Consolidated city-county

In United States local government, a consolidated city-county is formed when one or more cities and their surrounding county (parish in Louisiana, borough in Alaska) merge into one unified jurisdiction. As such it has the governmental powers of both a municipal corporation and an administrative division of a state.[1]

A consolidated city-county is different from an independent city, although the latter may result from consolidation of a city and a county and may also have the same powers as a consolidated city-county. An independent city is a city not deemed by its state to be located within the boundary of any county and recognized by its state as a legal territorial entity separate from surrounding or adjoining counties. A consolidated city-county differs from an independent city in that the city and county both nominally exist, although they have a consolidated government, whereas in an independent city, the county does not even nominally exist.[1]

Not considering Hawaii, which has no independent municipalities, the Midwest and Upper South have the highest concentration of large consolidated city-county governments in the United States, including Indianapolis, Indiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; Kansas City, Kansas; and Lexington, Kentucky. Currently, the largest consolidated city-county in the United States by population is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while the largest by land area is Sitka, Alaska.

Overview

Consolidated city-counties are typically formed to address particular government challenges. Among the benefits of having a unified jurisdiction include potential cost savings, more efficiency, increased legal powers and revenue sources, and a more streamlined planning system.[1]

Most consolidated city-counties have a single chief executive that acts as both the city mayor and as the head of the county government, and a multi-district elected body that serves as both the city council and as the county legislative body.[1]

In many states, consolidated city-counties must be approved by voters.[1] According to information compiled by former Albuquerque mayor David Rusk, 105 referenda were held in the United States between 1902 and 2010 to consider proposals to consolidate cities and counties. Only 27 of these proposals were approved by voters.[2]

Wyandotte County, Kansas, uses the term "unified government" to refer to its consolidation with Kansas City, Kansas, and most of the towns within the county boundaries in which some cities and towns remain separate jurisdictions within the county. Individual sections of a metropolitan or regional municipality may retain some autonomous jurisdiction apart from the citywide government.

Often, in place of another level of government, local governments form councils of governments – essentially governmental organizations which are not empowered with any law-making or law enforcement powers. This is the case in the Atlanta metropolitan area, where the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) studies and makes recommendations on the impact of all major construction and development projects on the region, but generally cannot stop them. The Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA) is a true government agency of the state of Georgia, and does control some state transportation monies to the cities and counties, but otherwise has very little authority beyond this small power of the purse.

The case of New York City is unique, in that the city consists of five boroughs, each of which is co-extensive with a county. Each borough, being coterminous with a county, has its own district attorney; however, county-level government is essentially non-existent as all executive and legislative power is exercised by the city government throughout the five boroughs. The city, as currently constituted, was created in 1898 when the city of New York (then comprising what would become the boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx) annexed Kings County, Queens County, and Richmond County as the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, respectively.

Similar arrangements also exist in other countries. England has six "metropolitan counties" created in 1974: Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands, and West Yorkshire. From 1986, these metropolitan counties do not have county councils but rather joint boards for certain functions. Modern unitary authorities are similar, and are known as county boroughs in Wales. In Scotland, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow are functionally "independent cities", though the term is not used. London is unique however, being a ceremonial county (officially known as Greater London) containing the 32 London boroughs. Enclaved within Greater London, the ancient City of London forms a distinct county, which today forms only a tiny part of what most consider to be London as a capital city, which takes up 607 square miles.

In the Canadian province of Ontario, there exist several single-tier municipalities which serve the same sort of functions as American consolidated city-counties. One example of this is the City of Toronto, which was created in 1998 from the amalgamation of the central government and the six constituent municipalities of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (a type of regional municipality) which was originally created in 1954.

In Germany, Berlin and Hamburg are both cities and states (the state of Bremen consists of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven). Nearly every larger city in Germany is a consolidated city-county, like Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich or Dresden; Austria, where the capital of Vienna is both a city and state; France, where the capital city of Paris has been coterminous with the département of Paris since 1968; and South Korea, where Seoul is a special city, while six other cities (Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Incheon, and Ulsan) are metropolitan cities. Additionally, the Australian Capital Territory government in Australia performs all municipal functions of the city of Canberra, and thus functions as an integrated city-territory. Similarly, the City of Tokyo merged with the prefecture to form Tokyo metropolis in 1943.

