodridge v. Department of Public Health the Supreme Judicial Court found that the then-current definition of marriage was unconstitutional thus legalizing same-sex marriage. Yes
Québec Canada March 2004 The Québec Court of Appeal ordered in Hendricks and Leboeuf v. Québec, that the wording of marriage be changed form "homme et femme" to "époux" and ordering that it take effect immediately. Yes
Yukon Canada July 2004 The Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory ordered in Dunbar & Edge v. Yukon (Government of) & Canada (A.G.), 2004 YKSC 54, that the Yukon common law definition of marriage be changed immediately to be "the voluntary union for life of two persons to the exclusion of all others." Yes
Manitoba Canada September 2004 The Court of Queen's Bench ordered in Vogel v. Canada, that the same-sex marriage licenses shall be issued in the Province.[124] Yes
Nova Scotia Canada September 2004 The Nova Scotia Supreme Court ordered in Boutilier v. Canada (A.G) and Nova Scotia (A.G), that the then-current law was unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the Province Yes
Saskatchewan Canada November 2004 The Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench ordered in N.W. v. Canada (Attorney General), that the then-current law was against the Charter of Human Rights, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the Province Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Canada December 2004 The Supreme Court of Newfoundland ordered the State to issure same-sex marriage licences. Yes
Oregon United States December 2004 In Li and Kennedy v. State of Oregon the Oregon Supreme Court ruled against Multnomah County, stating that it is not entitled to perform same-sex marriages under the current statutes. Nonetheless the court refused to rule on same-sex marriage by itself. No
New Brunswick Canada April 2005 The Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick ordered the State to issure same-sex marriage licences. Yes
Washington United States July 2006 Andersen v. King County unsuccessfully challenged Washingtons Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in the Washington Supreme Court. No
New York United States July 2006 Hernandez v. Robles unsuccessfully challenged in the Court of Appeal the validity under the States Constitution of its same-sex marriage ban. No
Nebraska United States July 2006 Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning unsuccessfully challenged the validity under the United States Constitution of Initiative Measure 416, Nebraska's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. No[125]
New Jersey United States October 2006 In Lewis v. Harris the Supreme Court that the "unequal dispensation of rights and benefits to committed same-sex partners can no longer be tolerated under our State Constitution." It gave the lawmakers 6 month to introduce Civil Unions. Yes
Aruba Netherlands April 2007 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that Aruba must recognize all Dutch marriages, including same-sex marriages.[126] Yes
Netherlands Antilles Netherlands April 2007 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands's ruling applied to the Netherlands Antilles in addition to Aruba. Yes
New York United States February 2008 In Martinez v. County of Monroe the Appellate Court held that New York has to recognize out-of state same-sex marriages as it recognizes all other valid out-of state marriages. Yes
California United States May 2008 In In re Marriage Cases the Supreme Court struck down the then-current ban on same-sex marriage upholding rulings from lower courts. Yes
Maryland United States September 2008 In Conaway v. Deane & Polyak the Court of Appeals held that the then-current defenition of marriage did not constitute discrimination under the Maryland Constitution. No
Connecticut United States October 2008 In Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health the Supreme Court of Connecticut held that it is unconstitutional to deny same-sex couples the right to marry, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage. Yes
Rhode Island United States November 2008 The Rhode Island Supreme Court that the lack of legal provisions impeded them from granting divorce to a couple married in Massachusetts. No
Iowa United States April 2009 In Varnum v. Brien the Iowa Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to deny same-sex couples the right to marry, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage. Yes
Wyoming United States June 2011 In Christiansen v. Christiansen the Supreme Court of Wyoming granted a Canadien same-sex couple divorce stating that the decision about recognition of foreign same-sex unions would be "left for another day". Individual case
Alagoas Brazil December 2011 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Alagoas ruled that officials have to perform same-sex marriages in the state.[127] Yes
Maryland United States May 2012 In Port v. Cowan the Court of Appeals held that there is no legal reason not to recognize valid foreign marriages or marriages form other jurisdictions where it is legal, thereby legalizing the recognition of foreign same-sex marriages. Yes
Sergipe Brazil July 2012 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Sergipe regulated same-sex marriage in the state by "Provimento nº 06/2012". Yes
