Same-sex marriage in Malta

Same-sex marriage in Malta has been legal since 1 September 2017, following the passage of legislation in the Parliament on 12 July 2017. The bill was signed into law by Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, the President of Malta, on 1 August 2017. On 25 August 2017, the Minister for Equality issued a legal notice to commence the law on 1 September 2017.

Marriage
LGBT portal

Malta has allowed civil unions for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples since 2014 following the enactment of the Civil Unions Act. It grants civil unions the same rights, responsibilities, and obligations as marriage, including the right of joint adoption. Parliament gave final approval to the law on 14 April 2014 by a vote of 37 in favour and 30 abstentions. It was signed into law, also by Coleiro Preca, on 16 April 2014 and published in the government gazette the next day, 17 April. The first civil union was performed on 13 June 2014.

Cohabitation

On 3 April 2017, the Maltese Parliament approved the Cohabitation Act 2016 (Maltese: Att tal-2016 dwar il-Koabitazzjoni). The act recognises cohabiting couples who have been living together for at least two years and gives cohabitants more rights pertaining to parental and medical decisions, among others. The act defines cohabitation as between two people, regardless of gender. President Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca signed the act into law on 7 April.[1] The law went into effect on July 1, 2017.

Civil unions

History

Before the 2008 elections, the Malta Gay Rights Movement sent a survey to all major political parties asking them for their views on the recognition of same-sex unions. None of the parties supported same-sex marriage, however all of them supported recognition of same-sex unions to some extent. The governing Nationalist Party supported extending some rights to cohabitating same-sex couples. The Labour Party supported recognising "same-sex families and partnerships", although it was unknown whether this would be in the form of unregistered cohabitation or registered partnership. National Action supported civil partnerships that would grant same-sex couples some of the rights of married couples, not including welfare benefits. Alternattiva Demokratika supported civil partnerships providing all of the rights of marriage.[2]

Civil Partnerships Bill 2012

On 28 March 2010, Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi announced that the Government of Malta was working on a bill to regulate cohabitation, intended to be completed by the end of the year.[3][4][5][6][7] The draft bill (known as the Civil Partnerships and Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Bill 2012) was presented by the Minister of Justice on 28 August 2012, and a consultation process lasted until 30 September.[8][9] The bill was introduced, but died in December 2012 due to the fall of the government and dissolution of Parliament.[10][11]

Civil Unions Act 2014

During the 2013 elections campaign, the Labour Party announced its intention to introduce legislation to allow for civil unions for same-sex couples if elected in government. This was set to materialise by summer 2013, but was postponed until 2014.[12] Helena Dalli, the Minister for Social Dialogue, Consumer Affairs and Civil Liberties, argued that legalising same-sex marriage would require a referendum, and that the Maltese Government did not intend to put the issue to a popular vote.[13]

On 30 September 2013, the first day of the new legislative session, the Parliament of Malta held the first reading of a civil union bill,[14] which was published on 14 October 2013. The legislation establishes civil unions (Maltese: unjoni ċivili) for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples with the same rights as those available to married couples,[15] including joint adoption rights.[16] Despite the fact that people in Malta regardless of sexual orientation were already able to adopt as individuals,[17] opponents made adoption rights the focus of their objections to the legislation.[18] In his 2013 Christmas sermon, Roman Catholic Bishop Charles J. Scicluna condemned adoption by same-sex couples and said Pope Francis had told him to take a public stand against it.[19] On 25 February 2014, the bill passed the committee stage. The third reading was postponed because then President George Abela indicated he would not sign it.[20] Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, who indicated she would sign it, became president on 4 April.[21] The bill was approved in its third reading on 14 April in a 37 to 0 vote, with all Labour Party members in favor and all members of the opposition Nationalist Party abstaining.[22] It was signed into law by President Coleiro Preca on 16 April and published in the government gazette on 17 April, officially becoming the Civil Unions Act 2014 (Maltese: Att tal-2014 dwar l-Unjonijiet Ċivili).[23][24] The first civil union was performed on 13 June 2014.[25][26] On 20 June 2014, the Ministry for Home Affairs and National Security published regulations, based on which, the country recognises civil unions and partnerships registered abroad, regarded by the Ministry as having equivalent status to Malta's civil unions.[27] Since 1 September 2017, couples in a civil union can convert their union into a marriage within five years from the coming into force of the Marriage Act and other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017.[28]

A Roman Catholic Dominican priest, acting contrary to church guidelines, blessed the rings of a gay male couple in an engagement ceremony in April 2015.[29][30]

Statistics

47 civil unions were registered by April 2015, a year after they were introduced.[31]

By November 2016, 153 same-sex civil unions had been registered in the country.[32] By April 2017, that number had increased to 188.[33]

According to reports that emerged during debate on the same-sex marriage bill in the end of June 2017, about 200 same-sex civil unions had been registered by that time.[34]

In 2018, after the introduction of same-sex marriage, the number of new civil unions fell significantly, with only 4 new unions. 3 of them were between same-sex couples and 1 between an opposite-sex couple.[35]

Same-sex marriage
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

History

In March 2016, Prime Minister of Malta and leader of the governing Labour Party Joseph Muscat stated at an International Women's Day event that he was personally in favour of legalising same-sex marriage in the country and that it was "time for a national debate" on the issue.[36] Opposition Nationalist Party leader Simon Busuttil responded by stating that though Muscat was attempting to use the issue of same-sex marriage to distract from a government scandal, he could foresee no difficulty in amending Malta's civil union legislation to legalise same-sex marriage.[36] The country's leading gay rights organisation subsequently called for a bill to be put forward opening up marriage to all couples irrespective of gender without delay.[37]

