mir-133 microRNA precursor family

mir-133 is a type of non-coding RNA called a microRNA that was first experimentally characterised in mice.[1] Homologues have since been discovered in several other species including invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Each species often encodes multiple microRNAs with identical or similar mature sequence. For example, in the human genome there are three known miR-133 genes: miR-133a-1, miR-133a-2 and miR-133b found on chromosomes 18, 20 and 6 respectively. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin. miR-133 is expressed in muscle tissue and appears to repress the expression of non-muscle genes.[2]

mir-133 microRNA precursor family
Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir-133
Identifiers
Symbolmir-133
RfamRF00446
miRBaseMI0000450
miRBase familyMIPF0000029
Other data
RNA typeGene; miRNA
Domain(s)Eukaryota
GO0035195 0035068
SO0001244
PDB structuresPDBe

Regulation

It is proposed that Insulin activates the translocation of SREBP-1c (BHLH) active form from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the nucleus and, concomitantly, induces SREPB-1c expression via PI3K signaling pathway. SREBP-1c mediates MEF2C downregulation through a mechanism that remains to be determined. As a consequence of lower MEF2C binding on their enhancer region, the transcription of miR-1 and miR-133a is reduced, leading to decreased levels of their mature forms in muscle, after insulin treatment. Altered activation of PI3K and SREBP-1c may explain the defective regulation of miR-1 and miR-133a expression in response to insulin in muscle of type 2 diabetic patients.[3]

Targets of miR-133

microRNAs act by lowering the expression of genes by binding to target sites in the 3' UTR of the mRNAs. Luo et al.. demonstrated that the HCN2 K+ channel gene contains a target of miR-133.[4] Yin et al.. showed that the Mps1 kinase gene in zebrafish is a target.[5] Boutz et al.. showed that nPTB (neuronal polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is a target and likely contains two target sites for miR-133.[6] Xiao et al.. show that ether-a-go-go related gene (ERG) a K+ channel is a target of miR-133.[7]

miR-133 directly and negatively regulates NFATc4.[8][9]

RhoA expression is negatively regulated by miR-133a in bronchial smooth muscles (BSM)and miR-133a downregulation causes an upregulation of RhoA, resulting in an augmentation of contraction and BSM hyperresponsiveness.[10]

BMP2 downregulates multiple mIRs, of which one, miR-133, directly inhibits Runx2, an early BMP response gene essential for bone formation. Although miR-133 is known to promote MEF-2-dependent myogenesis, it also inhibits Runx2-mediated osteogenesis. BMP2 controls bone cell determination by inducing miRNAs that target muscle genes but mainly by down-regulating multiple miRNAs that constitute an osteogenic program, thereby releasing from inhibition pathway components required for cell lineage commitment establish a mechanism for BMP morphogens to selectively induce a tissue-specific phenotype and suppress alternative lineages.[11]

Nicotine activates α7-nAChR and downregulates the levels of miR-133 and miR-590 leading to significant upregulation of expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII at the protein level establishing miR-133 and miR-590 as repressors of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII.[12]

miR-133 enhances myoblast proliferation by repressing serum response factor (SRF)[13]

mIR-133 suppresses SP1 expression[14]

In rats, miR-133b is expressed in retinal dopaminergicamacrine cell, and this expression is significantly increased during early stage during retinal degeneration. This overexpression leads to downregulation of the transcription factor PITX3.[15] miR-133a is down regulated in diabetic cardiomyopathy.[16]

miR-133 suppresses Prdm16 expression in skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells), which controls myogenic vs. brown adipogenic lineage determination in these cells.[17]

gollark: Yes, which I'm pretty sure is also true of AM.
gollark: AM needs demodulating too. You can listen to FM without some sort of computerized software decoder.
gollark: That seems kind of arbitrary.
gollark: Kind of, maybe, depending how you define it.
gollark: Inasmuch as converting analog input from a microphone into different frequencies through some analog process actually counts as encoding, I guess.

