West Midlands (county)

The county of West Midlands is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in western-central England with a 2018 estimated population of 2,916,458,[3] making it the second most populous county in England after Greater London. It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972, formed from parts of Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire. The county itself is a NUTS 2 region within the wider NUTS 1 region of the same name. The county consists of seven metropolitan boroughs: the City of Birmingham, the City of Coventry and the City of Wolverhampton, as well as the boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull and Walsall.

Not to be confused with West Midlands (region) or West Midlands conurbation.

West Midlands
Metropolitan and Ceremonial county
Flag

Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionWest Midlands
Established1 April 1974
Established byLocal Government Act 1972
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantJohn Crabtree, OBE
High SheriffWade Lyn, CBE[1] (2020–21)
Area902 km2 (348 sq mi)
 • Ranked42nd of 48
Population (mid-2019 est.)2,916,458
 • Ranked2nd of 48
Density3,235/km2 (8,380/sq mi)
Ethnicity70.1% White (69.0% White British)
18.9% Asian
6.0% Black
3.4% Mixed
1.6% Other[2]
Metropolitan county
GovernmentWest Midlands Combined Authority
• Mayor Andy Street
Admin HQBirmingham
Area902 km2 (348 sq mi)
ONS code2E
NUTSUKG3
Websitewww.wmca.org.uk

Districts of West Midlands
Districts
  1. City of Wolverhampton
  2. Dudley
  3. Walsall
  4. Sandwell
  5. City of Birmingham
  6. Solihull
  7. City of Coventry
Members of Parliament28 MPs
PoliceWest Midlands Police
Time zoneGreenwich Mean Time (UTC)
 • Summer (DST)British Summer Time (UTC+1)

The metropolitan county exists in law and as a geographic frame of reference,[4][5][6] and as a ceremonial county it has a Lord Lieutenant[7] and a High Sheriff.[8] Between 1974 and 1986, the West Midlands County Council was the administrative body covering the county; this was abolished on 31 March 1986, and the constituent metropolitan boroughs effectively became unitary authorities. A new administrative body for the county (and some of the district surrounding it as Non-Constituent members), the West Midlands Combined Authority, was created in June 2016. Since May 2017, the authority has been headed by a directly elected Mayor of the West Midlands, a position currently held by Andy Street of the Conservative Party. Other county-wide bodies include the West Midlands Police, the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands.

The county is sometimes described as the "West Midlands metropolitan area" or the "West Midlands conurbation" or "Greater Birmingham", although these have different, and less clearly defined, boundaries. The main conurbation, or urban area, does not include Coventry for example. The name "West Midlands" is also used for the much larger West Midlands region, which sometimes causes confusion, not surprising perhaps when geographically it is on the eastern side of the region, the western side comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire the southern side comprising Worcestershire and most of Warwickshire.

History
See also: History of Birmingham and History of Coventry

Although the modern county has only existed since 1974, the settlements of the West Midlands have long been important centres of commerce and industry as well as developing a good local infrastructure. Coventry was one of England's most important cities during the Middle Ages, with its prosperity built upon wool and cloth manufacture. Birmingham and Wolverhampton have a tradition of industry dating back to the 16th century, when small metal-working industries developed. Birmingham was known for its manufacture of small arms, whereas Wolverhampton became a centre of lock manufacture and brass working. The coal and iron ore deposits of the Black Country area provided a ready source of raw materials. The area grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, and by the 20th century had grown into one large conurbation. Coventry was slower to develop, but by the early 20th century, it had become an important centre of bicycle and car manufacture.

1966 saw a substantial reform in the local government of the area as the patchwork of county boroughs with municipal boroughs and urban district councils in between was replaced by a core of county boroughs covering a contiguous area, roughly as follows:

Near this area, three other towns remained separate (Halesowen, Stourbridge and Sutton Coldfield), while Aldridge and Brownhills joined to form a single unit, called Aldridge-Brownhills. In the same year, a single West Midlands Constabulary was formed for the Black Country county boroughs, whilst Birmingham retained its Birmingham City Police and Solihull continued being policed by the Warwickshire Constabulary. The West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority was established in 1968.

County creation

In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 came into effect, creating the metropolitan county of West Midlands. This area was based on the seven county boroughs and the other non-county boroughs and urban districts around the fringe of the conurbation. The new area consisted of seven new metropolitan boroughs, with Aldridge-Brownhills added to Walsall; Halesowen and Stourbridge to Dudley and Sutton Coldfield to Birmingham. A new borough of Sandwell was formed by the merger of West Bromwich and Warley. The actual designation of Warley itself was abolished and the three towns of Smethwick, Oldbury and Rowley Regis reinstated as component parts of Sandwell, although these areas formed the Warley postal district.

