Osaka

Osaka (Japanese: 大阪市, Hepburn: Ōsaka-shi, pronounced [oːsakaɕi]; commonly just 大阪, Ōsaka [oːsaka] (listen)) is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and the largest component of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area, the second largest metropolitan area in Japan and among the largest in the world with more than 20 million inhabitants.

For other uses, see Osaka (disambiguation).
Osaka

大阪市
Designated city
Osaka City
Night view from Umeda Sky Building
Dōtonbori and Tsūtenkaku
Shitennō-ji, Sumiyoshi taisha and Osaka Castle
Flag
Seal
Location of Osaka in Osaka Prefecture
Osaka
Location in the Kansai region
Osaka
Osaka
Osaka
Coordinates: 34°41′38″N 135°30′8″E
Country Japan
RegionKansai
PrefectureOsaka Prefecture
Government
 • MayorIchiro Matsui (ORA)[1]
Area
 • Designated city223.00 km2 (86.10 sq mi)
Population
 (January 1, 2012)
 • Designated city2,668,586 (3rd)
 • Metro
[2] (2015)
19,302,746 (2nd)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
- TreeCherry
- FlowerPansy
Phone number06-6208-8181
Address1-3-20 Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Ōsaka-shi, Ōsaka-fu
530-8201
Websitewww.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/enjoy/en/content_administration.html
Osaka
Ōsaka in kanji
Japanese name
Kanji大阪
(obsolete) 大坂
Hiraganaおおさか
Katakanaオオサカ

Osaka was traditionally considered Japan's economic hub. By the Kofun period (300–538) it had developed into an important regional port, and in the 7th and 8th centuries, it served briefly as the imperial capital. Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period (1603–1867) and became known as a center of Japanese culture. Following the Meiji Restoration, Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization. In 1889, Osaka was officially established as a municipality.

Today, Osaka is a major financial center of Japan. It is home to the Osaka Securities Exchange as well as the multinational electronics corporations Panasonic and Sharp. Famous landmarks in Osaka include Osaka Castle - which played a pivotal role in the Siege of Osaka - and Shitennō-ji - the oldest Buddhist temple in Japan.

Etymology

Ōsaka means "large hill" or "large slope". It is unclear when this name gained prominence over Naniwa, but the oldest written evidence for the name dates back to 1496.[3][4]

The name is written 大阪 in kanji, but it was written 大坂 until 1870, when the partisans for the Meiji Restoration changed it, apparently to avoid the second kanji being misinterpreted as 士反, meaning "samurai rebellion". The older kanji is still in very limited use, usually in historical contexts, but in Japanese the kanji 阪—pronounced han when standing alone—refers to Osaka City or Osaka Prefecture.

History
See also: Timeline of Osaka

Prehistory to the Kofun period

Some of the earliest signs of human habitation in the Osaka area at the Morinomiya ruins (森ノ宮遺跡, Morinomiya iseki) comprise shell mounds, sea oysters and buried human skeletons from the 6th–5th centuries BC. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a peninsula with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular.[5]

By the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers of increasingly larger tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, leading to the formation of a state.[5][6]

Asuka and Nara period

The Kojiki records that during 390–430 AD, there was an imperial palace located at Osumi, in what is present day Higashiyodogawa ward, but it may have been a secondary imperial residence rather than a capital.[7]

In 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in what is now Osaka,[8] making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa, and this name and derivations of it are still in use for districts in central Osaka such as Naniwa (浪速) and Namba (難波).[9] Although the capital was moved to Asuka (in Nara Prefecture today) in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato (modern day Nara Prefecture), Korea, and China.[5][10]

Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of Emperor Shōmu, and remained so until 745, when the Imperial Court moved back to Heijō-kyō (now Nara). By the end of the Nara period, Naniwa's seaport roles had been gradually taken over by neighboring areas, but it remained a lively center of river, channel, and land transportation between Heian-kyō (Kyoto today) and other destinations.

  • Gallery
  • Sumiyoshi Taisha Grand Shrine
  • Shitennoji
  • Remains of Naniwa-no-Miya Palace (2017)

Heian to Edo period

In 1496, Jōdo Shinshū Buddhists established their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. Oda Nobunaga began a decade-long siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks and subsequent razing of the temple. Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place in 1583.[11]

Osaka was long considered Japan's primary economic center,[12] with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class (see Four divisions of society). Over the course of the Edo period (1603–1867), Osaka grew into one of Japan's major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and important port. Its popular culture[13] was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. By 1780, Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous Kabuki and Bunraku theaters.[14] In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the city's unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, after which Ōshio killed himself.[15] Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Hyōgo (modern Kobe) on 1 January 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration.[16]

Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century. Jippensha Ikku in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. In 1809, the derogatory term "Kamigata zeeroku" was used by Edo residents to characterize inhabitants of the Osaka region in terms of calculation, shrewdness, lack of civic spirit, and the vulgarity of Osaka dialect. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, and public spirited. Edo writers by contrast saw "zeeroku" as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. To some degree, Osaka residents are still stigmatized by Tokyo observers in the same way today, especially in terms of gluttony, evidenced in the phrase, "Residents of Osaka devour their food until they collapse" (大阪は食倒れ, "Ōsaka wa kuidaore").[17]

  • Gallery
  • Osaka Castle (first built in 1583)
  • Map of Osaka, 1686

19th century to present

The modern municipality was established[18] in 1889 by government ordinance, with an initial area of 15 square kilometres (6 sq mi), overlapping today's Chūō and Nishi wards. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres (86 sq mi). Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the "Manchester of the Orient". [11]

The rapid industrialization attracted many Korean immigrants, who set up a life apart for themselves.[19] The political system was pluralistic, with a strong emphasis on promoting industrialization and modernization.[20] Literacy was high and the educational system expanded rapidly, producing a middle class with a taste for literature and a willingness to support the arts.[21] In 1927, General Motors operated a factory called Osaka Assembly until 1941, manufacturing Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, and Buick vehicles, operated and staffed by Japanese workers and managers.[22] In the nearby city of Ikeda in Osaka Prefecture is the headquarters office of Daihatsu, one of Japan's oldest automobile manufacturers.