Balances

In nine consolidated city-county governments in the United States, the formerly independent incorporated places maintain some governmental powers. In these cities, which the United States Census Bureau calls "consolidated cities", statistics are recorded both for the entire consolidated government and for the component municipalities. A part of the consolidated government is called the "balance", which the Census Bureau defines as "the consolidated city minus the semi-independent incorporated places located within the consolidated city".[3]

These consolidated cities are:[3]

• Athens-Clarke County, Georgia
• Augusta–Richmond County, Georgia
• Butte-Silver Bow County, Montana
• Indianapolis-Marion County, Indiana
• Jacksonville-Duval County, Florida
• Kansas City-Wyandotte County, Kansas
• Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky
• Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee
• Macon-Bibb County, Georgia

List of consolidated city-counties

Consolidated since their creation

• Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska[4] (City and Borough are consolidated forming a unified government)
• City and County of Broomfield, Colorado[5][6] (Town of Broomfield incorporated June 1, 1961. Consolidated City and County of Broomfield created November 15, 2001, from the incorporated City of Broomfield in portions of Boulder, Adams, Jefferson, and Weld Counties.)
• City and County of Denver, Colorado[5] (Denver City, Colorado Territory, incorporated November 7, 1861. Denver served as the Arapahoe County seat until November 15, 1902, when Arapahoe County was split into the new Adams County and the renamed South Arapahoe County. Denver was split from the two new counties on December 1, 1902.[7])
• City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii[8][9]
• City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska
• Los Alamos County, New Mexico[10] (Note that the townsite known as Los Alamos is not an incorporated place.)
• Menominee, Wisconsin, a town coterminous with Menominee County, Wisconsin
• Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts (one and the same since it was separated from Dukes County, New York to join the colony of Massachusetts). In New England a town serves the same municipal functions as a city. Contrary to city–county consolidation, eight of Massachusetts' 14 county governments have been abolished.
• City of New Orleans and Orleans Parish, Louisiana (The City of New Orleans has always served as Orleans Parish's government, though they initially were not coterminous. The city and parish have also annexed parts of neighboring Jefferson Parish.)
• City and County of San Francisco, California (The City of San Francisco was the seat of San Francisco County until 1856, when the county was split into the consolidated City and County of San Francisco in the north, with the remainder of old San Francisco County becoming the new County of San Mateo.)
• City and Borough of Sitka, Alaska
• City and Borough of Yakutat, Alaska

Merged

• Anaconda and Deer Lodge County, Montana[11]
• Butte and Silver Bow County, Montana
• Columbus and Muscogee County, Georgia
• Cusseta and Chattahoochee County, Georgia
• Dahlonega and Lumpkin County, Georgia
• Georgetown and Quitman County, Georgia
• Hartsville and Trousdale County, Tennessee (Despite the consolidated city-county government, Hartsville is not coterminous with Trousdale County; Hartsville remains a geographically distinct municipality within the county.[12])
• Houma and Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana[13] (Despite the consolidated city-county government, Houma is not coterminous with Terrebonne Parish; Houma remains a geographically distinct municipality within the parish.[12])
• Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky[14]
• Lynchburg and Moore County, Tennessee
• Macon (and Payne) with Bibb County, Georgia[15][16][17][18][19]
• Philadelphia and Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania — Their borders have been conterminous since 1854 Act of Consolidation, and the government structures were consolidated in 1952. The county still exists as a separate entity within Pennsylvania, but the functions of the county are generally administered by the city.
• Preston and Webster County, Georgia[16]
• Statenville and Echols County, Georgia[16]

Other

• New York City, New York[20] has been coextensive with an amalgamation of five counties since 1898, each of which is also a borough and more generally known as such:
  • New York County (Manhattan) (New York County alone was coextensive with New York City until 1898, see "Formerly consolidated")
  • Bronx County (The Bronx) (New York County included what is now Bronx County from 1898 until the latter's creation in 1914)
  • Kings County (Brooklyn)
  • Richmond County (Staten Island)
  • Queens County (Queens)
• Washington, D.C. – While the District of Columbia is a federal district and not a county, the city has had a consolidated municipal government since 1871. Prior to then, Washington, Georgetown, and the unincorporated County of Washington were separate jurisdictions within the District of Columbia. Prior to 1846, when it was retroceded to Virginia, the south bank of the District of Columbia was the County of Alexandria (now the independent City of Alexandria and the County of Arlington).