Solihull took in much of the suburban fringe to the east of Birmingham, including the former villages of Chelmsley Wood and Castle Bromwich, also Birmingham Airport, and the area of countryside between Solihull and Coventry, whilst Coventry itself received only small changes and Wolverhampton was unaltered. This led to (apart from in the east, with Coventry and the Meriden Gap) quite a tightly defined metropolitan border, excluding such places as Burntwood, Bromsgrove, Cannock, Kidderminster, Lichfield and Wombourne which had been considered for inclusion in the West Midlands metropolitan area by the Redcliffe-Maud Report. The 1974 reform created the West Midlands County Council that covered the entire area and dealt with strategic issues. A new West Midlands Police service was formed covering the entire area, with the West Midlands Constabulary and Birmingham City Police abolished, and also taking over responsibility from the county forces.

post-1974 pre-1974
Metropolitan county Metropolitan borough County boroughs Non-county boroughs Urban districts Rural districts

West Midlands is an amalgamation of 14 former local government districts, including eight county boroughs.
 Birmingham Birmingham Sutton Coldfield – –
Coventry Coventry – – Meriden (part)[9]
Dudley Dudley
– –
Sandwell
– – –
Solihull Solihull – –
Walsall Walsall – Aldridge-Brownhills
Wolverhampton Wolverhampton – – –

West Midlands County Council
The arms of the West Midlands County Council, depicted here, became redundant with the abolition of the council in 1986 (though similar arms are used by the West Midlands Fire Service).

Between 1974 and 1986, the county had a two-tier system of local government, and the seven districts shared power with the West Midlands County Council. However, the Local Government Act 1985 abolished the metropolitan county councils, and the West Midlands County Council ceased to exist in 1986. Most of its functions were devolved to the West Midland boroughs, which effectively became unitary authorities, with responsibility for most local authority functions.

Following the abolition of the county council, some county-wide bodies continued to exist, which were administered by various joint-boards of the seven districts, among these were the West Midlands Police, the West Midlands Fire Service and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive.

Boundary changes

In 1994, the western/southern shores of Chasewater, plus the adjacent Jeffreys Swag, were transferred from the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall to the District of Lichfield, Staffordshire.[10] Further boundary changes came into effect in 1995, when part of the Hereford and Worcester parish of Frankley (including the south-west part of Bartley Reservoir) was transferred to Birmingham and became part of the county.

West Midlands Combined Authority

On 17 June 2016 a new administrative body, the West Midlands Combined Authority was created for the county, under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009, which created several other combined authorities in England. The new body has powers over transport, economic development, skills and planning. A new directly elected position of Mayor of the West Midlands was created in 2017 to chair the new body.[11] The first Mayoral election was held in May 2017, and the position was won by Andy Street of the Conservative Party.

Geography
See also: List of places in the West Midlands; List of settlements in West Midlands (county) by population; Constituent areas of Birmingham, England; List of areas in Dudley; List of areas in Sandwell; List of areas in Walsall; List of areas in Wolverhampton; and West Midlands Green Belt
Map of West Midlands, showing urban areas in grey and metropolitan district boundaries
Population density map

The West Midlands is a landlocked county that borders the counties of Warwickshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south, and Staffordshire to the north and west.

The West Midlands County is one of the most heavily urbanised counties in the UK. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, the Black Country and Solihull together form the third most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom with a combined population of around 2.44 million.[12] However, the West Midlands is not entirely urban; Coventry is separated from the West Midlands conurbation by a stretch of green belt land roughly 15 miles (24 km) across, known as the "Meriden Gap", which retains a strongly rural character. A smaller piece of green belt between Birmingham, Walsall and West Bromwich includes Barr Beacon and the Sandwell Valley.

The highest point in the West Midlands is Turners Hill, with a height of 271 m (889 ft). The hill is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Barr Beacon is another hill in the West Midlands, located on the border of Birmingham and Walsall, with a height of 227 m (745 ft).

There are 23 Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the county.[13] One of these SSSIs is Sutton Park in Sutton Coldfield, which has an area of 970 hectares (2,400 acres).[14] As a result, it is one of the largest urban parks in Europe, and the largest outside of a capital city in Europe. The park also has national nature reserve status.

There are numerous rivers that pass through the county, including the River Tame. The river basin is the most urbanised basin in the United Kingdom, with approximately 42% of the basin being urbanised.[15] The River Tame is fed by the River Rea, River Anker, and the River Blythe, which in turn is fed by the River Cole. The River Sowe and River Sherbourne both flow through Coventry. The River Stour flows through the west of the West Midlands county.