Espírito Santo Brazil July 2012 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Espírito Santo issued a "circular letter" telling notaries to perform same-sex marriages in the state. Yes
Bahia Brazil November 2012 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Bahia adopted the current definition of marriage to include same-sex marriages in the state.[128] Yes
Federal District Brazil December 2012 A court in the Federal District found that same-sex marriages could be performed without injunctions in the district.[129] Yes
Piauí Brazil December 2012 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Piauí found that same-sex marriages could be performed without injunctions in the district. Yes
Montana United States December 2012 In Donaldson v. State of Montana the Montana Supreme Court held that the constitutional ban on same-sex marriage does not preclude them from anything but the term marriage and thus does not violate the basic rights of anybody. No
São Paulo Brazil December 2012 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of São Paulo found that same-sex marriages could be performed without injunctions in the district.[130] Yes
Paraná Brazil March 2013 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Paraná found that same-sex marriages are possible under the current procedure.[131] Yes
Michigan United States March 2013 In DeBoer v. Snyder the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan found the marriage restriction unlawful. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and later consolidated with other suits form the Sixth Circuit to Obergefell v. Hodges. Consolidated to Obergefell v. Hodges
Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil April 2013 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Mato Grosso do Sul authorized same-sex marriages.[132] Yes
Rio de Janeiro Brazil April 2013 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Rio de Janeiro published a ruling allowing for same-sex marriage if the local judge agrees on it. Yes
Rondônia Brazil April 2013 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Rondônia authorized same-sex marriages.[133] Yes
Paraíba Brazil April 2013 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Paraíba authorized same-sex marriages. Yes
Santa Catarina Brazil April 2013 The Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Santa Catarina authorized same-sex marriages if both applicants are resident to the state.[134] Yes
California United States June 2013 In Hollingsworth v. Perry the Supreme Court of the United States vacated the decision of the circuit court of appeals and reinstated the original decision of the district court. This has the effect that California's Proposition 8, a voter-approved referendum that took away the right of same sex-marriage that previously had been approved by the state's courts, is struck down and same-sex marriage will resume in California. Case dismissed
Same-sex marriage in California resumes
New Mexico United States August 2013 In Hanna v. Salazar the New Mexico Supreme Court ordered the Santa Fe County Clerkt to perform same-sex marriages. Yes
New Mexico United States August 2013 In Stark v. Martinez the New Mexico District Court ordered the Taos County Clerk to perform same-sex marriages. Yes
Illinois United States September 2013 The cases Darby v. Orr and Lazaro v. Orr seeking to have same-sex marriages recognized in the state were dismissed. Dismissed
New Jersey United States October 2013 In Garden State Equality v. Dow the New Jersey Superior Court found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. A stay was unanimously rejected by the Supreme Court. Yes
Tennessee United States March 2013 In Tanco v. Haslam the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee granted three couples an injunction. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and later consolidated with other suits form the Sixth Circuit to Obergefell v. Hodges. Consolidated to Obergefell v. Hodges
Australian Capital Territory Australia December 2013 The High Court of Australia reviewed the constitutionality of the Marriage Equality Bill approved in October by the Australian Capital Territory[135] It declared on December 12 that same-sex marriage can only be legalised by the Federal government. Marriage solely a Federal Jurisdiction
Ohio United States December 2013 In Obergefell v. Kasich the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio held that it is unconstitutional not to recognize valid out-of state same-sex marriages. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit where it was consolidated with Henry v. Wymyslo and later consolidated with other suits form the Sixth Circuit to Obergefell v. Hodges. Consolidated to Obergefell v. Hodges
New Mexico United States December 2013 In Griego v. Oliver the New Mexico Supreme Court found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage, upholding the ruling of a lower court. Yes
Florida United States January 2014 In Pareto v. Ruvin the Florida Supreme Court upheld the ruling of a lower court, mandating Miami-Dade County has to perform same-sex marriages. Yes
Kentucky United States February 2014 In Bourke v. Beshear the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky found the denial of recognition to valid same-sex marriages unconstitutional. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit where it was consolidated with Love v. Beshear and later consolidated with other suits form the Sixth Circuit to Obergefell v. Hodges. Consolidated to Obergefell v. Hodges
