Pierogi

Pierogi (/pɪˈroʊɡi/ pih-ROH-ghee)[lower-alpha 1] are filled dumplings made by wrapping unleavened dough around a savoury or sweet filling and cooking in boiling water. They are usually then pan-fried before serving.

This article is about the boiled semicircular dumplings. For the East Slavic fried buns, see Pirozhki. For the pie, see Pirog.
Pierogi
Pierogi ruskie topped with fried onion
Alternative namesPerogie, pirogi, pirohy, pyrohy, varenyky, vareniki, peroge
TypeDumpling
CourseAppetizer, main, dessert
Region or stateCentral Europe, Eastern Europe
Serving temperaturewarm
Main ingredientsDough: flour, eggs, water
Filling: various

Pierogi are often associated with Central and Eastern European nations, where they are considered national dishes.[1][2][3][4] Pierogi-like dumplings are popular in most Central and Eastern European countries as well as in modern-day American cuisines, where they are sometimes known under different local names. Among Ukrainians, they are known as varenyky.[5]

Typical fillings include potato, farmers cheese, sauerkraut, ground meat, mushrooms, or fruits. Savory pierogi are often served with a topping of sour cream, fried onions, or both.[6]

Etymology
Traditional Christmas Eve pierogi, whose name is derived from a root meaning 'festival'.

The English word "pierogi" comes from Polish pierogi [pʲɛˈrɔgʲi], which is the plural form of pieróg [ˈpʲɛruk], a generic term for filled dumplings. It derives from Old East Slavic пиръ (pirŭ) and further from Proto-Slavic *pirъ, "feast".[7] While dumplings as such are found throughout Eurasia, the specific name pierogi, with its Proto-Slavic root and its cognates in the West and East Slavic languages, including Russian пирог (pirog, "pie") and пирожки (pirozhki, "baked pastries"), shows the name's common Slavic origins, antedating the modern nation states and their standardized languages. In most of these languages the word means "pie".

Varenyky comes from Ukrainian вареники (varenyky), the plural form of вареник (varenyk), which derives from Ukrainian вар (var) "boiling liquid", indicating boiling as the primary cooking method for this kind of dumpling.

Bryndzové pirohy is the Slovak term for dumplings filled with sheep milk cheese.[8]

Colțunași is the Romanian term for filled dumplings.[9] It is derived from Greek καλτσούνι, kaltsúni, itself a borrowing from Italian calzoni.

Origin legends

The origins of pierogi are disputed. Some legends say that pierogi came from China through Italy from Marco Polo's expeditions.[10] Others contend that pierogi were brought to Poland by Saint Hyacinth of Poland, who brought them back from Kiev (the center of Kievan Rus', nowadays the capital of Ukraine).[11] On July 13, 1238, Saint Hyacinth visited Kościelec, and on his visit, a storm destroyed all crops; Hyacinth told everyone to pray and by the next day, crops rose back up. As a sign of gratitude, people made pierogi from those crops for Saint Hyacinth. Another legend states that Saint Hyacinth fed the people with pierogi during a famine caused by an invasion by the Tatars in 1241. Yet another legend that holds that pierogi were brought by the Tatars to the West from former Kyivan Rus,[10][11] it has been said that in the 13th century, pierogi had first arrived on Polish territories.[12] None of these legends is supported by the etymological origin of the root pirŭ- from the proto-Slavic for "feast". While the origin of the pierogi is often under debate, the exact origin of the dish is unknown and unverifiable. It likely originated somewhere in Central Europe or Eastern Europe, and has been consumed in these regions long before any of the present political nations existed. Today, it is a large part of many Central European and Eastern European cultures.

Ingredients and preparation

Fillings

Pierogi may be stuffed (singularly or in combinations) with mashed potatoes, fried onions, quark or farmer cheese, cabbage, sauerkraut, meat, mushrooms, spinach, cheese, or other ingredients depending on the cook's preferences. Dessert versions of the dumpling can be stuffed with sweetened quark or with a fresh fruit filling such as cherry, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, apple or plum; stoned prunes are sometimes used, as well as jam. For more flavor, sour cream can be added to the dough mixture, and this tends to lighten the dough.