References
  1. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (Apr 2002). "Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse". Current Biology. 12 (9): 735–9. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00809-6. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-94EF-7. PMID 12007417.
  2. Ivey KN, Muth A, Arnold J, King FW, Yeh RF, Fish JE, Hsiao EC, Schwartz RJ, Conklin BR, Bernstein HS, Srivastava D (Mar 2008). "MicroRNA regulation of cell lineages in mouse and human embryonic stem cells". Cell Stem Cell. 2 (3): 219–29. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.01.016. PMC 2293325. PMID 18371447.
  3. Granjon A, Gustin MP, Rieusset J, Lefai E, Meugnier E, Güller I, Cerutti C, Paultre C, Disse E, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Laville M, Vidal H, Rome S (Nov 2009). "The microRNA signature in response to insulin reveals its implication in the transcriptional action of insulin in human skeletal muscle and the role of a sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c/myocyte enhancer factor 2C pathway". Diabetes. 58 (11): 2555–64. doi:10.2337/db09-0165. PMC 2768160. PMID 19720801.
  4. Luo X, Lin H, Pan Z, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Yang B, Wang Z (Jul 2008). "Down-regulation of miR-1/miR-133 contributes to re-expression of pacemaker channel genes HCN2 and HCN4 in hypertrophic heart". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (29): 20045–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.M801035200. PMID 18458081.
  5. Yin VP, Thomson JM, Thummel R, Hyde DR, Hammond SM, Poss KD (Mar 2008). "Fgf-dependent depletion of microRNA-133 promotes appendage regeneration in zebrafish". Genes & Development. 22 (6): 728–33. doi:10.1101/gad.1641808. PMC 2275425. PMID 18347091.
  6. Boutz PL, Chawla G, Stoilov P, Black DL (Jan 2007). "MicroRNAs regulate the expression of the alternative splicing factor nPTB during muscle development". Genes & Development. 21 (1): 71–84. doi:10.1101/gad.1500707. PMC 1759902. PMID 17210790.
  7. Xiao J, Luo X, Lin H, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wang N, Zhang Y, Yang B, Wang Z (Apr 2007). "MicroRNA miR-133 represses HERG K+ channel expression contributing to QT prolongation in diabetic hearts". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (17): 12363–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.C700015200. PMID 17344217.
  8. Li Q, Lin X, Yang X, Chang J (May 2010). "NFATc4 is negatively regulated in miR-133a-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophic repression". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 298 (5): H1340-7. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00592.2009. PMC 3774484. PMID 20173049.
  9. Dong DL, Chen C, Huo R, Wang N, Li Z, Tu YJ, Hu JT, Chu X, Huang W, Yang BF (Apr 2010). "Reciprocal repression between microRNA-133 and calcineurin regulates cardiac hypertrophy: a novel mechanism for progressive cardiac hypertrophy". Hypertension. 55 (4): 946–52. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139519. PMID 20177001.
  10. Chiba Y, Misawa M (2010). "MicroRNAs and their therapeutic potential for human diseases: MiR-133a and bronchial smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in asthma". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 114 (3): 264–8. doi:10.1254/jphs.10R10FM. PMID 20953121.
  11. Li Z, Hassan MQ, Volinia S, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Croce CM, Lian JB, Stein GS (Sep 2008). "A microRNA signature for a BMP2-induced osteoblast lineage commitment program". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (37): 13906–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804438105. PMC 2544552. PMID 18784367.
  12. Shan H, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Pan Z, Cai B, Wang N, Li X, Feng T, Hong Y, Yang B (2009). "Downregulation of miR-133 and miR-590 contributes to nicotine-induced atrial remodelling in canines". Cardiovasc. Res. 83 (3): 465–72. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvp130. PMID 19398468.
  13. Chen JF, Mandel EM, Thomson JM, Wu Q, Callis TE, Hammond SM, Conlon FL, Wang DZ (2006). "The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation". Nat. Genet. 38 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1038/ng1725. PMC 2538576. PMID 16380711.
  14. Torella D (2011). "MicroRNA-133 Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switch In Vitro and Vascular Remodeling In Vivo". Circulation Research. 109: 880–893. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.240150.
  15. Li Y, Li C, Chen Z, He J, Tao Z, Yin ZQ (Mar 2012). "A microRNA, mir133b, suppresses melanopsin expression mediated by failure dopaminergic amacrine cells in RCS rats". Cellular Signalling. 24 (3): 685–98. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.10.017. PMID 22101014.
  16. Chavali V, Tyagi SC, Mishra PK (2014). "Differential expression of dicer, miRNAs, and inflammatory markers in diabetic Ins2+/- Akita hearts". Cell Biochem. Biophys. 68 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1007/s12013-013-9679-4. PMC 4085798. PMID 23797610.
  17. Yin H, Pasut A, Soleimani VD, Bentzinger CF, Antoun G, Thorn S, Seale P, Fernando P, van Ijcken W, Grosveld F, Dekemp RA, Boushel R, Harper ME, Rudnicki MA (Feb 2013). "MicroRNA-133 controls brown adipose determination in skeletal muscle satellite cells by targeting Prdm16". Cell Metabolism. 17 (2): 210–24. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.004. PMC 3641657. PMID 23395168.

Further reading
  • Eitel I, Adams V, Dieterich P, Fuernau G, de Waha S, Desch S, Schuler G, Thiele H (Nov 2012). "Relation of circulating MicroRNA-133a concentrations with myocardial damage and clinical prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction". American Heart Journal. 164 (5): 706–14. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2012.08.004. PMID 23137501.

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