Like its European and American counterparts, Osaka displayed slums, unemployment, and poverty. In Japan it was here that municipal government first introduced a comprehensive system of poverty relief, copied in part from British models. Osaka policymakers stressed the importance of family formation and mutual assistance as the best way to combat poverty. This minimized the cost of welfare programs.[23]

During World War II, Osaka came under air attacks in 1945 by the United States Army Air Forces as part of the air raids on Japan. On March 13, 1945, a total of 329 Boeing B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers took part in the raid against Osaka. According to an American prisoner of war who was held in the city, the air raid took almost the entire night and destroyed 25 square miles (65 km2) of the city. The U.S. bombed the city again twice in June 1945 and again on August 14, a day before Japan's surrender.[24]

  • Gallery
  • Skyscrapers in Umeda district
  • Sennichimae area in 1916

Geography and climate

Geography
Satellite image of Osaka

The city's west side is open to Osaka Bay, and is otherwise completely surrounded by more than ten satellite cities, all of them in Osaka Prefecture, with one exception: the city of Amagasaki, belonging to Hyōgo Prefecture, in the northwest. The city occupies a larger area (about 13%) than any other city or village within Osaka Prefecture. When the city was established in 1889, it occupied roughly the area known today as the Chuo and Nishi wards, only 15.27 square kilometres (3,773 acres) that would eventually grow into today's 222.30 square kilometres (54,932 acres) via incremental expansions, the largest of which being a single 126.01 square kilometres (31,138 acres) expansion in 1925. Osaka's highest point is 37.5 metres (123.0 ft) Tokyo Peil in Tsurumi-ku, and the lowest point is in Nishiyodogawa-ku at −2.2 metres (−7.2 ft) Tokyo Peil.[25]

Climate

Osaka is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Its winters are generally mild, with January being the coldest month having an average high of 9.3 °C (49 °F). The city rarely sees snowfall during the winter. Spring in Osaka starts off mild, but ends up being hot and humid. It also tends to be Osaka's wettest season, with the tsuyu (梅雨, tsuyu, "plum rain") — the rainy season — occurring between early June and late July. The average starting and ending dates of the rainy season are June 7 and July 21 respectively.[26] Summers are very hot and humid. In August, the hottest month, the average daily high temperature reaches 33.5 °C (92 °F), while average nighttime low temperatures typically hover around 25.5 °C (78 °F). Fall in Osaka sees a cooling trend, with the early part of the season resembling summer while the latter part of fall resembles winter. Precipitation is abundant, with winter being the driest season, while monthly rainfall peaks in June with the "tsuyu" rainy season, which typically ends in mid to late July. From late July through the end of August, summer's heat and humidity peaks, and rainfall decreases somewhat. Osaka experiences a second rainy period in September and early October, when tropical weather systems, including typhoons, coming from the south or southwest are possible.

Climate data for Osaka, Osaka (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2)		 23.7
(74.7)		 24.2
(75.6)		 30.7
(87.3)		 32.7
(90.9)		 36.1
(97.0)		 38.0
(100.4)		 39.1
(102.4)		 36.2
(97.2)		 32.9
(91.2)		 27.2
(81.0)		 23.6
(74.5)		 39.1
(102.4)
Average high °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.7
(56.7)		 19.9
(67.8)		 24.5
(76.1)		 27.8
(82.0)		 31.6
(88.9)		 33.4
(92.1)		 29.3
(84.7)		 23.3
(73.9)		 17.6
(63.7)		 12.3
(54.1)		 21.1
(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)		 6.3
(43.3)		 9.4
(48.9)		 15.1
(59.2)		 19.7
(67.5)		 23.5
(74.3)		 27.4
(81.3)		 28.8
(83.8)		 25.0
(77.0)		 19.0
(66.2)		 13.6
(56.5)		 8.6
(47.5)		 16.9
(62.4)
Average low °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0)		 2.9
(37.2)		 5.6
(42.1)		 10.7
(51.3)		 15.6
(60.1)		 20.0
(68.0)		 24.3
(75.7)		 25.4
(77.7)		 21.7
(71.1)		 15.5
(59.9)		 9.9
(49.8)		 5.1
(41.2)		 13.3
(55.9)
Record low °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5)		 −6.5
(20.3)		 −5.2
(22.6)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 3.5
(38.3)		 8.9
(48.0)		 14.8
(58.6)		 13.6
(56.5)		 10.4
(50.7)		 3.0
(37.4)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −7.5
(18.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45.4
(1.79)		 61.7
(2.43)		 104.2
(4.10)		 103.8
(4.09)		 145.5
(5.73)		 184.5
(7.26)		 157.0
(6.18)		 90.9
(3.58)		 160.7
(6.33)		 112.3
(4.42)		 69.3
(2.73)		 43.8
(1.72)		 1,279
(50.35)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 1
(0.4)		 1
(0.4)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.4)		 3
(1.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 6.6 7.2 11.3 10.0 11.0 12.2 11.1 7.6 10.3 8.7 7.2 6.5 109.8
Average snowy days 5.0 6.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 15.5
Average relative humidity (%) 61 60 59 59 62 68 70 66 67 65 64 62 64
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 135.4 159.5 188.6 194.3 156.2 182.1 216.9 156.7 163.9 148.5 151.6 1,996.4
Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 9 10 11 10 8 6 3 2 7
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[27] and Weather Atlas[28]

Cityscape

Osaka's sprawling cityscape has been described as "only surpassed by Tokyo as a showcase of the Japanese urban phenomenon".[29]

Central Osaka looking north from the Abeno Harukas observation deck (2014)
Osaka skyline at night from Umeda Sky Building (2008)

Neighborhoods

Central Osaka is roughly divided into downtown and uptown areas known as Kita (北, "north") and Minami (南, "south").[30][31]

Kita is home to the Umeda district and its immediate surrounding neighborhoods, a major business and retail hub that plays host to Osaka Station City and a large subterranean network of shopping arcades.[30] Kita and nearby Nakanoshima contain a prominent portion of the city's skyscrapers and are often featured in photographs of Osaka's skyline.