Preparation

The dough, which is made by mixing flour and warm water, sometimes with an egg, is rolled flat and then cut into squares with a knife or circles using a cup or drinking glass. The dough can be made with some mashed potato, creating a smoother texture. Another variation popular among Czechs and Slovaks, uses dough made of flour and curd with eggs, salt, and water.

The filling is placed in the middle and the dough folded over to form a half circle or rectangle or triangle if the dough is cut squarely. The seams are pressed together to seal the pierogi so that the filling will remain inside when it is cooked. The pierogi are simmered until they float, drained, and then sometimes fried or baked in butter before serving or fried as leftovers. They can be served with melted butter or sour cream, or garnished with small pieces of fried bacon, onions, and mushrooms.[13] Dessert varieties may be topped with apple sauce, jam, or varenye.

  • Cutting the dough into circles
  • Placing the filling into a dough pocket
  • Closing the dough pocket
  • Sealing the pierogi
Lithuanian virtiniai

Poland
Pierogi with sauerkraut, cut open

Traditionally considered peasant food, pierogi eventually gained popularity and spread throughout all social classes including nobles. Some cookbooks from the 17th century describe how during that era, the pierogi were considered a staple of the Polish diet, and each holiday had its own special kind of pierogi created. Different shapes and fillings were made for holidays such as Christmas and Easter. Important events like weddings had their own special type of pierogi kurniki – filled with chicken. Also, pierogi were made especially for mournings or wakes, and some for caroling season in January.

Pierogi festival in Kraków that occurs on the Day of St. Hyacinth, Poland

Pierogi are an important part of Polish culture and cuisine today. They are served in a variety of forms and tastes (ranging from sweet to salty to spicy) and are considered to be the national dish.[14] They are served at many festivals, playing an important role as a cultural dish. At the 2007 Pierogi Festival in Kraków, 30,000 pierogi were consumed daily.[15]

Pierogi with blueberry, cut open

Polish pierogi are often filled with fresh quark, boiled and minced potatoes, and fried onions. This type is called in Polish pierogi ruskie, which literally means "Ruthenian pierogi" (sometimes being mistranslated as “Russian pierogi”). Ruskie pierogi are probably the most popular kind of pierogi in North America and Poland.. The other popular pierogi in Poland are filled with ground meat, mushrooms and cabbage, or for dessert an assortment of fruits (berries, with strawberries or blueberries the most common).

Sweet pierogi are usually served with sour cream mixed with sugar, and savoury pierogi with bacon fat and bacon bits. Poles traditionally serve two types of pierogi for Christmas Eve supper. One kind is filled with sauerkraut and dried mushrooms, another – small uszka filled only with dried wild mushrooms – is served in clear barszcz.[16] Leniwe pierogi ("lazy pierogi") are a different type of food, similar to lazy vareniki (see below), kopytka, or halušky.

Baked pierogi

Ukraine

Varenyky in Ukraine are a popular national dish, served both as a common everyday meal and as a part of some traditional celebrations, such as Christmas Eve Supper, Ukrainian: Свята вечеря (Sviata Vecheria, literally Holy Supper). [citation needed] In some regions in or bordering modern-day Western Ukraine, particularly in Carpathian Ruthenia and Galicia, the terms varenyky and pyrohy are used to denote the same dish. The name pyrohy is also common among Canadian Ukrainians. This can be attributed to the history of Ukrainian and Rusyn immigration to Canada, which came not from the Russian Empire, but predominantly from the former Austria-Hungary, where the local dialects had many common words with Polish, German, Romanian, and other Central European languages.

Traditional Ukrainian varenyky before cooking and with climped edges.