On 21 February 2017, Minister for Social Dialogue, Consumer Affairs and Civil Liberties Helena Dalli said that she was preparing a bill to legalise same-sex marriage.[38][39] The next day, Dalli stated that it was up to the Cabinet to decide whether the bill would be introduced to Parliament before the next election, provisionally scheduled for 2018.[40][41] However, on 1 May snap elections were called for 3 June 2017, delaying the issue to the next legislative term. Of the major parties, Prime Minister Joseph Muscat stated that his party would promptly introduce a bill to legalise same-sex marriage if re-elected,[42][43] whilst Nationalist Party leader Simon Busuttil confirmed that his party's electoral manifesto would include support for same-sex marriage.[44]

Marriage Act 2017

After the Labor Party won the election comfortably, Prime Minister Muscat stated that the Labour Government intended to pass same-sex marriage legislation in the Parliament before the end of summer.[45] On 18 June 2017, the Prime Minister announced that the same-sex marriage legislation would go through both readings on the first day of the parliamentary session, which would start on the week of June 26.[46][47][48] On 23 June 2017, the Nationalist Party (PN) confirmed its intention to vote in favour of the bill, and introduce amendments at the committee stage.[49][50][51][52][53]

On 24 June 2017, the first reading of the bill was moved during the State Opening of Parliament.[54][55] However, a number of PN MPs raised concerns about parts of the law, specifically sections which replaced gender-specific references with gender-neutral terminology, and raised the prospect of the PN having a free vote on the bill.[56] The bill's second reading started on 26 June.[57][58] Both Democratic Party (PD) MPs announced their intention to support the bill the same day.[59][60] The second reading of the bill was completed on 5 July, with every MP voting in favour except PN Deputy Edwin Vassallo.[61][62][63] The bill passed through the committee stage in the Consideration of Bills Committee, which occurred on 6, 7 and 10 July. The committee rejected all amendmends proposed by the Nationalist Party.[64][65][66] On 12 July, the bill passed its third reading by a vote of 66–1, with every MP voting in favour except Vassallo.[67][68][69] It was signed into law by President Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca on 1 August 2017,[70][71] thus becoming the Marriage Act and other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017 (Maltese: Att tal-2017 li jemenda l-Att dwar iż-Żwieġ u Liġijiet oħrajn). On 25 August, the Minister for Equality issued a legal notice to commence the law on 1 September 2017.[72][73][74][75]

The first paragraph of article 11 of the Marriage Act now reads as follows:

  • in English: A marriage may be contracted either in a civil form between two consenting individuals, that is to say in the form established by this Act for civil marriage, or in a religious form, that is to say in a religious form in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
  • in Maltese: Żwieġ jista' jsir jew f'forma ċivili, jiġifieri fil-forma stabbilita b'dan l-Att għal żwieġ ċivili bejn żewġ individwi li jagħtu l-kunsens tagħhom, jew f'forma reliġjuża, jiġifieri f'forma reliġjuża skont id-disposizzjonijiet ta' dan l-Att.

Cruise ships

Florida-based Celebrity Cruises announced on October 11, 2017 that it will perform legal same-sex marriages on its ships while in international waters following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Malta, where most of the Celebrity fleet is registered.[76][77]

Public opinion

A Eurostat poll conducted in 2006 showed Malta at 18% support for same-sex marriage.[78]

However, support among young people appears to be much higher. An October 2009 poll showed that 49% of university students supported same-sex marriage, while 35% were opposed and 16% were undecided.[79] A poll conducted in October 2011 found that 56.5% of university students supported same-sex marriage.[80]

In June 2012, a poll commissioned by Malta Today found that support for same-sex marriage had increased significantly, with 60% of people aged 18–35 supporting same-sex marriage. The poll found a generational gap, with only 23% of people older than 55 supporting the change. Overall, the poll found that 41% of the population were in favour of same-sex marriage and that 52% were against it,[81] a big change in comparison to 2006, when only 18% of the population supported it.[78]

A November 2013 survey showed that 69.9% supported the legislation of civil unions. However, at the same time, only 24.7% supported the right of same-sex couples to adopt.[82]

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 65% of Maltese respondents thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 29% were against.[83]

An April 2016 poll from The Malta Independent found that 61% of Maltese respondents favoured same-sex marriage, with 25% opposed, 10.1% responding "don't care" and 3.7% unsure.[84] The poll found a large age gap: 91.7% of 18-24-year-olds supported same-sex marriage, whereas only 42.5% of those aged 65 and above were in favour. When divided by political affiliation, 52.5% of Nationalist Party voters and 70.1% of Labour voters supported same-sex marriage. Women were also more likely to support same-sex marriage (62.7%) than men (59.7%).

The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 67% of Maltese thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 25% were against.[85]

gollark: [REDACTED]
gollark: - it makes assumptions about any universes which might be embedding ours which we have ~zero evidence on- you can probably get "good enough" behavior by approximating heavily, although people will eventually notice
gollark: > checkmate simulation theory 😎If this is meant unironically, then no.
gollark: (Almost) nobody analyses a computer program by simulating every atom in the CPU or something.
gollark: There are, still, apparently reasonably good and useful-for-predictions models of what people do in stuff like behavioral economics and psychology, even if exactly how stuff works isn't known.

See also

References
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