Minami, though meaning "south", is essentially in Chūō Ward (中央区, Chūō-ku) and geographically central within the city.[31] Well known districts here include Namba and Shinsaibashi shopping areas, the Dōtonbori canal entertainment area, Nipponbashi Den Den Town, as well as arts and fashion culture-oriented areas such as Amerikamura and Horie.

The business districts between Kita and Minami such as Honmachi and Yodoyabashi, called Semba (船場), house the regional headquarters of many large-scale banks and corporations. The Midōsuji boulevard runs through Semba and connects Kita and Minami.

Further south of Minami are neighborhoods such as Shinsekai (with its Tsūtenkaku tower), Tennoji and Abeno (with Tennoji Zoo, Shitennō-ji and Abeno Harukas), and the Kamagasaki slum, the largest slum in Japan.[32]

The city's west side is a prominent bay area[33] which serves as its main port as well as a tourist destination with attractions such as Kyocera Dome, Universal Studios Japan and the Tempozan Harbour Village. East Osaka is zoned as a separate city, although the east side of Osaka city proper contains numerous residential neighborhoods including Tsuruhashi Korea Town, as well as the Osaka Castle Park, Osaka Business Park and the hub Kyōbashi Station.

Osaka contains numerous urban canals and bridges, many of which serve as the namesake for their surrounding neighbourhoods.[34] The phrase "808 bridges of Naniwa" was an expression in old Japan used to indicate impressiveness and the "uncountable". Osaka numbered roughly 200 bridges by the Edo period [35] and 1629 bridges by 1925. As many of the city's canals were gradually filled in, the number dropped to 872, of which 760 are currently managed by Osaka City.[34]

List of special wards
Name Kanji Population Land area in km2 Pop. density

per km2

 Map of Osaka
1 Abeno-ku 阿倍野区 107,000 5.99 18,440
A map of Osaka's Wards
2 Asahi-ku 旭区 90,854 6.32 14,376
3 Chūō-ku 中央区 100,998 8.87 11,386
4 Fukushima-ku 福島区 78,348 4.67 16,777
5 Higashinari-ku 東成区 83,684 4.54 18,433
6 Higashisumiyoshi-ku 東住吉区 126,704 9.75 12,995
7 Higashiyodogawa-ku 東淀川区 176,943 13.27 13,334
8 Hirano-ku 平野区 193,282 15.28 12,649
9 Ikuno-ku 生野区 129,641 8.37 15,489
10 Jōtō-ku 城東区 167,925 8.38 20,039
11 Kita-ku (administrative center) 北区 136,602 10.34 13,211
12 Konohana-ku 此花区 65,086 19.25 3,381
13 Minato-ku 港区 80,759 7.86 10,275
14 Miyakojima-ku 都島区 107,555 6.08 17,690
15 Naniwa-ku 浪速区 74,992 4.39 17,082
16 Nishi-ku 西区 103,089 5.21 19,787
17 Nishinari-ku 西成区 108,654 7.37 14,743
18 Nishiyodogawa-ku 西淀川区 95,960 14.22 6,748
19 Suminoe-ku 住之江区 120,629 20.61 5,853
20 Sumiyoshi-ku 住吉区 153,425 9.40 16,322
21 Taishō-ku 大正区 62,872 9.43 6,667
22 Tennōji-ku 天王寺区 80,830 4.84 16,700
23 Tsurumi-ku 鶴見区 111,501 8.17 13,648
24 Yodogawa-ku 淀川区 182,254 12.64 14,419

Demographics
Osaka
YearPop.±%
1900881,344—    
19101,239,373+40.6%
19201,798,295+45.1%
19302,453,573+36.4%
19403,252,340+32.6%
19653,156,222−3.0%
19702,980,487−5.6%
19752,778,987−6.8%
19802,648,180−4.7%
19852,636,249−0.5%
19902,623,801−0.5%
19952,602,421−0.8%
20002,598,774−0.1%
20052,628,811+1.2%
20102,666,371+1.4%
20152,691,185+0.9%

According to the census in 2005, there were 2,628,811 residents in Osaka, an increase of 30,037 or 1.2% from 2000.[36] There were 1,280,325 households with approximately 2.1 persons per household. The population density was 11,836 persons per km2. The Great Kantō earthquake caused a mass migration to Osaka between 1920 and 1930, and the city became Japan's largest city in 1930 with 2,453,573 people, outnumbering even Tokyo, which had a population of 2,070,913. The population peaked at 3,252,340 in 1940, and had a post-war peak of 3,156,222 in 1965, but continued to decrease since, as the residents moved out to the suburbs.[37]

There were 99,775.5 registered foreigners, the two largest groups being Korean (71,015) and Chinese (11,848). Ikuno, with its Tsuruhashi district, is the home to one of the largest population of Korean residents in Japan, with 27,466 registered Zainichi Koreans.[38][39]

Dialect
See also: Kansai dialect

The commonly spoken dialect of this area is Osaka-ben, a typical sub-dialect of Kansai-ben. Of the many other particularities that characterize Osaka-ben, examples include using the copula ya instead of da, and the suffix -hen instead of -nai in the negative of verbs.