In other regions of Ukraine, the names pyrohy and pyrizhky refer to baked pies and buns as opposed to the boiled dumplings. The name of a popular type of Polish pierogi, pierogi ruskie ("Ruthenian pierogi"), is related to Rus', the historical region and naming of Eastern Slavs and the ancient kingdom from which Ukrainians descend.

Varenyky are considered by Ukrainians as one of their national dishes and plays a fundamental role in Ukrainian culture. Contrary to many other countries that share these dumplings, Ukrainians tended to use fermented milk products (Ukrainian: kysle moloko or Ryazhenka) to bind the dough together; however, today eggs tend to be used instead. Typical Ukrainian fillings for varenyky include cottage cheese, potato, boiled beans, mushy peas, sauerkraut, plum (and other fruits), potato and cheese, cabbage, meat, fish, and buckwheat.

In Ukraine varenyky are traditionally eaten with sour cream (Ukrainian: сметана (smetana)) and butter, as well as with fried onions and fried pieces of bacon and pork fat (Ukrainian: shkvarky). Whilst traditionally savoury, varenyky can also be served as a dessert by simply substituting the filling of the dumpling to a sweeter one. Dessert varenyky fillings include sour cherry, blueberries, sweet cottage cheese, billberies and other fruits. The central regions of Ukraine are known for their more unusual varenyky, Poltava being known for its flour varenyky filling, in which the dumplings are filled with a mixture of flour, lard and fried pieces of bacon.

Ukrainian varenyky filled with sour cherries as a dessert

Varenyky are so beloved in Ukraine that a yearly festival commemorating them is held at the Ukrainian ski resort town of Bukovel in the Carpathian Mountains. In 2013 a snow monument to varenyky was made in Bukovel, and was submitted to the Guinness Book of Records as the biggest snow varenyk in the world.

In Ukraine varenyky are not just a national dish, but also played a symbolic and ritualistic role. Ukrainian ancestors equated varenyky with a young moon since they have a similar shape, and used the dumplings as part of pagan and sacrificial rituals. For example, cheese varenyky would be sacrificed near water springs, and years ago Ukrainian peasants also believed that varenyky helped bring a rich harvest, so they took homemade dumplings with them to the fields.[17]

Slovakia
Bryndzové pirohy

A traditional dish in Slovak cuisine is bryndzové pirohy, dumplings filled with salty bryndza cheese mixed with mashed potatoes. Brydzové pirohy are served with some more bryndza (mixed with milk or sour cream, so it has the texture of a liquid and serves as a dip) and topped with bacon or fried onion. In Slovakia, pirohy are semicircular in shape.

Along with bryndzové halušky, brydzové pirohy is one of Slovakia's national dishes.

Slovenia

Ajdovi krapi (literally buckwheat carps) are a dish popular in the northeastern and Alpine regions of Slovenia. Made with buckwheat rather than wheat flour and filled with a mixture of cottage cheese (skuta), millet, and fried onions, they are traditionally topped with pork fat crisps, fried bacon or fried onion, but today often with butter breadcrumbs.[18] Along with žganci and štruklji, they form a trio of buckwheat-based dishes typical of Slovenian cuisine.

Russia

Pierogi are not to be confused with the Russian baked good pirozhki. Vareniki are widespread in the western and in the Asian regions of Russia. Mostly they are filled in Russia with cherries, quark, fruits, wild berries, blueberries, potatoes, cabbage or beef.[19][20][21]

Hungary

In Hungarian cuisine, the derelye is similar to pierogi, consisting of pasta pockets filled with jam, cottage cheese, or sometimes meat.[22] Derelye is consumed primarily as a festive food for special occasions such as weddings; it is also eaten for regular meals, but this tradition has become rare.