Florida United States April 2014 In Huntsman v. Heavilin the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit held that Monroe County has to perform same-sex marriages. Yes
Ohio United States April 2014 In Henry v. Wymyslo the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio ruled that the state must recognize same-sex marriages. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit where it was consolidated with Obergefell v. Kasich to Obergefell v. Himes. Consolidated to Obergefell v. Hodges
Alaska United States April 2014 Schmidt and Schuh v. Alaska held that same-sex couples have to be granted the same property tax exemptions. Yes
Wisconsin United States May 2014 In Halopka-Ivery v. Walker a couple married in California sought to challenge Wisconsin's statute imposing criminal penalties on residents who contract in other jurisdictions a marriage that is not recognized by the state and have their marriage recognized claiming that the state's "parallel civil marriage and domestic partnership structure" denied them access to federal benefits. The Wisconsin Supreme Court declined their case one month after it was filed Dismissed
Oregon United States May 2014 In Geiger v. Kitzhaber the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage after petitions to stay the ruling were blocked by both the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. Yes
Texas United States May 2014 In In the Matter of the Marriage of A.L.F.L. and K.L.L. the 45th Judicial District Court of Bexar County found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus let the petition for divorce proceed. Yes
Pennsylvania United States May 2014 In Whitewood v. Wolf the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Idaho United States May 2014 In Latta v. Otter the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a previous ruling of the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho legalizing same-sex marriage. Yes
Kentucky United States July 2014 In Love v. Beshear the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky found the denial of recognition to valid same-sex marriages unconstitutional. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit where it was consolidated to Bourke v. Beshear. Consolidated to Obergefell v. Hodges
Missouri United States October 2014 In Barrier v. Vasterling the Missouri Circuit Court ruled that not recognizing out-of state same-sex marriages violated the plaintiffs rights, thus recognizing such unions in the state. Yes
Utah United States October 2014 In Kitchen v. Herbert the United States District Court for the District of Utah found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. It was later upheld by the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals after an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was rejected. Yes
Oklahoma United States October 2014 In Bishop v. United States the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals complied with a District Court Ruling that found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage after an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was rejected. Yes
Colorado United States October 2014 In Burns v. Hickenlooper the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Colorado United States October 2014 In Colorado ex rel. Suthers v. Hall the Colorado Supreme Court ruled against the state of Colorado, not granting a stay to the licensing of same-sex marriage by various clerks. Yes
Virginia United States October 2014 In Bostic v. Schaefer the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage after an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was rejected. Yes
North Carolina United States October 2014 In General Synod of the United Church of Christ v. Cooper the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Wisconsin United States October 2014 In Wolf v. Walker the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. It was later upheld by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Yes
Indiana United States October 2014 In Baskin v. Bogan the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage, reversing an earlier judgment by the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada. Yes
Hawaii United States October 2014 In Jackson v. Fuddy the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that the lower court ruling upholding the same-sex marriage ban was voided by the new Marriage Equality Act, dismissing the case. Dismissed
Florida United States October 2014 In Brenner v. Scott the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. It was later upheld by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Yes
Nevada United States October 2014 In Sevcik v. Sandoval the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. It was later upheld by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Yes
Alaska United States October 2014 In Hamby v. Parnell the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Wyoming United States October 2014 A district court in a case in which Guzzo v. Mead, found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Arizona United States October 2014 The U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona in a case in which Connolly v. Roche and Majors v. Horne were united, found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