Politics
Local administration
The Mayor and the Council
Osaka City Hall
Mayor:Toru Hashimoto
Vice Mayors:Akira Morishita,
Takashi Kashiwagi
City Council
President:Toshifumi Tagaya (LDP)
Members:83 councilors (7 vacant)
Factions:Osaka Restoration Association (36),
Liberal Democratic Party
and Citizen's Club (20),
Komei Party (19),
Japanese Communist Party (9),
Go OSAKA (1)
Osaka Abe (1)
Seats by districts:
WebsiteOsaka City Council
Note: As of October 27, 2017
See also: Local Autonomy Law, Municipalities of Japan, and Politics of Osaka City

The Osaka City Council is the city's local government formed under the Local Autonomy Law. The council has eighty-nine seats, allocated to the twenty-four wards proportional to their population and re-elected by the citizens every four years. The council elects its president and Vice President. Toshifumi Tagaya (LDP) is the current and 104th president since May 2008. The mayor of the city is directly elected by the citizens every four years as well, in accordance with the Local Autonomy Law. Tōru Hashimoto, former governor of Osaka Prefecture is the 19th mayor of Osaka since 2011. The mayor is supported by two vice mayors, currently Akira Morishita and Takashi Kashiwagi, who are appointed by him in accordance with the city bylaw.[40]

Osaka also houses several agencies of the Japanese government. Below is a list of governmental offices housed in Osaka.

In July 2012, a joint multi-party bill was submitted to the Diet that would allow for implementation of the Osaka Metropolis plan as pursued by the mayor of Osaka city, the governor of Osaka and their party. If implemented, Osaka City, neighbouring Sakai City and possibly other surrounding municipalities would dissolve and be reorganized as four special wards of Osaka prefecture – similar to former Tokyo City's successor wards within Tokyo prefecture. Special wards are municipal-level administrative units that leave some otherwise municipal administrative responsibilities and revenues to the prefectural administration.[41] In December 2018 the mayor and governor of Osaka may resign to force a referendum on the Metropolis plan to coincide with the election for those positions in the spring of 2019.[42]

In October 2018, the city of Osaka officially ended[43] its sister city relationship with San Francisco in the United States after the latter permitted a monument memorializing "comfort women" to remain on a city-owned property, circulating in the process a 10-page, 3,800-word letter in English addressed to San Francisco mayor London Breed.[44]

Politics regarding the use of nuclear energy

On February 27, 2012, three Kansai cities, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe, jointly asked Kansai Electric Power Company to break its dependence on nuclear power. In a letter to KEPCO they also requested to disclose information on the demand and supply of electricity, and for lower and stable prices. The three cities were stockholders of the plant: Osaka owned 9% of the shares, while Kobe had 3% and Kyoto 0.45%. Toru Hashimoto, the mayor of Osaka, announced a proposal to minimize the dependence on nuclear power for the shareholders meeting in June 2012.[45]

On March 18, 2012, the city of Osaka decided as largest shareholder of Kansai Electric Power Co, that at the next shareholders-meeting in June 2012 it would demand a series of changes:

  • that Kansai Electric would be split into two companies, separating power generation from power transmission.
  • a reduction of the number of the utility's executives and employees.
  • the implementation of absolutely secure measurements to ensuring the safety of the nuclear facilities.
  • the disposing of spent fuel.
  • the installation of new kind of thermal power generation to secure non-nuclear supply of energy.
  • selling all unnecessary assets including the stock holdings of KEPCO.

In this action, Osaka had secured the support of two other cities and shareholders: Kyoto and Kobe, but with their combined voting-rights of 12.5 percent they were not certain of the ultimate outcome, because for this two-thirds of the shareholders would be needed to agree to revise the corporate charter.[46]

At a meeting held on April 10, 2012 by the "energy strategy council", formed by the city of Osaka and the governments of the prefectures, it became clear that at the end of the fiscal year 2011 some 69 employees of Kansai Electric Power Company were former public servants. "Amakudari" was the Japanese name for this practice of rewarding by hiring officials that formerly controlled and supervised the firm. Such people included the following:

  • 13 ex-officials of the: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
  • 3 ex-officials of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,
  • 2 ex-officials of the Ministry of the Environment,
  • 16 former policemen,
  • 10 former fire-fighters,
  • 13 former civil engineers.

Besides this, it became known that Kansai Electric had done about 600 external financial donations, to a total sum of about 1.695 billion yen:

  • 70 donations were paid to local governments: to a total of 699 million yen
  • 100 donations to public-service organizations: 443 million yen,
  • 430 donations to various organizations and foundations: a total of 553 million yen

During this meeting some 8 conditions were compiled, that needed to be fulfilled before a restart of the No.3 and No.4 reactors Oi Nuclear Power Plant:

  • the consent of the local people and government within 100 kilometer from the plant
  • the installation of a new independent regulatory agency
  • a nuclear safety agreement
  • the establishment of new nuclear safety standards
  • stress tests and evaluations based on these new safety rules [47]

Economy
Main articles: Hanshin Industrial Region and Keihanshin industrial region
A street in Umeda, Osaka

The gross city product of Osaka in fiscal year 2004 was ¥21.3 trillion, an increase of 1.2% over the previous year. The figure accounts for about 55% of the total output in the Osaka Prefecture and 26.5% in the Kinki region. In 2004, commerce, services, and manufacturing have been the three major industries, accounting for 30%, 26%, and 11% of the total, respectively. The per capita income in the city was about ¥3.3 million, 10% higher than that of the Osaka Prefecture.[48] MasterCard Worldwide reported that Osaka ranks 19th among the world's leading cities and plays an important role in the global economy.[49]

Osaka Securities Exchange in the Kitahama district of Osaka
A map showing Osaka Metropolitan Employment Area.

The GDP in the greater Osaka area (Osaka and Kobe) is $341 billion. Osaka, along with Paris and London, has one of the most productive hinterlands in the world.[50] Osaka's GDP per capita (Nominal) was $59,958.($1=\120.13)[51][52]

Historically, Osaka was the center of commerce in Japan, especially in the middle and pre-modern ages. Nomura Securities, the first brokerage firm in Japan, was founded in the city in 1925, and Osaka still houses a leading futures exchange. Many major companies have since moved their main offices to Tokyo. However, several major companies, such as Panasonic, Sharp, and Sanyo, are still headquartered in Osaka. Recently, the city began a program, headed by mayor Junichi Seki, to attract domestic and foreign investment.[53] In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Osaka was ranked as having the 15th most competitive financial center in the world and fifth most competitive in Asia (after Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Shanghai).[54]

The Osaka Securities Exchange, specializing in derivatives such as Nikkei 225 futures, is based in Osaka. The merger with JASDAQ will help the Osaka Securities Exchange become the largest exchange in Japan for start-up companies.[55]

According to global consulting firm Mercer, Osaka was the second most expensive city for expatriate employees in the world in 2009. It jumped up nine places from 11th place in 2008 and was the eighth most expensive city in 2007. However, it was not ranked in the top ten places of the list in 2013.[56][57] The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ranked Osaka as the second most expensive city in the world in its 2013 Cost of Living study.[58]

Transportation
Main article: Transport in Keihanshin
Map of Osaka subway system

Greater Osaka has an extensive network of railway lines, comparable to that of Greater Tokyo. Major stations within the city include Umeda (梅田), Namba (難波), Shinsaibashi (心斎橋), Tennōji (天王寺), Kyōbashi (京橋), and Yodoyabashi (淀屋橋).