Merged with some independent municipalities

• Athens and Clarke County, Georgia (the cities of Winterville, which is entirely within Clarke County, and Bogart, which is partially within the county, retain separate governments)
• Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia (two communities within Richmond County retain separate governments)
• Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana (three communities within East Baton Rouge Parish – Baker, Central and Zachary – retain separate governments. In addition, the City of Baton Rouge retains separate city limits, and its official census population only includes this area)
• Camden County, North Carolina (county with no incorporated municipalities, apart from a small portion of Elizabeth City, re-organizing into a single unified government)[21]
• Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana[22] (four communities within Marion County retain separate governments: see Unigov)
• Jacksonville and Duval County, Florida (four incorporated places within Duval County - the cities of Jacksonville Beach, Neptune Beach, and Atlantic Beach and the town of Baldwin - retain separate governments; all other rural land is incorporated by Jacksonville and so the entire county is incorporated)
• Kansas City and Wyandotte County, Kansas (this "Unified Government" contains Kansas City, Edwardsville, most of Bonner Springs, and roughly half of Lake Quivira; a county relationship is maintained with the rest of the communities within the county) as of 1997.
• Lafayette, Louisiana and Lafayette Parish (The status of the current state of consolidation is under review by an independent board. Deconsolidation, reorganization and total incorporation are all being considered as other towns in the parish as well as citizens in the unincorporated areas feel they are being under-represented under the current state of consolidation.)
• Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky[23] (all cities in pre-merger Jefferson County, other than Louisville, retain separate identities and some governmental functions, but all participate fully in the county-wide governing body, Louisville Metro Council)
• Miami and Dade County, Florida merged in 1957, and since then operate under a federated two-tier government similar to consolidated city-county relationship where the county government operates as a superseding entity of county affairs and lower-tier incorporated municipalities operate civil and community services. The city-county changed its name to Miami-Dade County in 1997.
• Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee (six communities within Davidson County retain separate governments, although all participate in the metropolitan government in a two-tier system)
• Petersburg Borough, Alaska (When the borough was created in 2013, the city of Petersburg was dissolved. However, the city of Kupreanof remains a separate entity within the borough.)
• Tribune, Kansas and Greeley County, Kansas (Horace retaining a separate government)[24]

Five cities in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia were formed by the consolidation of a city with a county: Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach (from Norfolk, Elizabeth City, Warwick, Nansemond, and Princess Anne counties, respectively). However, in each case an independent city was created and as such they are not consolidated city-counties. Instead, the Code of Virginia uses the term "consolidated city."[1][25] Similarly, Carson City was consolidated with Ormsby County, Nevada in 1969, but the county was simultaneously dissolved. The city is now a municipality independent of any county.[1]

Potentially consolidated

• Aurora, Colorado, split between three counties, explored the creation of a new consolidated city-county in 1996; the effort subsequently failed in a referendum. However, five years later nearby Broomfield was successful in creating a new city-county from portions of the four counties it had been a part of. Encouraged by Broomfield's experience, an Aurora city councilman has proposed consolidation again in 2006.[26] This was not accomplished in 2006 or 2007, and no bills to accomplish consolidation were introduced in the 2008 session of the Colorado legislature.
• A proposal has been made to merge Johnson County, Kansas and Wyandotte County, Kansas and the cities located in those two into a single consolidated city-county, name to be determined.[27]
• In 2005, The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio published a series of articles exploring the possibility of the city's merging with Cuyahoga County.[28]
• Miami-Dade County, Florida provides city-level police, fire-rescue, sanitation, and other services to many of the municipalities within its borders.
• A report was released in April 2008 recommending the merger of the governments of the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and that of Allegheny County. This plan has been endorsed by the mayor of Pittsburgh and the Chief Executive of Allegheny County, but needs approval by the City and County councils and from the state legislature before a referendum can be put forth for the voters to approve such a merger.
• The independent City of St. Louis, Missouri and that of St. Louis County. The city of St. Louis seceded from St. Louis County in the 1870s and is not part of any county in the state of Missouri. Regional leaders have since proposed several plans to reunify the City and County, each one rejected by voters.[29]

