Maryland Court of Appeals

The Court of Appeals of Maryland is the supreme court of the U.S. state of Maryland. The court, which is composed of one chief judge and six associate judges, meets in the Robert C. Murphy Courts of Appeal Building in the state capital, Annapolis. The term of the Court begins the second Monday of September. The Court is unique among American courts in that the judges wear red robes. The Maryland Court of Appeals joins the New York Court of Appeals in being the only two state highest courts to bear the name "Court of Appeals" rather than "Supreme Court".

Maryland Court of Appeals
Seal of the Maryland Court of Appeals
Established1776
LocationAnnapolis, Maryland
Authorized byMaryland Constitution
Appeals toSupreme Court of the United States
Number of positions7
WebsiteOfficial website
Chief Judge
CurrentlyMary Ellen Barbera
SinceJuly 8, 2013
Lead position ends2020

Functions

As Maryland's highest court, the Court of Appeals reviews cases of both major and minor importance. Throughout the year, the Court of Appeals holds hearings on the adoption or amendment of rules of practice and procedure. It also supervises the Attorney Grievance Commission and State Board of Law Examiners in attorney disciplinary and admission matters. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, designated by the Governor, is the constitutional administrative head of the Maryland judicial system.[1]

Cases typically come before the Court of Appeals on a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals. The court can decline the petition, and refuse to hear the case, or it can grant the "cert," and hear the appeal. The judges sometimes decide to hear an appeal before the lower appellate court has heard the case.[1] This is known as the Court 'granting certiorari on its own motion', or 'reaching down'. In this instance, the writ of certiorari is issued to the trial court, rather than to the Court of Special Appeals (Maryland's intermediate appellate court, or appellate court of right).

The court does not sit in panels; all seven judges sit on each case (en banc) unless there is a disqualification, in which event a judge from another court, or a retired appellate judge, may be specially assigned to sit in the place of the disqualified judge. In practice, almost all cases are heard by seven judges, though a quorum for the court is five judges.[1]

While it is generally an Appellate court and hears most cases on appeal, the Court of Appeals has exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters, such as legislative redistricting, removal of certain officers, and certification of questions of law. Additionally, it had exclusive jurisdiction in death penalty appeals prior to the abolition of capital punishment in Maryland.[1]

As the state's "supreme court," the Court of Appeals likewise retains original jurisdiction to discipline all attorneys admitted to the practice of law in Maryland.[2] They can impose penalties ranging from reprimands to the ultimate punishment, disbarment.

Jurists

Appointment and qualifications

The seven judges of the Court of Appeals are appointed by the Governor of Maryland with Senate consent. They serve ten-year terms. However, note that the ballot for re-election says only 'for continuance in office'. I.e. there is no opposing candidate.

The Judges of the court are required to be citizens of and qualified voters in Maryland. Prior to their appointment, they must have lived in Maryland for at least five years, and must have lived for at least six months in the appellate judicial circuit from which they are appointed. They must be at least thirty years of age at the time of appointment, and must have been admitted to practice law in Maryland. Appointees should be "most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge."

After initial appointment by the Governor and confirmation by the Senate, members of the court, at the first general election occurring at least one year after their appointment, run for continuance in office on their records without opposition. If the voters reject the retention in office of a judge, or the vote is tied, the office becomes vacant. Otherwise, the incumbent judge is retained in office for a ten-year term. This requirement of voter approval is similar to provisions in the Missouri Plan, a non-partisan method for selecting judges which is used by 11 states. Like all Maryland judges, members of the Court of Appeals must retire by their 70th birthday.[3]

There is one judge from each of the state's seven Appellate Judicial Circuits. Each judge is required to be a resident of his or her respective circuit. The circuits are currently as follows:

Maryland Court of Appeals Judicial Circuits

Circuit Counties
1 Caroline, Cecil, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne's, Somerset, Talbot, Wicomico, and Worcester counties
2 Baltimore County and Harford County
3 Allegany, Carroll, Frederick, Garrett, Howard, and Washington counties
4 Prince George's County
5 Anne Arundel, Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary's counties
6 Baltimore City
7 Montgomery County

Current judges
Robert M. Bell, retired Chief Judge. 1996–2013

Unlike most other states, the jurists on the Maryland Court of Appeals are called judges, not justices. Also unlike most other American federal, state, and local courts, the judges on the Court of Appeals wear red robes and with white cross-collars, reminiscent of British court dress. Judges at all other levels of the Maryland judiciary wear the more customary black robes.