Osaka connects to its surrounding cities and suburbs via the JR West Urban Network as well as numerous private lines such as Keihan Electric Railway, Hankyu Railway, Hanshin Electric Railway, Kintetsu Railway, and Nankai Electric Railway.

The Osaka Metro system alone ranks 8th in the world by annual passenger ridership, serving over 912 million people annually (a quarter of Greater Osaka Rail System's 4 billion annual riders), despite being only 8 of more than 70 lines in the metro area.

All Shinkansen trains including Nozomi stop at Shin-Osaka Station and provide access to other major cities in Japan, such as Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Yokohama, and Tokyo.

Regular bus services are provided by Osaka City Bus, as well Hankyu, Hanshin and Kintetsu, providing a dense network covering most parts of the city.

Osaka is served by two airports situated just outside of the city, Kansai International Airport (IATA: KIX) which handles primarily international passenger flights and Osaka International Airport (IATA:ITM) which handles mostly domestic services and some international cargo flights.

Due to its geographical position, Osaka's international ferry connections are far greater than that of Tokyo, with international service to Shanghai, Tianjin, Korea along with domestic routes to Kitakyushu, Kagoshima, Miyazaki and Okinawa.

Culture and lifestyle
A chef prepares for the evening rush in Umeda
The Glico man among numerous signboards at Dōtonbori
Grand Front Osaka
Chayamachi district in Kita-ku

Shopping and food

Osaka has a large number of wholesalers and retail shops: 25,228 and 34,707 respectively in 2004, according to the city statistics.[59] Many of them are concentrated in the wards of Chuō (10,468 shops) and Kita (6,335 shops). Types of shops vary from malls to conventional shōtengai shopping arcades, built both above- and underground.[60] Shōtengai are seen across Japan, and Osaka has the longest one in the country.[61] The Tenjinbashi-suji arcade stretches from the road approaching the Tenmangū shrine and continues for 2.6 km (1.6 miles) going north to south. The stores along the arcade include commodities, clothing, and catering outlets.

Other shopping areas include Den Den Town, the electronic and manga/anime district, which is comparable to Akihabara; the Umeda district, which has the Hankyu Sanbangai shopping mall and Yodobashi Camera, a huge electrical appliance store that offers a vast range of fashion stores, restaurants, and a Shonen Jump store.

Osaka is known for its food, in Japan and abroad. Author Michael Booth and food critic François Simon of Le Figaro have suggested that Osaka is the food capital of the world.[62] Osakans' love for the culinary is made apparent in the old saying "Kyotoites are financially ruined by overspending on clothing, Osakans are ruined by spending on food."[63] Regional cuisine includes okonomiyaki (お好み焼き, pan-fried batter cake), takoyaki (たこ焼き, octopus in fried batter), udon (うどん, a noodle dish), as well as the traditional oshizushi (押し寿司, pressed sushi), particularly battera (バッテラ, pressed mackerel sushi).

Osaka is known for its fine sake, which is made with fresh water from the prefecture's mountains.[64] Osaka's culinary prevalence is the result of a location that has provided access to high-quality ingredients, a high population of merchants, and proximity to the ocean and waterway trade.[65] In recent years, Osaka has started to garner more attention from foreigners with the increased popularity of cooking and dining in popular culture.[66]

Other shopping districts include:

Entertainment and performing arts
See also: Kamigata
The National Museum of Art, a subterranean museum for Japanese and international arts
  • Osaka is home to the National Bunraku Theatre,[67] where traditional puppet plays, bunraku, are performed.
  • At Osaka Shochiku-za, close to Namba station, kabuki can be enjoyed as well as manzai.
  • At Shin-kabuki-za, formerly near Namba and now near Uehommachi area, enka concerts and Japanese dramas are performed.
  • Yoshimoto Kogyo, a Japanese entertainment conglomerate operates a hall in the city for manzai and other comedy shows: the Namba Grand Kagetsu hall.
  • The Hanjō-tei opened in 2006, dedicated to rakugo. The theatre is in the Ōsaka Tenman-gū area.
  • Umeda Arts Theater opened in 2005 after relocating from its former 46-year-old Umeda Koma Theater. The theater has a main hall with 1,905 seats and a smaller theater-drama hall with 898 seats. Umeda Arts Theatre stages various type of performances including musicals, music concerts, dramas, rakugo, and others.
  • The Symphony Hall, built in 1982, is the first hall in Japan designed specially for classical music concerts. The Hall was opened with a concert by the Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra, which is based in the city. Orchestras such as the Berlin Philharmonic and Vienna Philharmonic have played here during their world tours as well.
  • Osaka-jō Hall is a multi-purpose arena in Osaka-jō park with a capacity for up to 16,000 people. The hall has hosted numerous events and concerts including both Japanese and international artists.
  • Near City Hall in Nakanoshima Park, is Osaka Central Public Hall, a Neo-Renaissance-style building first opened in 1918. Re-opened in 2002 after major restoration, it serves as a multi-purpose rental facility for citizen events.
  • The Osaka Shiki Theatre[68] is one of the nine private halls operated nationwide by the Shiki Theatre, staging straight plays and musicals.
  • Festival Hall was a hall hosting various performances including noh, kyōgen, kabuki, ballets as well as classic concerts. The Bolshoi Ballet and the Philharmonia are among the many that were welcomed on stage in the past. The hall has closed at the end of 2008, planned to re-open in 2013 in a new facility.

