Phosphorylcholine

Phosphorylcholine (abbreviated ChoP) is the hydrophilic polar head group of some phospholipids, which is composed of a negatively charged phosphate bonded to a small, positively charged choline group. Phosphorylcholine is part of platelet-activating factor; the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine as well as sphingomyelin, the only phospholipid of the membrane that is not built with a glycerol backbone.[1] Treatment of cell membranes, like those of RBCs, by certain enzymes, like some phospholipase A2 renders the phosphorylcholine moiety exposed to the external aqueous phase, and thus accessible for recognition by the immune system.[2] Antibodies against phosphorylcholine are naturally occurring autoantibodies that are created by CD5+/B-1 B cells and are referred to as non-pathogenic autoantibodies.[3]

Phosphorylcholine refers to the functional group derived from phosphocholine. Also not to be confused with phosphatidylcholine.

Thrombus-resistant stents

In the field of interventional cardiology, phosphorylcholine is used as a synthetic polymer-based coating, applied to drug-eluting stents, to prevent the occurrence of coronary artery restenosis. The first application of this approach for use on stents evolved from efforts by Hayward and Chapman et al., who demonstrated that the phosphorylcholine component of the outer surface of the erythrocyte bilayer was non-thrombogenic.[4] To date, more than 120,000 Phosphorylcholine-coated stents have been implanted in patients with no apparent deleterious effect in the long term compared to bare metal stent technologies.[5]

Phosphorylcholine polymer-based drug-eluting stents

Drug-eluting stents (DES) are used by interventional cardiologists, operating on patients with coronary artery disease. The stent is inserted into the artery via a balloon angioplasty. This will dilate the diameter of the coronary artery and keep it fixed in this phase so that more blood flows through the artery without the risk of blood clots (atherosclerosis).[6] Phosphorylcholine is used as the polymer-based coating of a DES because its molecular design improves surface biocompatibility and lowers the risk of causing inflammation or thrombosis. Polymer coatings of stents that deliver the anti-proliferative drug Zotarolimus to the arterial vessel wall are key components of these revolutionary medical devices. For targeted local delivery of Zotarolimus to the artery, the drug is incorporated into a methacrylate-based copolymer that includes a synthetic form of phosphorylcholine. This use of biomimicry, or the practice of using polymers that occur naturally in biology, provides a coating, with minimal thrombus deposition and no adverse clinical effect on late healing of the arterial vessel wall. Not only is the coating non-thrombogenic, but it also exhibits other features that should be present when applying such a material to a medical device for long-term implantation. These include durability, neutrality to the chemistry of the incorporated drug and ability for sterilization using standard methods which do not affect drug structure or efficacy.

gollark: The best thing I can think of *now* is some sort of toggleable indicator for "potentially uncomfortable topics" in channel names or something.
gollark: That's post-decrement, *is* it one less?
gollark: > it might not be portable to other places.I have explained why I think this.
gollark: It's interesting to actually look at the ethics and underlying causes and whatever instead of just "no discussing this"? We have a cool and rare thing here and it might not be portable to other places.
gollark: Well, you might have, but we don't seem to have had particularly in-depth discussions of possibilities, and one person looking over it isn't great.

See also

Notes and references
  1. Karp, G., Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. Sixth Edition ed2009: Wiley. p. 48, p.123. https://www.amazon.com/Cell-Molecular-Biology-Concepts-Experiments/dp/0470483377/ref=dp_ob_title_bk
  2. Beckmann, E.; Bach, M. A.; et al. (1984). "Phosphorylcholine on isologous red blood cells induces polyclonal but not anti-phosphorylcholine plaque-forming cells in mice". Eur J Immunol. 14 (7): 595–598. doi:10.1002/eji.1830140703. PMID 6378644.
  3. Hardy, Richard (2008). "Chapter 7: B Lymphocyte Development and Biology". In Paul, William (ed.). Fundamental Immunology (Book) (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 237–269. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0.
  4. J.A. Hayward and D. Chapman, Biomembrane surfaces as models for polymer design: the potential for haemocompatibility, Biomaterials 5 (1984), pp. 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(84)90047-4 Retrieved on 2009-02-09
  5. A.L. Lewis, L.A. Tolhurst and P.W. Stratford, Analysis of a phosphorylcholine-based polymer coating on a coronary stent pre- and post-implantation, Biomaterials 23 (2002), pp. 1697–1706. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00297-6 Retrieved on 2009-02-09
  6. A. L. Lewis, P. W. Stratford, A. L. Lewis, R. T. Freeman, L. Hughes, R. P. Redman, L. A. Tolhurst and T. A. Vick, Abstracts of UKSB 1st Annual Conference, July 2000. https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1012803503667 Retrieved on 2009-02-09
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