CircuitJudgeJoined CourtBornMandatory
retirement		Appointing
governor		Law School
1 Brynja McDivitt Booth April 18, 2019 (1972-06-10) June 10, 1972 June 10, 2042 Larry Hogan (R) Washington and Lee
2 Robert N. McDonald January 24, 2012 (1952-02-23) February 23, 1952 February 23, 2022 Martin O'Malley (D) Harvard
3 Joseph M. Getty July 27, 2016 (1952-04-14) April 14, 1952 April 14, 2022 Larry Hogan (R) Maryland
4 Michele D. Hotten December 22, 2015 (1954-04-20) April 20, 1954 April 20, 2024 Larry Hogan (R) Howard
5 Jonathan Biran December 16, 2019 — — Larry Hogan (R) Stanford
6 Shirley M. Watts July 31, 2013 (1959-03-06) March 6, 1959 March 6, 2029 Martin O'Malley (D) Rutgers
7 Mary Ellen Barbera, Chief Judge July 3, 2013 (1951-09-10) September 10, 1951 September 10, 2022 Martin O'Malley (D) Maryland

Senior judges

Judges of the Maryland Court of Appeals who no longer wish to work full time, or wish to have more control over their schedules, may become senior judges and be appointed to hear cases if: they were not removed or involuntarily retired from the bench, they did not leave the bench for reason of disability, they did not leave the bench because they lost an election or did not gain Senate confirmation, they were not censured by the Maryland Court of Appeals upon recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Disabilities, and they do not engage in the practice of law.[4] [5] [6]

History

As the highest tribunal in Maryland, the Court of Appeals was created by Article 56 of the Maryland Constitution of 1776. The Court was to be "composed of persons of integrity and sound judgment in the law, whose judgment shall be final and conclusive in all cases of appeal, from the general court, court of chancery, and court of admiralty . . ." With counsel, advice and consent, the Governor appointed all of the judges. Five judges were commissioned in 1778, but that number was reduced to three in 1801. The Court was restructured in 1806 by dividing the State into six judicial districts with a chief judge and two associate judges for each district appointed by the Governor and Council. Together, these six chief judges constituted the Court of Appeals which began to sit on the Eastern Shore at Easton as well as on the Western Shore at the State capital.

The Maryland Constitution of 1851 divided the State into four judicial districts. Voters of each district elected a judge to the Court of Appeals for a ten-year term. The Court became responsible solely for appellate duties and sat only at Annapolis, whereas before it sat in various locations throughout the State. Five judges, each elected from one of five judicial districts, were prescribed by the Maryland Constitution of 1864.

The Maryland Constitution of 1867 (currently in effect) returned to the older form of requiring Court of Appeals judges to assume trial court and appellate duties. In seven judicial circuits, the Governor, with Senate advice and consent, designated a chief judge. In the eighth judicial circuit (Baltimore City), the voters elected the chief judge. These eight chief judges then constituted the Court of Appeals.

Judicial reorganization in 1943 provided for a five-member Court of Appeals elected for terms of fifteen years. The five judges included two from Baltimore City and one each from three appellate judicial circuits. In 1960, the number of judges was increased to the present-day seven. Until 1994, there was one from each of the first five Appellate Judicial Circuits and two from the Sixth Appellate Judicial Circuit (Baltimore City), but a Constitutional amendment realigned the circuits to create seven circuits with one judge from each. Since 1975, the Court of Appeals has heard cases almost exclusively by way of certiorari. As a result, the Court's formerly excessive workload has been reduced to a more manageable level, thus allowing the Court to devote more time to the most important and far-reaching issues.

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See also

References
  1. "Court of Appeals: Origin and Functions". Maryland Manual Online. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  2. Irwin Kramer. "Attorney Grievance: An Overview of Discipline in the Court of Appeals of Maryland". AttorneyGrievances.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
  3. Tim Maloney (2005-08-07). "Makeover for Maryland's Highest Court". Washington Post. p. B8. Retrieved 2007-05-24. The constitutional provision is MD. CONST. art. IV, §5A(f) Archived 2006-12-14 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. https://www.mdcourts.gov/hr/seniorjudges
  5. https://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2005/gcj/1-302.html
  6. https://www.mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/hr/seniorjudges/pdfs/approvedrecallapplication.pdf

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