Romania and Moldova

In Romania and Moldova, a similar recipe is called colțunași,[9] with regional varieties such as piroști in Transylvania and Bukovina regions and chiroște in Moldavia region.[23] Colțunași is often a dessert filled with jam (usually plum), fresh sour cherries[24] or cottage cheese, or savoury, filled with dill seasoned cheese (telemea or urdă), mashed potatoes or chopped meat. The dough is made with wheat flour and the colțunași are boiled in salted water,[25] pan-fried in oil or baked in the oven.

The word is a cognate with Slavic kalduny, a type of dumplings.

In both Bukovina and Transylvania, the name piroști is used in Romanian families of German or Slavic origin and the filling can also be a whole, fresh, seedless plum. The term colțunaș is used by native Romanian families and are usually filled with cottage cheese or quark and served topped with sour cream smântână, traditionally called colțunași cu smântână.

German-speaking countries and regions
Schlutzkrapfen with spinach and ricotta, South Tyrol

The common term Pirogge (pl. Piroggen) describes all kinds of Eastern European filled dumplings and buns,[26] including pierogi, pirozhki and pirogs. Certain types of piroggen, both boiled and baked, were common fare for Germans living in Eastern Europe and are still prepared by their descendants living there and in Germany. In particular, baked pīrādziņi are known as Kurländer Speckkuchen ("Courland bacon/speck pies") in the cuisine of Baltic Germans.[27]

Dishes closely resembling pierogi are common in southern German-speaking regions. In particular, Schlutzkrapfen are common in Tirol and in northern Italy's German-speaking region of South Tyrol, and are occasionally found in Bavaria.[28] Fillings may include meat or potatoes, but the most widespread filling is a combination of spinach and quark (Topfen) or ricotta.[29] Another similar Austrian dish, known as Kärntner Nudel (Carinthian noodles), is made with a wide range of fillings, from meat, mushrooms, potato or quark to apples, pears or mint.[30] These regional specialties differ significantly from the most common Swabian filled dumplings known as Maultaschen.[31]

The US and Canada
Pierogi special at a fast-food stall in St. Lawrence Market, Toronto

Pierogi were brought to the United States and Canada by Central and Eastern European immigrants. They are particularly common in areas with large Polish or Ukrainian populations, such as Pittsburgh, Chicago, and New York City along with its New Jersey suburbs.[32] Pierogi were at first a family food among immigrants as well as being served in ethnic restaurants. In the post–World War II era, freshly cooked pierogi became a staple of fundraisers by ethnic churches. By the 1960s, pierogi were a common supermarket item in the frozen food aisles in many parts of the United States and Canada. Pierogi have maintained their place in grocery stores to this day.

While pierogi are often eaten as a main dish in Canada and European countries, Americans often consider them a side dish, frequently served with meat.[33]

Numerous towns with Central and Eastern European heritage celebrate the pierogi. The city of Whiting, Indiana, celebrates the food at its Pierogi Fest every July.[16] Pierogis are also commonly associated with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania especially, where there is a "pierogi race" at every home Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game. In the race, six runners wearing pierogi costumes race toward a finish line. In 1993, the village of Glendon in Alberta, Canada, erected a roadside tribute to this culinary creation: a 25-foot (7.6 m) fibreglass perogy (preferred local spelling), complete with fork.[34]

The United States has a substantial pierogi market because of its large Central and Eastern European immigrant populations. Unlike other countries with newer populations of European settlers, the modern pierogi is found in a wide selection of flavors throughout grocery stores in the United States. Many of these grocery-brand pierogi contain non-traditional ingredients to appeal to American tastes, including spinach, jalapeño and chicken.