Considered consolidation

• Albuquerque and Bernalillo County, New Mexico (1959, 2003)[16][30]
• Aurora and Arapahoe County, Colorado
• Baltimore and Baltimore County, Maryland: Baltimore is established in the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city. A proposed constitutional amendment to dissolve the city and merge it into Baltimore County was introduced in 1999 but was withdrawn less than a month after the first reading.[31]
• Birmingham and Jefferson County, Alabama (1948)[16]
• Brunswick and Glynn County, Georgia (1969, 1987)[16]
• Buffalo and Erie County, New York[32]
• Charleston/North Charleston/Mount Pleasant and Charleston County, South Carolina (1974)[16]
• Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (1971)[16]
• Des Moines and Polk County, Iowa (1994, 2004)[33]
• Durham and Durham County, North Carolina (1961, 1974)[16][34]
• El Paso and El Paso County, Texas[35]
• Evansville and Vanderburgh County, Indiana
  • Voted four times on consolidation—in 1959, 1974, 2002, and 2012.[36] The most recent vote saw consolidation defeated by a nearly 2-to-1 margin.[37]
• Fairbanks and Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska (2001)[16][38]
• Fayetteville and Lincoln County, Tennessee (2008)[39]
• Fort Wayne and Allen County, Indiana[40]
• Frankfort and Franklin County, Kentucky[41]
• Gainesville and Alachua County, Florida (1990)[16][42]
• Knoxville and Knox County, Tennessee (1959, 1978, 1996)[16]
• Las Vegas and Clark County, Nevada* Little Rock and Pulaski County, Arkansas[43]
• Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee (1962, 1971, 2010)[16][44][45]
• Montgomery and Montgomery County, Alabama
• Muncie and Delaware County, Indiana[46]
• Oakland and Alameda County, California (1921)[16]
• Omaha and Douglas County, Nebraska (2006, 2011)
  • Movements to consolidate these two jurisdictions has been popping up since the decade of the 1900s.[47] The 2006 proposal was approved by the Douglas County Board of Commissioners, but unanimously rejected by the Omaha City Council.[48] The 2011 proposal was introduced by a state legislator in The Unicameral, as LB344;[49] it was tabled in committee.[50]

• Orlando and Orange County, Florida[51]
• Paducah and McCracken County, Kentucky
  • Rejected a proposed consolidation in 2012 by a more than 2-to-1 margin.[52]
• Pensacola and Escambia County, Florida (1970)[16][18][30]
• Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
  • passed referendums in 1925, 1929 and 1939[53] that were blocked by technicalities by the state assembly. A partial consolidation of area school districts in 1956.[54] Currently has a task-force researching consolidation since 2005.[55]
• Portland and Multnomah County, Oregon (1927, 1974)[16][30]
• Richmond (independent city) with Henrico County, Virginia (1961),[16] although the result would be an expanded independent city of Richmond rather than a consolidated city-county.
• Roanoke County, Virginia and the City of Roanoke, although the result would be an expanded independent city of Roanoke rather than a consolidated city-county
  • held referendums in 1969 and 1990 to consolidate the two governments.[30] Both times, city voters approved consolidation while county voters were opposed. The independent city of Salem, Virginia, which would have been surrounded by the consolidated entity, did not participate in the referendums. Vinton, Virginia would have retained its status as a town in the 1990 referendum. The consolidation issue has been dormant since 1990.
• Sacramento and Sacramento County, California (1974, 1990)[16]
• Savannah and Chatham County, Georgia[56][57]
  • Prior consolidation referendum held in 1973 failed. The Georgia General Assembly is conducting a feasibility study towards consolidating the city of Savannah with Chatham County.[56]
• St. Louis (independent city) with St. Louis County, Missouri (1926, 1962, In consideration in 2017[58])[16][18]
• Sioux Falls and Minnehaha/Lincoln counties, South Dakota (2005)[59]
• Spokane and Spokane County, Washington (1995)[16][18]
• Tallahassee and Leon County, Florida (1971, 1973, 1976, 1992)[16][30]
• Tampa and Hillsborough County, Florida (1967, 1970, 1972)[16][18][30]
• Toledo and Lucas County, Ohio[60]
• Topeka and Shawnee County, Kansas (2005)[16][61]
• Wilmington and New Hanover County, North Carolina (1933)[16][34]