Annual festivals
Tenjin Matsuri
The Sumiyoshi-matsuri festival in the 16th century

One of the most famous festivals held in Osaka, the Tenjin Matsuri, is held on July 24 and 25 (Ikukunitama Shrine). Other festivals in Osaka include the Aizen Matsuri (June 30 – July 2, Shōman-in Temple), the Sumiyoshi Matsuri (July 30 – August 1, Sumiyoshi Taisha), Shōryō-e (April 22, Shitennō-ji) and Tōka-Ebisu (January 9–10, Imamiya Ebisu Jinja). The annual Osaka Asian Film Festival takes place in Osaka every March.

Museum and galleries

The National Museum of Art (NMAO) is a subterranean Japanese and international art museum, housing mainly collections from the post-war era and regularly welcoming temporary exhibitions. Osaka Science Museum is in a five storied building next to the National Museum of Art, with a planetarium and an OMNIMAX theatre. The Museum of Oriental Ceramics holds more than 2,000 pieces of ceramics, from China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, featuring displays of some of their Korean celadon under natural light. Osaka Municipal Museum of Art is inside Tennōji park, housing over 8,000 pieces of Japanese and Chinese paintings and sculptures. The Osaka Museum of History, opened in 2001, is located in a 13-story modern building providing a view of Osaka Castle. Its exhibits cover the history of Osaka from pre-history to the present day. Osaka Museum of Natural History houses a collection related to natural history and life.

Sports
The Osaka Dome, home to the Orix Buffaloes and Hanshin Tigers

Osaka hosts four professional sport teams: one of them is the Orix Buffaloes, a Nippon Professional Baseball team, playing its home games at Kyocera Dome Osaka. Another baseball team, the Hanshin Tigers, although based in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, plays a part of its home games in Kyocera Dome Osaka as well, when their homeground Koshien Stadium is occupied with the annual National High School Baseball Championship games during summer season.

There are two J.League clubs, Gamba Osaka, plays its home games at Suita City Football Stadium. Another club Cerezo Osaka, plays its home games at Yanmar Stadium Nagai. The city is home to Osaka Evessa, a basketball team that plays in the B.League. Evessa has won the first three championships of the league since its establishment. Kintetsu Liners, a rugby union team, play in the Top League. After winning promotion in 2008–09, they will again remain in the competition for the 2009–10 season. Their base is the Hanazono Rugby Stadium.

The Haru Basho (春場所, "Spring Tournament"), one of the six regular tournaments of professional sumo, is held annually in Osaka at Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium.

Another major annual sporting event that takes place is Osaka is Osaka International Ladies Marathon. Held usually at the end of January every year, the 42.195 km (26.219 miles) race starts from Nagai Stadium, runs through Nakanoshima, Midōsuji and Osaka castle park, and returns to the stadium. Another yearly event held at Nagai Stadium is the Osaka Gran Prix Athletics games operated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) in May. The Osaka GP is the only IAAF games annually held in Japan.

Osaka made the bid for the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics but was eliminated in the first round of the vote on 13 July 2001 which awarded the game to Beijing.

Osaka was one of the host cities of the official Women's Volleyball World Championship for its 1998, 2006 and 2010 editions.

Osaka is the home of the 2011 created Japan Bandy Federation and the introduction of bandy, in the form of rink bandy, was made in the city.[69] In July 2012 the first Japan Bandy Festival was organised.[70]

Media
NHK Osaka

Osaka serves as one of the media hubs for Japan, housing headquarters of many media-related companies. Abundant television production takes place in the city and every nationwide TV network (with the exception of TXN network) registers its secondary-key station in Osaka. All five nationwide newspaper majors also house their regional headquarters, and most local newspapers nationwide have branches in Osaka. However major film productions are uncommon in the city. Most major films are produced in nearby Kyoto or in Tokyo. The Ad Council Japan is based in Osaka.

Newspapers

All the five nationwide newspaper majors of Japan, the Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Sankei Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun,[71] have their regional headquarters in Osaka and issue their regional editions. Furthermore, Osaka houses Osaka Nichi-nichi Shimbun, its newspaper press. Other newspaper related companies located in Osaka include, the regional headquarters of FujiSankei Business i.;Houchi Shimbunsha; Nikkan Sports; Sports Nippon, and offices of Kyodo News Jiji Press; Reuters; Bloomberg L.P..

Television and radio

The five TV networks are represented by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ANN), Kansai Telecasting Corporation (FNN), Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc. (JNN), Television Osaka, Inc. (TXN) and Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation (NNN), headquartered in Osaka. NHK has also its regional station based in the city. AM Radio services are provided by NHK as well as the ABC Radio (Asahi Broadcasting Corporation), MBS Radio (Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc.) and Radio Osaka (Osaka Broadcasting Corporation) and headquartered in the city. FM services are available from NHK, FM OSAKA, FM802 and FM Cocolo, the last providing programs in multiple languages including English.

As of February 2009, the city is fully covered by terrestrial digital TV broadcasts.[72]

Publishing companies

Osaka is home to many publishing companies including: Examina, Izumi Shoin, Kaihou Shuppansha, Keihanshin Elmagazine, Seibundo Shuppan, Sougensha, and Toho Shuppan.

Education
Kansai University
Osaka City University

Public elementary and junior high schools in Osaka are operated by the city of Osaka. Its supervisory organization on educational matters is Osaka City Board of Education.[73] Likewise, public high schools are operated by the Osaka Prefectural Board of Education.