West Virginia United States November 2014 In McGee v. Cole the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Kansas United States November 2014 In Schmidt v. Moriarty the Kansas Supreme Court found that a judge licensing same-sex marriage did act within his jurisdiction, it did not rule about the issue of same-sex marriage by itself Yes
Missouri United States November 2014 In State of Missouri v. Florida the St. Louis Circuit Court found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage in St. Louis County. Yes
Utah United States November 2014 In McGee v. Cole the United States District Court for the District of Utah orderd the state to permanently licence same-sex marriages and dismissed a permanent stay to a previous court ruling. It was issued after the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court refused to issue stays extending to more than October 2014. Yes
South Carolina United States November 2014 In Bradacs v. Haley the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina upheld the validity of same-sex marriages performed abroad or in other states. Yes
South Carolina United States November 2014 In Condon v. Haley the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage. Yes
Georgia United States January 2015 The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia suspended proceeding due to the pending decision of Obergefell v. Hodges in the U.S. Supreme Court. Suspended
Alabama United States March 2015 The Alabama Policy Institute and the Alabama Citizens Action Programm filed a lawsuit asking the Alabama Supreme Court to order the state's probate judges to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in the Alabama Supreme Court, which found the current same-sex marriage ban did not violate the U.S. constitution, thus barring any same-sex marriages in the state. No
Arkansas United States June 2015 In Wright v. Arkansas the Supreme Court of Arkansas dismissed an appeal to the ruling of a lower court legalizing same-sex marriage until the ruling was stayed as moot after Obergefell v. Hodges. Dismissed
Missouri United States June 2015 In Lawson v. Kelly the Jackson County Circuit Court found the then-current defenition of marriage to be unconstitutional and thus legalized same-sex marriage, but the decision was stayed pending an appeal to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, which lifted the stay complying with Obergefell v. Hodges. Yes
Guam United States June 2015 The District Court of Guam ruled that officials have to perform same-sex marriages.[136] Yes
Nebraska United States July 2015 In Waters v. Ricketts the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirmed a lower courts ruling, lifting the stay on the decision and granting a general injunction, thus legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. Yes
Louisiana United States July 2015 In Robicheaux v. George the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the state to recognize and register out-of state same-sex marriages, thus complying with Obergefell v. Hodges. Yes
Mississippi United States July 2015 In Campaign for Southern Equality v. Bryant the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals lifted the stay on a lower courts ruling, thus legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. Yes
Texas United States July 2015 In Texas v. Naylor the Supreme Court of Texas upheld a lower courts ruling to grant divorce to a same-sex marriage that has never been recognized in Texas, denying the state a right to intervene.. Yes
Texas United States July 2015 The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in the case De Leon v. Perry, amanded a lower court decision just ordering review of the statute banning same-sex marriage, complying with Obergefell v. Hodges. Yes
Louisiana United States July 2015 The Louisiana Supreme Court in the case Costanza v. Caldwell dismissed an appeal by the state, lifting the stay on a lower which subsequently declared the same-sex marriage ban unlawfull, complying with Obergefell v. Hodges. Yes
Puerto Rico United States July 2015 The First Circuit Court of Appeals in the case Conde-Vidal v. Garcia-Padilla, overturned the ban on same-sex marriage. Yes
South Dakota United States July 2015 The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in the case Rosenbrahn v. Daugaard, reaffirmed the ruling of U.S. District Court for the District of South Dakota ruled the current ban on same-sex marriage violated fundamental rights, complying with Obergefell v. Hodges. Yes
Kansas United States August 2015 The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals issued an order declaring that "Article 15, § 16 of the Kansas Constitution, ... and any other Kansas statute, law, policy, or practice that prohibits issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kansas or recognizing such marriages on the same terms and conditions that apply to opposite-sex couples contravene the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Yes
Mississippi United States December 2015 In Czekala-Chatham v. Melancon the Mississippi Supreme Court granted divorce to a same-sex couple which was never recognized under state law, complying with Obergefell v. Hodges. Yes
Jalisco Mexico January 2016 The Supreme Court of Justice ruled that the current definition of marriage was discriminatory and thus unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.[137] Yes