Formerly consolidated

• The City of Boston and Suffolk County, Massachusetts operated with a consolidated government for most of the twentieth century with Boston providing office space, auditors, budget, personnel and financial oversight for Suffolk County. This was not a true consolidation because three municipalities – Chelsea, Revere and Winthrop – were never annexed into Boston and remained separate jurisdictions within Suffolk County; however, the City of Boston held complete control of the county by law. The special relationship between Boston and Suffolk County ended in 1999 as part of the gradual abolition of county governments through much of the state with all county employees and powers transferred to Commonwealth of Massachusetts control. The only remaining powers and duties for the City of Boston in regards to the county is ceremonial in which the Suffolk County Register of Deeds is issued the oath of office at the start of a term as well as calls for a meeting to hold a special election to fill the office should there be a failure to elect someone to the office or should a vacancy occur.
• From the 17th century to 1898, New York City was coterminous with New York County and was often referred to as the "City and County of New York". Both were coterminous with Manhattan until 1874 when the City and County annexed parts of Westchester County that would later become the West Bronx, later annexing the remainder of the future Bronx. Upon consolidation in 1898, New York County was coterminous and consolidated with the boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan while the other boroughs were consolidated with their own respective counties. The Bronx was separated from New York County in 1914 to form its own Bronx County, and since then all five boroughs of New York City are coterminous and consolidated with a county of New York state.

See also

• Combined Statistical Area
• Conurbation
• City with powiat rights          
• City of regional significance
• City–state
• Direct-controlled municipality
• Ekistics
• Independent city (United States)
• Megalopolis (term)
• Megacity
• Merger (politics)
• Metropolitan area
• Metropolis