Osaka city once had a large number of universities and high schools, but because of growing campuses and the need for larger area, many chose to move to the suburbs, including Osaka University.[74]

Historically foreign expatriates in the Kansai region preferred to live in Kobe rather than Osaka. As a result, until 1991 the Osaka area had no schools catering to expatriate children.[75] Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin, founded in 1991, is located in nearby Minoh,[76] and it was the first international school in the Osaka area.[75] The Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of 1995 caused a decline in demand for international schools, as there were about 2,500 U.S. nationals resident in Osaka after the earthquake while the pre-earthquake number was about 5,000. American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ) Kansai chapter president Norman Solberg stated that since 2002 the numbers of expatriates in Kansai were recovering "but the fact is there is still a persistent exodus to Tokyo."[77] In 2001 the city of Osaka and YMCA established the Osaka YMCA International School.[75]

Colleges and universities include:

Libraries

Learned society
  • The Japanese Academy of Family Medicine

Facilities

"Important cultural property" (重要文化財) after the name of a facility indicates an important cultural property designated by the country.

Leisure facilities and high-rise buildings
Universal Studios Japan

Historic Site

Park/Garden

Ancient architecture
  • Sumiyoshi Taisha main shrine (national treasure)

Modern architecture

Theater/Hall

Gymnasium/Stadium
Nagai Park is visible

Religious facilities
Shrine
Temple
Church

International relations
Tsūtenkaku, a symbol of Osaka's post-WWII rebuilding
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan

Twin towns and sister cities

Osaka is twinned with the following cities around the world.[79]

Osaka also has the following friendship and cooperation cities.[84]

Business partner cities

Osaka's business partnerships are:[87]

gollark: It's ++remind.
gollark: Not explode, I mean!
gollark: It did!
gollark: This had better not explode.
gollark: ++help remind

See also

References
  1. Johnston, Eric (8 April 2019). "Osaka leaders win in elections to swap roles, but merger prospects unclear" – via Japan Times Online.
  2. 国勢調査 平成27年国勢調査 大都市圏・都市圏 - ファイル - 統計データを探す. Official Statistics of Japan.
  3. Gyūichi, Ōta (2011). The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga. Brill Publishers. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9004201629. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  4. Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1996). Asia & Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 650. ISBN 1884964044. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  5. "Historical Overview, the City of Osaka official homepage". Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-21. Navigate to the equivalent Japanese page (大阪市の歴史 タイムトリップ20,000年 [History of Osaka, A timetrip back 20,000 years]) Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine for additional information.
  6. Wada, Stephanie (2003). Tsuneko S. Sadao, Stephanie Wada, Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview. ISBN 978-4-7700-2939-3. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  7. 大石慎三郎「日本の遷都の系譜」、『學習院大學經濟論集』第28巻第3号、学習院大学、1991年10月、 31–41頁、 NAID 110007523974。P.31
  8. 史跡　難波宮跡, 財団法人 大阪都市協会 [Naniwa Palace Site, by Osaka Toshi Kyokai] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  9. This name was historically written as 浪華 or 浪花, with the same pronunciation, though these renderings are uncommon today.
  10. edited by Peter G. Stone and Philippe G. Planel (1999). The constructed past: experimental archaeology, education, and the public. London: Routledge in association with English Heritage. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-415-11768-5.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  11. "HISTORICAL OVERVIEW - DISCOVER - OSAKA INFO -Osaka Visitors' Guide". 2018-01-29.
  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  13. "A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet".
  14. C. Andrew Gerstle, Kabuki Heroes on the Osaka Stage 1780–1830 (2005)
  15. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0.
  16. Whitney Hall, John; Jansen, Marius B. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-521-22356-0.
  17. Richard Torrance, "Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940," The Journal of Japanese Studies 31#1 (Winter 2005), pp. 27–60
  18. "Osaka city". Osaka-info.jp. Archived from the original on 2010-03-06. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  19. Chisato Hotta, "The Construction of the Korean Community in Osaka between 1920 and 1945: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." PhD dissertation U. of Chicago 2005. 498 pp. DAI 2005 65(12): 4680-A. DA3158708 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
  20. Blair A. Ruble, Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka. (2001)
  21. Richard Torrance, "Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940," Journal of Japanese Studies 31#1 (Winter 2005), p.27-60 in Project MUSE
  22. "GM had early start in Japan but was hobbled by nationalism".
  23. Kingo Tamai, "Images of the Poor in an Official Survey of Osaka, 1923–1926." Continuity and Change 2000 15(1): 99–116. ISSN 0268-4160 Fulltext: Cambridge UP
  24. Andy Raskin, "The Ramen King and I: How the Inventor of Instant Noodles Fixed My Love Life".
  25. http://www.city.osaka.jp/keikakuchousei/toukei/G000/Gyh19/Gb00/Gb00.html%5B%5D
  26. Agency, 気象庁 Japan Meteorological. 気象庁 - 過去の梅雨入りと梅雨明け（近畿）.
  27. 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  28. d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Osaka, Japan - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  29. Discover Japan. Lonely Planet. 2010. pp. 146–. ISBN 9781741799965.
  30. "Osaka Travel: Kita (Umeda)".
  31. "Osaka Travel: Minami (Namba)".
  32. "Kamagasaki: Japan's biggest slum". 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  33. "Osaka Travel: Osaka Bay Area".
  34. Eiichi Watanabe, Dan M. Frangopol, Tomoaki Utsunomiya (2004). Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Cost: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management. Kyoto, Japan: Taylor & Francis. p. 195. ISBN 978-90-5809-680-7.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. "More About Osaka, Osaka City Government". Archived from the original on 2003-04-02.
  36. "2005 Population Census". Statistics Bureau, Director-General for Policy Planning (Statistical Standards) and Statistical Research and Training Institute, Japan. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  37. Prasad Karan, Pradyumna; Kristin Eileen Stapleton (1997). The Japanese City. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0-8131-2035-5.
  38. JOHNSTON, ERIC (June 29, 2002). "Tsuruhashi, home of 'exotic' Korea in Osaka". The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  39. Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Kristin Eileen Stapleton (1997). The Japanese City. University Press of Kentucky. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8131-2035-5.
  40. "Osaka City Council homepage". City.osaka.lg.jp. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  41. The Japan Times, July 31, 2012: Bill to transform Osaka government jointly submitted to Diet
  42. Kyodo, Jiji (24 December 2018). "Osaka mayor and governor may quit to force early poll in bid to realize dream of metro government". Japan Times. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  43. "Osaka cuts sister city ties with San Francisco over "comfort women" statue · Global Voices". Global Voices. 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
  44. Yoshimura, Hirofumi (2018-10-02). "Archived copy" (PDF). Letter to London Breed, Mayor of San Francisco. City of Osaka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2019-05-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. The Mainichi Shimbun (27 February 2012)3 major Kansai cities aim to break dependence on nuclear power Archived 2012-07-10 at Archive.today
  46. The Mainichi Shimbun (19 March 2012) Osaka aims to end Kansai Electric's nuclear power ops as shareholder Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine
  47. The Mainichi Shimbun (10 April 2012) Kansai Electric, affiliates had 69 ex-bureaucrats employed as execs as of end of fiscal 2011 Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  48. 大阪市データネット　市民経済計算 [Osaka City Datanet: Osaka City Economy] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  49. "Mastercard - Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2008.
  50. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  51. "Osaka GDP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  52. "Osaka 2015 Population".
  53. "Osaka aims to stem exodus of firms to Tokyo". Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  54. "The Global Financial Centres Index 21" (PDF). Long Finance. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-11.
  55. 経営に資する統合的内部監査 (2008-06-11). 大証との経営統合、ようやく決着 ジャスダック : J-CASTニュース. J-cast.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  56. "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer.com. 2009-07-07. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  57. "2013 Cost of Living Rankings". Mercer. Mercer LLC. 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  58. George Arnett; Chris Michael (14 February 2014). "The world's most expensive cities". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  59. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2009-02-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. Reiber, Beth; Janie Spencer (2008). Frommer's Japan. Frommer's. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-470-18100-3.
  61. Archived December 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  62. Booth, Michael (2009-07-13). "Osaka - the world's greatest food city". The Guardian.
  63. Shinbunsha, Asahi (1979). Japan Quarterly, Asahi Shinbunsha 1954. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  64. "Superior brand sake: Food Library - Kuidaore Osaka". Archived from the original on 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  65. "The Roots: Food Library - Kuidaore Osaka". Archived from the original on 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  66. Osaka Food Guide Archived 2014-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, The City Lane
  67. "National Theatre of Japan". Ntj.jac.go.jp. Archived from the original on 4 October 2002. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  68. 劇団四季 サイトインフォメーション Theatres. Shiki.gr.jp. Archived from the original on 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  69. "Bandy came to Japan!". Archived from the original on 2012-05-02.
  70. "BANDY Festival 2012 in OSAKA". Archived from the original on 2012-10-16.
  71. The five largest newspapers by number of circulation in Japan in alphabetical order. Mooney, Sean; ebrary, Inc (2000). 5,110 Days in Tokyo and Everything's Hunky-dory. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-1-56720-361-5.
  72. See the Association for Promotion of Digital Broadcasting web page Archived 2009-02-17 at the Wayback Machine for the coverage map.
  73. Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  74. 大阪市の教育史 [History of Education in Osaka] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  75. Stewart, Alex. "educating kansai" (Archive). The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (Jānaru), Volume 40, Issues 7–12. The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ), 2003. p. 43.
  76. "School Profile 2014–2015" (Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine). Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin. Retrieved on November 1, 2015.
  77. Stewart, Alex. "education kansai" (Archive). The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (Jānaru), Volume 40, Issues 7–12. The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ), 2003. p. 41.
  78. Archived February 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  79. "Sister Cities, the official website of the Osaka city". Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  80. "Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal - No 14471" [Research Municipal Legislation - No 14471]. Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
  81. Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource (in Portuguese)
  82. "Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  83. "Milano - Città Gemellate" (in Italian). Municipality of Milan. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  84. "Friendship and Cooperation Cities, the official website of the Osaka city". Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  85. "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. Archived from the original on March 9, 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  86. 大阪市市政　友好協力都市（釜山広域市） [Busan (Friendship Cooperation City), the official website of Osaka city]. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  87. "Business Partner Cities (BPC), the official website of Osaka city". Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2009-08-05.