Virginia United States April 2016 The Supreme Court of Virginia held that cohabitation laws also apply to same-sex couples. Yes
Texas United States April 2016 In cases from Travis County the Supreme Court of Texas dismissed efforts to let common-law same-sex marriages be voided. Dismissed
Alabama United States April 2016 In Hard v. Strange the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lower courts ruling amending a death certificate to include the marriage previously concluded in Massachusetts. Yes
Alabama United States June 2016 In Searcy v. Strange and Strawser v. Strange the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama issued a permanent injunction barring any state official from enforcing laws that fail to recognize same-sex couples' right to marry. Yes
Bermuda UK May 2017 A gay Bermudian and his fiancé have been granted leave to argue in the Supreme Court that they should be allowed to wed on the island.[138] On 5 May 2017 the ban on gay marriage within Bermuda was declared unconstitutional by a unanimous decision within the Supreme Court of Bermuda. The Bermuda Government responded with a domestic partnership law in February 2018.[139] Yes
Chiapas Mexico July 2017 An act of unconstitutionality was filed in April 2016 against the Civil Code of the state. The Supreme Court of Justice then ruled that the current definition of marriage was discriminatory and thus unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.[140] Yes
Puebla Mexico August 2017 An act of unconstitutionality was filed in April 2016 against the Civil Code of the state. The Supreme Court of Justice then ruled that articles 294 and 300 of the Civil Code were discriminatory and thus unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.[141] Yes
Hong Kong China July 2018 The Court of Appeal ruled that same-sex spouses have to be granted spousal visa equally to heterosexual partners.[142] Yes
Nuevo León Mexico February 2019 An act of unconstitutionality was filed in February 2018 against the Civil Code of the state. The Supreme Court of Justice then ruled that articles 140 and 148 of the Civil Code were discriminatory and thus unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.[143] Yes
Aguascalientes Mexico April 2019 The Supreme Court of Justice ruled that articles 143, 144 and 113 of the Civil Code were discriminatory and thus unconstitutional, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.[144][145] Yes
Hong Kong China June 2019 The court found that denying spousal benefits to same-sex couples married abroad is not in accordance with the Basic Law.[146] Yes
Cayman Islands UK Litigation pending In April 2018 a lawsuite against the statutory same-sex marriage ban was filed in the Grand Court. The hearing took place in February 2019.[147][148] The court than ruled the current defenition of marriage unconstitutional.[149][150] The ruling was appealed by the government,[151] and stayed. The Court of Appeals reversed the ruling of the Grand Court, stating that it relied too much on court rulings not being relevant for the case and thus again banning same-sex marriage on the island. Nonetheless the Court of Appeals noted that some kind of recognition has to be granted, and that the government of the UK must step in, given that no Civil Unions are implemented.[152] The couple now considers an appeal to the Privy Council.[153]
Northern Ireland UK Litigation pending A case heard by the Court of Appeals on 16 March 2018 by an anounymous couple seeking to convert their Civil Union into marriage.[154]
Bermuda UK Litigation pending The Domestic Partnership bill replacing equal marriage was found discriminatory and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in June 2018, but the ruling was stayed for an appeal by the Government. The Court of Appeals in November 2018 rejected the appeal thus relegalizing same-sex marriage in Bermuda.[155] The Government has filed an appeal to the Privy Council, however, the ruling of the Court of Appeals is not stayed.[156] The Privy Council will hear the case on December 7, 2020.[157]
Hong Kong China Litigation pending In August 2018 the High Court heard a case seeking to recognise civil partnerships in a preliminary hearing, and it is expected to be heard in the first half of 2019.[158][159][160]
Hong Kong China Litigation pending In January 2019 the High Court agreed to hear a challenge to the city's refusal to recognise same-sex marriage, argueing that the inability of same-sex couples to get married violated their right to equality under the city's Bill of Rights and the Basic Law.The judge in the case gave the applications license to be heard by the court, though suspended them to first hear another case.[161]
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See also

Notes
  1. Including Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
  2. Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Mexico City and some municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Zacatecas. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.
  3. The Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
  4. New Zealand proper.
  5. All jurisdictions except the Commonwealth Caribbean.
  6. 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and some tribal jurisdictions (but not in American Samoa).

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