Pierogi enjoyed a brief popularity as a sports food when Paula Newby-Fraser adopted them as her food of choice for the biking portion of the 1989 Hawaii Ironman Triathlon.[35] For more than a decade thereafter, Mrs. T's (the largest American pierogi manufacturer) sponsored triathlons,[36] some professional triathletes and "fun runs" around the country. For many triathletes, pierogi represented an alternative to pasta as a way to boost their carbohydrate intakes.[37]

According to pierogi manufacturer Mrs. T's, based in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, pierogi consumption in the United States is largely concentrated in a geographical region dubbed the "Pierogi Pocket", an area including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Chicago, Detroit, parts of the northern Midwest and southern New England which accounts for 68 percent of annual US pierogi consumption.[38]

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Canadian cuisine
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Canada has a large Polish population, as well as Ukrainian and Rusyn populations, and pierogi are common throughout the country. The Canadian market for pierogi is second only to that of the U.S. market, the latter having been the destination of choice for the majority of Central and Eastern European immigrants before and during World War II.[34]

Packed frozen pierogi can be found wherever Central and Eastern European immigrant communities exist and are generally ubiquitous across Canada, even in big chain stores. Typically frozen flavours include analogs of ruskie pierogi filled with potato and either Cheddar cheese, onion, bacon, cottage cheese or mixed cheeses. Home-made versions are typically filled with either mashed potatoes (seasoned with salt and pepper and often mixed with dry curd cottage cheese or cheddar cheese), sauerkraut, or fruit. These are then boiled, and either served immediately, put in ovens and kept warm, or fried in oil or butter. Popular fruit varieties include strawberry, blueberry, and saskatoon berry.

Potato and cheese or sauerkraut versions are usually served with some or all the following: butter or oil, sour cream (typical), fried onions, fried bacon bits or kielbasa (sausage), and a creamy mushroom sauce (less common). Some ethnic kitchens will deep-fry perogies; dessert and main course dishes can be served this way. A good method is to par-boil the dumplings, then after drying, they are pan fried or deep-fried.

The frozen varieties are sometimes served casserole-style with a mixture of chopped ham, onions, peppers and cheddar cheese or with an Italian-style mixture of ground beef, onions and tomato sauce.[39]

National chain restaurants feature the dish or variations. Boston Pizza has a sandwich and a pizza flavoured to taste like perogies, while Smitty's serves theirs as an appetizer deep-fried with salsa.

Although called varenyky in standard Ukrainian, speakers of the Canadian Ukrainian or Rusyn dialect refer to them as pyrohy, which can be misheard pedaheh or pudaheh by Anglophones unaccustomed to the rolled-r sound, or alveolar flap. This is due to the history of Ukrainian or Rusyn (Ruthenian) immigration to Canada, which came predominantly from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Lazy pierogi and lazy varenyky

Lazy varenyky (Ukrainian: книдлі, ліниві вареники, Russian: ленивые вареники) in Ukrainian and Russian cuisine or leniwe pyrohy in Rusyn are gnocchi-shaped dumplings made by mixing tvoroh (curd cheese) with egg and flour into quick dough. The cheese-based dough is formed into a long sausage about 2 cm thick, which is cut diagonally into gnocchi, called halushky in Ukrainian and Rusyn, galushki in Russian. The dumplings are then quickly boiled in salted water and served with sour cream or melted butter. The name "lazy varenyky" faithfully reflects the very quick preparation time of the dish: It usually takes 10 to 15 minutes from assembling the simple ingredients to serving the cooked dumplings.[40] Lazy varenyky differ from standard varenyky in the same way that Italian gnocchi differ from ravioli or tortellini: these are fluffy solid dumplings, not stuffed pockets of dough. The same dish in Polish cuisine is called lazy pierogi (Polish: leniwe pierogi).

  • Lazy varenyky Polish style, garnished with cinnamon

In culture
A monument to varenyky at the entrance to the Kirovograd region (near the village of Synky) from the Cherkasy region, Ukraine

Pierogi are probably the only Polish dish that has its own patron saint. "Święty Jacek z pierogami!" (St. Hyacinth and his pierogi!) is an old Polish expression of surprise, roughly equivalent to the English language "good grief" or American "holy smokes!" The origin of this expression is unknown.[41]

