mir-9/mir-79 microRNA precursor family

The miR-9 microRNA (homologous to miR-79), is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation. The mature ~21nt miRNAs are processed from hairpin precursor sequences by the Dicer enzyme. The dominant mature miRNA sequence is processed from the 5' arm of the mir-9 precursor, and from the 3' arm of the mir-79 precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA.[1] In vertebrates, miR-9 is highly expressed in the brain, and is suggested to regulate neuronal differentiation.[2] A number of specific targets of miR-9 have been proposed, including the transcription factor REST and its partner CoREST.[3]

mir-9
miR-9 microRNA secondary structure and sequence conservation.
Identifiers
Symbolmir-9
RfamRF00237
miRBase familyMIPF0000014
HGNC31641
OMIM611186
Other data
RNA typemicroRNA
Domain(s)Eukaryota;
PDB structuresPDBe

Species distribution

miR-9 has been identified in Drosophila (MI0000129),[4] mouse (MI0000720) and human (MI0000466),[5] and the related miR-79 in C. elegans (MI0000050) [6] and Drosophila melanogaster (MI0000374).[7]

Role in disease

microRNAs have been implicated in human cancer in a number of studies. It has been shown that human miR-9 expression levels are reduced in many breast cancer samples due to hypermethylation an epigenetic modification.[8] Hildebrandt et al. show that two genes encoding for has-miR-9 are significantly hypermethylated in clear cell renal carcinoma tumours.[9]

gollark: But accessed as one peripheral *from another computer*, I mean.
gollark: Except for another computer and some network cards, but latency.
gollark: Well, it's a shame there's no way to have some sort of controller system group together a bunch of floppies so they can be accessed as one peripheral.
gollark: Hmm.
gollark: How much data do OC floppies store? 1.44MB?

References
  1. Ambros V (2001). "microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential". Cell. 107 (7): 823–6. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X. PMID 11779458.
  2. Delaloy C, Liu L, Lee JA, Su H, Shen F, Yang GY, Young WL, Ivey KN, Gao FB (2010). "MicroRNA-9 coordinates proliferation and migration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors". Cell Stem Cell. 6 (4): 323–35. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.02.015. PMC 2851637. PMID 20362537.
  3. Packer AN, Xing Y, Harper SQ, Jones L, Davidson BL (2008). "The bifunctional microRNA miR-9/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington's disease". J Neurosci. 28 (53): 14341–6. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2390-08.2008. PMC 3124002. PMID 19118166.
  4. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (2001). "Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs". Science. 294 (5543): 853–8. doi:10.1126/science.1064921. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-F65F-2. PMID 11679670.
  5. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (2002). "Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse". Curr. Biol. 12 (9): 735–9. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00809-6. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-94EF-7. PMID 12007417.
  6. Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP (2001). "An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans". Science. 294 (5543): 858–62. doi:10.1126/science.1065062. PMID 11679671.
  7. Sempere LF, Sokol NS, Dubrovsky EB, Berger EM, Ambros V (2003). "Temporal regulation of microRNA expression in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by hormonal signals and broad-Complex gene activity". Dev. Biol. 259 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00208-2. PMID 12812784.
  8. Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Christgen M, et al. (2007). "Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer". The Journal of Pathology. 214 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1002/path.2251. PMID 17948228.
  9. Hildebrandt MA, Gu J, Lin J, Ye Y, Tan W, Tamboli P, Wood CG, Wu X (2010). "Hsa-miR-9 methylation status is associated with cancer development and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Oncogene. 29 (42): 5724–8. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.305. PMID 20676129.