Further reading
See also: Bibliography of the history of Osaka
  • Benesch, Oleg (2018). "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 28: 107–134. doi:10.1017/S0080440118000063. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  • Gerstle, C. Andrew. Kabuki Heroes on the Osaka Stage 1780–1830 (2005).
  • Hanes, Jeffrey. The City as Subject: Seki Hajime and the Reinvention of Modern Osaka (2002) online edition
  • Hauser, William B. "Osaka: a Commercial City in Tokugawa Japan." Urbanism past and Present 1977–1978 (5): 23–36.
  • Hein, Carola, et al. Rebuilding Urban Japan after 1945. (2003). 274 pp.
  • Hotta, Chisato. "The Construction of the Korean Community in Osaka between 1920 and 1945: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." PhD dissertation U. of Chicago 2005. 498 pp. DAI 2005 65(12): 4680-A. DA3158708 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
  • Lockyer, Angus. "The Logic of Spectacle C. 1970," Art History, Sept 2007, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p571-589, on the international exposition held in 1970
  • McClain, James L. and Wakita, Osamu, eds. Osaka: The Merchants' Capital of Early Modern Japan. (1999). 295 pp. online edition
  • Michelin Red Guide Kyoto Osaka Kobe 2011 (2011)
  • Najita, Tetsuo. Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan: The Kaitokudo Merchant Academy of Osaka. (1987). 334 pp. online edition
  • Rimmer, Peter J. "Japan's World Cities: Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya or Tokaido Megalopolis?" Development and Change 1986 17(1): 121–157. ISSN 0012-155X
  • Ropke, Ian Martin. Historical Dictionary of Osaka and Kyoto. 273pp Scarecrow Press (July 22, 1999) ISBN 978-0810836228.
  • Ruble, Blair A. Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka. (2001). 464 pp.
  • Torrance, Richard. "Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940," The Journal of Japanese Studies 31#1 (Winter 2005), pp. 27–60 in Project Muse
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.