References

1. "Cities 101 -- Consolidations". National League of Cities.
2. Kate Linebaugh, Threats to Town Halls Stir Voter Backlash, The Wall Street Journal, June 8, 2011
3. Population Estimates Geography Archived 2010-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, 2006-06-19. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
4. "Anchorage, Alaska: The Official Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska website". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
5. "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
6. "City and County of Broomfield - Official Website - Official Website". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
7. "[T]he city and county of Denver ... did not come into being until the day of the issuing of the Governor's proclamation, on December 1, 1902". City Council of the City and County of Denver v. Board of Commissioners of Adams County, 77 P. 858, 861 (1904).
8. "Government". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
9. Individual State Descriptions: 2012, United States Census of Governments
10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. Website of the Community of Anaconda
12. Kent Moreland. "Map of Trousdale County". Hartsville-Trousdale County Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
13. "Welcome to TPCG". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
14. Website of Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Archived March 28, 1997, at the Wayback Machine
15. "HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate". Archived from the original on 2012-10-30.
16. "City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921–Present" (PDF). National Association of Counties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
17. "The Effects on City-County Consolidation" (PDF). ai.org. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
18. Consolidation pass for Macon and Bibb county in the 2012 vote.Consolidation of City and County Governments: Attempts in Five Cities Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
19. "Payne City merger dead for 2013". The Macon Telegraph. February 27, 2013. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
20. "Welcome to NYC.gov - City of New York". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
21. Camden County Government - Board of Commissioners - February 10, 2006 Archived July 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
22. Indy.gov. "City of Indianapolis and Marion County". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
23. "LouisvilleKy.gov". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
24. "Government". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
25. "Legislative Information System". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
26. City and County of Aurora? by J.C. O'Connell. The Aurora Daily Sun & Sentinel, January 30, 2006.
27. Johnson-Wyandotte merger? by Jesse Truesdale. The [Bonner Springs] Chieftain, February 2, 2006.
28. A Region Divided Archived 2007-02-10 at the Wayback Machine. Special series of The [Cleveland] Plain Dealer, published throughout 2005.
29. St. Louis Five-Year Consolidated Plan Strategy 2006-2010
30. "Some Major City-County Consolidation Referenda in the 20th Century". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
31. "House Bill 402". 1999 Regular Session. Maryland General Assembly.
32. "One Buffalo". Archived from the original on 16 April 2007.
33. "Des Moines, Polk County reject merger". Retrieved 22 March 2017.
34. Cherry, Diane. "NCSU Innovation Online". Archived from the original on 19 September 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
35. "79(R) SJR 9". Texas State Legislature.
36. "The Consolidate Debate". Evansville Living. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
37. Langhorne, Thomas B. (6 November 2012). "Update: Voters resoundingly reject proposal to merge Evansville, Vanderburgh County governments". Evansville Courier & Press. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
38. "Alaska Division of Community Advocacy". Archived from the original on 21 December 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
39. "Voters reject metro government in Lincoln Co". WATE. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
40. Lanka, Benjamin (5 March 2006). "Debate stirs on consolidation". The Fort Wayne Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
41. Kirby, Cassondra (3 November 2004). "Article: Voters in Franklin and Frankfort counties, Ky., reject government merger". Lexington Herald-Leader. Lexington, KY. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2010 – via AccessMyLibrary.
42. "Microsoft Word - All CONSLDLS 2006bev _3_.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
43. "Stephens Floats City Merger Idea". Arkansas Business. 5 December 2002.
44. Miller, Kate (15 March 2002). "Business Backs Consolidated Government". Memphis Business Journal.
45. "The Commercial Appeal". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
46. "Muncie & Delaware County Reorganization Committee". Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
47. Allan v. Kennard, 81 Neb. 289, 298 (April 10, 1908) ("...it is, to quote the brief, 'a fact, common to the knowledge of all men that for years there has been a constant growing demand in Omaha and Douglas county [sic] for a merger and consolidation of city and county offices in the sense that similar duties pertaining to the city and county affairs should be performed by one and the same officers;' that such consolidation has been liad with reference to the office of city and county treasurer, and that the result has been satisfactory, and there is a demand for further consolidation.").
48. "City nixes Omaha-Douglas County board merger plan". Lincoln Journal-Star. Lee Enterprises. February 14, 2006. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
49. "Government services consolidation proposed" (PDF). Unicameral Update. XXXIV (8). Lincoln, NE: Unicameral Information Office, Nebraska Legislature. February 25, 2011. p. 8. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
50. "LB344 Actions". Nebraska Legislature. April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
51. "City of Orlando / Orange County Consolidation of Services Study Commission". Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
52. "Paducah, McCracken County residents reject metro merger". The Henderson Gleaner. Henderson, Kentucky. Associated Press. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
53. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". Retrieved 22 March 2017 – via News Links.
54. "The Pittsburgh Press". Retrieved 22 March 2017 – via Google News Archive Search.
55. Cohan, Jeffrey (1 October 2004). "Louisville mayor offers primer on uniting city-county government". Town Meeting. Pittsburgh Post Gazette.
56. Rawlins, Elizabeth. "The Investigation Begins: State lawmakers looking at consolidating Savannah, Chatham County". wtoc.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
57. Rawlins, Elizabeth. "WTOC Investigates: Could consolidation save Savannah, Chatham County taxpayers millions?". wtoc.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
58. McDermott, Kevin. "Krewson, Stenger back latest push for city-county coordination". stltoday.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
59. "The Possibility Of Lincoln And Minnehaha Counties Merging". KELOLAND News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
60. Troy, Tom (4 March 2004). "Skepticism greets 'Unigov' summit". The Toledo Blade.
61. Eckert, Richard V. (2 May 2005). Shawnee County Government and Consolidation Report (PDF). Shawnee County, Kansas.

External links

• Comparative of all city/county consolidations and the issues and advantages each model presents (from the Pittsburgh/Allegheny task force on consolidation)