In Ukrainian literature varenyky appeared as a symbol of national identity, sometimes stressing its distinction from Russian. In the poem by Stepan Rudansky Varenyky-Varenyky (1858), a Russian soldier is asking a Ukrainian countrywoman to cook varenyky for him. However, he cannot bring to mind the word "varenyky", while the woman pretends not to understand him.[42]

The Great Pittsburgh Pierogi Race N'at, commonly called the Great Pierogi Race, is an American mascot race between innings during a Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game that features six contestants racing in giant pierogi costumes: Potato Pete (blue hat), Jalapeño Hannah (green hat), Cheese Chester (yellow hat), Sauerkraut Saul (red hat), Oliver Onion (purple hat), and Bacon Burt (orange hat).

Monuments

A monument to varenyky (right) was inaugurated in Cherkasy, Ukraine in September 2006.[43] The monument erected at the entrance to a hotel shows Cossack Mamay (a Ukrainian folklore hero whose fondness for varenyky was narrated by Taras Shevchenko and Nikolay Gogol) eating varenyky from an earthenware pot, with a huge crescent-shaped varenyk behind him.

A monument to halushky was inaugurated in Poltava, Ukraine in 2006.[44] In 1991, a giant pierogi on a fork was erected in the village of Glendon in Alberta, Canada.[45] The statue is 7.6 m (24.9 ft) tall. In January 2010, a pierogi statue was proposed to be erected in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[46]

gollark: If the existing religions hadn't been marketed (for some somewhat broad definition of marketing) they wouldn't have spread and we wouldn't know about them.
gollark: The obvious solution is to design better religions and market them better.
gollark: You can just make signs.
gollark: Maybe it's some weird thing about vitamin D.
gollark: ↓ tan line

See also

Notes
  1. In English, the word pierogi and its variants perogi, pyrogy, perogie, perogy, pirohi, piroghi, pirogi, pirogen, pierogy, pirohy, pyrogie, and pyrohy, are pronounced with stress on the letter "o".