Further reading

  1. Kutty RK, Samuel W, Jaworski C, Duncan T, Nagineni CN, Raghavachari N, Wiggert B, Redmond TM (2010). "MicroRNA expression in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells: increased expression of microRNA-9 by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide". Mol Vis. 16: 1475–86. PMC 2925906. PMID 20806079.
  2. Delaloy C, Gao FB (2010). "A new role for microRNA-9 in human neural progenitor cells". Cell Cycle. 9 (15): 2913–4. doi:10.4161/cc.9.15.12699. PMC 5764704. PMID 20676037.
  3. Laneve P, Gioia U, Andriotto A, Moretti F, Bozzoni I, Caffarelli E (2010). "A minicircuitry involving REST and CREB controls miR-9-2 expression during human neuronal differentiation". Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (20): 6895–905. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq604. PMC 2978373. PMID 20624818.
  4. Almeida MI, Reis RM, Calin GA (2010). "MYC-microRNA-9-metastasis connection in breast cancer". Cell Res. 20 (6): 603–4. doi:10.1038/cr.2010.70. PMID 20502442.
  5. Uchida N (2010). "MicroRNA-9 controls a migratory mechanism in human neural progenitor cells". Cell Stem Cell. 6 (4): 294–6. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.010. PMID 20362531.
  6. Wang K, Long B, Zhou J, Li PF (2010). "miR-9 and NFATc3 regulate myocardin in cardiac hypertrophy". J Biol Chem. 285 (16): 11903–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.098004. PMC 2852927. PMID 20177053.
  7. Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ (2010). "Myc-modulated miR-9 makes more metastases". Nat Cell Biol. 12 (3): 209–11. doi:10.1038/ncb0310-209. PMID 20173743.
  8. Ma L, Young J, Prabhala H, Pan E, Mestdagh P, Muth D, Teruya-Feldstein J, Reinhardt F, Onder TT, Valastyan S, Westermann F, Speleman F, Vandesompele J, Weinberg RA (2010). "miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis". Nat Cell Biol. 12 (3): 247–56. doi:10.1038/ncb2024. PMC 2845545. PMID 20173740.
  9. Wan HY, Guo LM, Liu T, Liu M, Li X, Tang H (2010). "Regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB1 by microRNA-9 in human gastric adenocarcinoma". Mol Cancer. 9 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-16. PMC 2835654. PMID 20102618.
  10. Guo LM, Pu Y, Han Z, Liu T, Li YX, Liu M, Li X, Tang H (2009). "MicroRNA-9 inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through regulation of NF-kappaB1". FEBS J. 276 (19): 5537–46. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07237.x. PMID 19702828.
  11. Tan HX, Wang Q, Chen LZ, Huang XH, Chen JS, Fu XH, Cao LQ, Chen XL, Li W, Zhang LJ (2010). "MicroRNA-9 reduces cell invasion and E-cadherin secretion in SK-Hep-1 cell". Med Oncol. 27 (3): 654–60. doi:10.1007/s12032-009-9264-2. PMID 19572217.
  12. Hsu PY, Deatherage DE, Rodriguez BA, Liyanarachchi S, Weng YI, Zuo T, Liu J, Cheng AS, Huang TH (2009). "Xenoestrogen-induced epigenetic repression of microRNA-9-3 in breast epithelial cells". Cancer Res. 69 (14): 5936–45. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4914. PMC 2855843. PMID 19549897.
  13. Luo H, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Ning B, Guo J, Nie N, Liu B, Wu X (2009). "Down-regulated miR-9 and miR-433 in human gastric carcinoma". J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 28 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-28-82. PMC 2739520. PMID 19531230.
  14. Denli AM, Cao X, Gage FH (2009). "miR-9 and TLX: chasing tails in neural stem cells". Nat Struct Mol Biol. 16 (4): 346–7. doi:10.1038/nsmb0409-346. PMID 19343066.
  15. Zhao C, Sun G, Li S, Shi Y (2009). "A feedback regulatory loop involving microRNA-9 and nuclear receptor TLX in neural stem cell fate determination". Nat Struct Mol Biol. 16 (4): 365–71. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1576. PMC 2667220. PMID 19330006.
  16. Bazzoni F, Rossato M, Fabbri M, Gaudiosi D, Mirolo M, Mori L, Tamassia N, Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Locati M (2009). "Induction and regulatory function of miR-9 in human monocytes and neutrophils exposed to proinflammatory signals". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (13): 5282–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810909106. PMC 2664036. PMID 19289835.
  17. Packer AN, Xing Y, Harper SQ, Jones L, Davidson BL (2008). "The bifunctional microRNA miR-9/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington's disease". J Neurosci. 28 (53): 14341–6. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2390-08.2008. PMC 3124002. PMID 19118166.
  18. Shibata M, Kurokawa D, Nakao H, Ohmura T, Aizawa S (2008). "MicroRNA-9 modulates Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation by suppressing Foxg1 expression in mouse medial pallium". J Neurosci. 28 (41): 10415–21. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3219-08.2008. PMC 6671033. PMID 18842901.
  19. Chao TF, Zhang Y, Yan XQ, Yin B, Gong YH, Yuan JG, Qiang BQ, Peng XZ (2008). "[MiR-9 regulates the expression of CBX7 in human glioma]". Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 30 (3): 268–74. PMID 18686603.
  20. Pietrzykowski AZ, Friesen RM, Martin GE, Puig SI, Nowak CL, Wynne PM, Siegelmann HT, Treistman SN (2008). "Posttranscriptional regulation of BK channel splice variant stability by miR-9 underlies neuroadaptation to alcohol". Neuron. 59 (2): 274–87. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.032. PMC 2714263. PMID 18667155.
  21. Nass D, Rosenwald S, Meiri E, Gilad S, Tabibian-Keissar H, Schlosberg A, Kuker H, Sion-Vardy N, Tobar A, Kharenko O, Sitbon E, Lithwick Yanai G, Elyakim E, Cholakh H, Gibori H, Spector Y, Bentwich Z, Barshack I, Rosenfeld N (2009). "MiR-92b and miR-9/9* are specifically expressed in brain primary tumors and can be used to differentiate primary from metastatic brain tumors". Brain Pathol. 19 (3): 375–83. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00184.x. PMC 2728890. PMID 18624795.
  22. Delaloy C, Gao FB (2008). "microRNA-9 multitasking near organizing centers". Nat Neurosci. 11 (6): 625–6. doi:10.1038/nn0608-625. PMC 4446695. PMID 18506136.
  23. Leucht C, Stigloher C, Wizenmann A, Klafke R, Folchert A, Bally-Cuif L (2008). "MicroRNA-9 directs late organizer activity of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary". Nat Neurosci. 11 (6): 641–8. doi:10.1038/nn.2115. PMID 18454145.
  24. Laios A, O'Toole S, Flavin R, Martin C, Kelly L, Ring M, Finn SP, Barrett C, Loda M, Gleeson N, D'Arcy T, McGuinness E, Sheils O, Sheppard B, O' Leary J (2008). "Potential role of miR-9 and miR-223 in recurrent ovarian cancer". Mol Cancer. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-7-35. PMC 2383925. PMID 18442408.
  25. Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Christgen M, Müller M, Römermann D, Länger F, Kreipe H (2008). "Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer". J Pathol. 214 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1002/path.2251. PMID 17948228.
  26. Plaisance V, Abderrahmani A, Perret-Menoud V, Jacquemin P, Lemaigre F, Regazzi R (2006). "MicroRNA-9 controls the expression of Granuphilin/Slp4 and the secretory response of insulin-producing cells". J Biol Chem. 281 (37): 26932–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M601225200. PMID 16831872.
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