References
  1. Ivan Andreyevsky, ed. (1890–1907), Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : Вареники (in Russian), СПб (St. Petersburg), Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : Varenyky. The dish was classified as "малороссийский" (malorossiyskiy, Little Russian), with "Малороссия" (Malorossiya, Little Russia) being at that time a common geographical term referring to the territory of modern-day Ukraine.
  2. "Вареники", Українські страви, Киев: Державне видавництво технiчної лiтератури УРСР, 1960 ("Varenyky", Ukrainian Dishes (in Ukrainian), Kiev: State publishing house for technical literature of Ukrainian SSR, 1960)
  3. Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), "Вареники", Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер (L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), "Varenyky", Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers)
  4. William Pokhlyobkin (Russian: В. В. Похлёбкин) (2000), Кулинарный словарь от А до Я : Вареники [Dumplings, Culinary Dictionary from A to Z: Varenyky] (in Russian), Centrpoligraf (Центрполиграф), retrieved 3 October 2015
  5. "varenyky". Canadian Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 9780191735219.
  6. Kopka, Deborah (2011). Welcome to Poland: Passport to Eastern Europe & Russia. Milliken Publishing Company. p. 76. ISBN 9780787727734. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  7. Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia, 2005, p 75, By Glenn Randall Mack, Asele Surina
  8. "Bryndza Pierogi (Bryndzové Pirohy) recipe - Slovak Cooking". www.slovakcooking.com. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  9. "COLŢUNÁŞ" (in Romanian). DEX on line.
  10. "Facts & History About Pierogi". www.polskafoods.com. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  11. Paluch, Marta. "O cudach św. Jacka, który karmił krakowian pierogami". Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  12. "Polish Food 101 ‒ Pierogi | Artykuł | Culture.pl". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  13. Bacon, cheese, onion and mushroom topping for fried pierogi Archived 2013-08-31 at the Wayback Machine from urbancookingguide.com
  14. Mark Salter, Gordon McLachlan, Jonathan Buckley. Poland: the rough guide, 1991 and Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong. The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006]
  15. "Pierogi Festival". rove.me.
  16. "Annual Pierogi Festival in Whiting, Indiana". Pierogi Fest.
  17. "Ten Astonishing Facts About Ukrainian Varenyky".
  18. A sample recipe (in Slovenian) at the Delo newspaper site
  19. Kharzeeva, Anna (2014-05-08). "Vareniki: A blessing for vegetarians". Retrieved 2018-07-24.
  20. "Vareniki – Russiapedia Of Russian origin". russiapedia.rt.com. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
  21. Bylinka, Ekaterina And Liudmila (2011). Home Cooking from Russia: A Collection of Traditional, Yet Contemporary Recipes. AuthorHouse. p. 98. ISBN 9781467041362.
  22. Derelye recipe from chew.hu
  23. http://www.libbyzay.com/daytoday/2011/05/recipes-sunday-dinner-moldovan/%7CRecipes%5B%5D from Abroad: Sunday Dinner in Moldova
  24. culinar. "Coltunasi cu visine si sos". Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  25. "Hai la masa!: Coltunasi". 7 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  26. "Pirogge". Duden Wörterbuch. Dudenverlag.
  27. Nadia Hassani (2004). Spoonfuls of Germany: Culinary Delights of the German Regions in 170 Recipes. Hippocrene Books.
  28. Alfons Schuhbeck (2012). Meine Klassiker (in German). Gräfe Und Unzer. ISBN 9783833831768.
  29. Jeremy Nolen & Jessica Nolen (2015). Schlutzkrapfen, the twin of one of Poland's most recognizable food exports. New German Cooking: Recipes for Classics Revisited. Chronicle Books. pp. 178–179. ISBN 1452136483. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  30. Lia Miklau (1984). Kärntner Kochbüchl. Klagenfurt: Verlag Johannes Heyn. ISBN 3-85366-202-1.
  31. Mimi Sheraton (2010). Maultaschen. The German Cookbook: A Complete Guide to Mastering Authentic German Cooking. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 115–. ISBN 030775457X. Retrieved 3 October 2015. Dumplings are to the German cuisine what pasta is to the Italian.
  32. Barber, Casey (2015). Pierogi Love: New Takes on an Old-World Comfort Food. Gibbs Smith. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9781423640660. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  33. Nadejda Reilly (2011). Vareniki (Pierogi). Origin. Xlibris Corporation. p. 20. ISBN 1462859151. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  34. "World's Largest Pierogi" Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine in Glendon, Alberta, from bigthings.ca
  35. Carter, Tom (27 September 1990). "Pierogies replace pasta in popularity". Washington Times. p. D2.
  36. Mrs. T's Triathlon Archived 2008-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago (2000), from active.com
  37. Stein, Ricki (10 April 1991). "High-Carbo Pierogies Score Points With Triathletes". The Morning Call. p. D1.
  38. "Mrs T's Pierogy Pocket Capital of America". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  39. Perfect Perogy Casserole Archived 2010-09-19 at the Wayback Machine from Cheemo Recipes Page www.cheemo.com
  40. Lazy vareniki: recipe, preparation, and serving suggestion.
  41. Polish Heritage Cooker by Robert Strybel, Maria Strybel, 2005 p. 456
  42. Степан Васильович Руданський, Вареники-вареники Archived 2015-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. 1-я публикация в еженедельнике Русский мир, № 21, с. 504 (Stepan Rudansky. Varenyky-Varenyky. First publication in weekly newspaper Russian World, 21, p. 504, 1859; in Ukrainian)
  43. A monument to vareniki in Cherkasy, Ukraine (in Russian); also see a news item on gpu.ua, 27 September 2006 (in Ukrainian).
  44. A monument to halushky in Poltava, Ukraine.
  45. "Giant ''perogy'' in Glendon, Alberta". Bigthings.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  46. "Artist hopes a pierogi will rise in Northeast". Startribune.com. 2010-01-23. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
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