Like other metropolitan counties, the West Midlands is divided into districts called metropolitan boroughs. There are seven boroughs in the West Midlands, six of which are named after the largest settlement in their administrative area. The West Midlands is unusual amongst the metropolitan counties in that three of its boroughs have city status; Coventry is a city by ancient prescriptive usage,[16] Birmingham was granted city status in 1889,[17] and Wolverhampton in 2000 as a "Millennium City".[18]

Metropolitan boroughAdministrative centreOther towns
City of Birmingham Birmingham Aston, Bournville, Edgbaston, Erdington, Great Barr, Hall Green, Handsworth, Harborne, Northfield, Quinton, Soho, Sutton Coldfield
City of Coventry Coventry Allesley, Binley, Keresley, Stoke, Tile Hill
Dudley Dudley Amblecote, Brierley Hill, Coseley, Cradley, Gornal, Halesowen, Kingswinford, Lye, Netherton, Sedgley, Stourbridge, Quarry Bank
Sandwell Oldbury Bearwood, Blackheath, Cradley Heath, Great Bridge, Old Hill, Rowley Regis, Smethwick, Tipton, Tividale, Wednesbury, West Bromwich
Solihull Solihull Balsall Common, Bickenhill, Castle Bromwich, Chelmsley Wood, Dorridge, Elmdon, Hampton in Arden, Kingshurst, Knowle, Marston Green, Meriden, Monkspath, Hockley Heath, Shirley
Walsall Walsall Aldridge, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Pelsall, Pheasey, Shelfield, Willenhall
City of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton Bilston, Blakenhall, Bushbury, Compton, Ettingshall, Heath Town, Oxley, Penn, Tettenhall, Wednesfield

Demography
Population density in the 2011 census in the West Midlands.
Distribution of ethnic groups in the West Midlands according to the 2011 census.
  • White
  • White-British
  • White-Irish
  • White-Other
  • Asian
  • Asian-Indian
  • Asian-Pakistani
  • Asian-Bangladeshi
  • Asian-Chinese
  • Black
  • Black-African
  • Black-Caribbean
  • Other-Arab
Distribution of religions in the West Midlands according to the 2011 census.
  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Judaism
  • Hinduism
  • Sikhism
  • Buddhism
  • Other religion
  • No religion

Places of interest
Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Accessible open space
Amusement/Theme Park
Castle
Country Park
English Heritage
Forestry Commission
Heritage railway
Historic House
Mosques

Museum (free/not free)
National Trust
Theatre
Zoo

Education

The West Midlands contains ten universities, seven of which are located in Birmingham:

Both of Coventry University and the University of Warwick are located in Coventry whilst University of Wolverhampton is located in Wolverhampton with campuses in Telford and Walsall.

Each of the local authorities has at least one further education college for students aged over 16, and since September 1992 all of the local authorities have operated traditional 5–7 infant, 7–11 junior, and 11-16/18 secondary schools for students in compulsory education. This followed the demise of 5–8 first, 8–12 middle and 12-16/18 secondary schools in the Sutton Coldfield area.[19]

For 18 years before September 1990, Dudley had operated 5–8 first, 8–12 middle, and 12-16/18 secondary schools before then, while Halesowen (September 1972 until July 1982) and Aldridge-Brownhills (September 1972 until July 1986) had both operated 5–9 first, 9–13 middle and 13-16/18 secondary schools.

Many local authorities still have sixth form facilities in secondary schools, though sixth form facilities had been axed by most secondary schools in Dudley since the early 1990s (and in Halesowen in 1982) as the local authorities changed direction towards further education colleges.

All secondary state education in Dudley and Sandwell is mixed comprehensive, although there are a small number of single sex and grammar schools existing in parts of Birmingham, Solihull, Wolverhampton and Walsall.

In August 2009, Matthew Boulton College and Sutton Coldfield College merged to become Birmingham Metropolitan College, one of the largest further and higher education institutions in the country. Plans are afoot for the construction of a new campus in the Perry Barr area of Birmingham.

Sport

The West Midlands is home to numerous sports teams. In rugby union, the West Midlands is home to various clubs including Wasps RFC, Birmingham Barbarians, Sutton Coldfield RFC, Moseley Rugby Football Club, Birmingham & Solihull RFC, and Coventry RFC.

In rugby league, the Coventry Bears are the only team from the county playing the professional ranks, currently in the third tier League 1.

In association football, there are six Premier League and Football League teams in the county of which three, Aston Villa,West Bromwich Albion, and Wolverhampton Wanderers, play in the Premier League. The following clubs are often referred to as the West Midlands "Big Six":

Club League City/town Stadium Capacity
Wolverhampton Wanderers Premier League Wolverhampton Molineux 31,700
Aston Villa Premier League Birmingham Villa Park 42,788
Birmingham City Championship Birmingham St Andrew's 30,079
West Bromwich Albion Premier League West Bromwich The Hawthorns 26,500
Coventry City League One Coventry Ricoh Arena 32,609
Walsall League Two Walsall Bescot Stadium 11,300

The West Midlands is also home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club, who are based at Edgbaston Cricket Ground, which also hosts Test matches and One Day Internationals. The Birmingham Panthers basketball team replaced the Birmingham Bullets and are currently based at a facility provided by the University of Wolverhampton in Walsall.

The West Midlands has its own Quidditch team, West Midlands Revolution (after its part in the Industrial Revolution), which won the Quidditch Premier League in 2017.[20]

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gollark: --telephone dial MatsWidenBacon
gollark: --telephone
gollark: --remind 1m æ
gollark: Oh utter beeoformicite.

See also

References
  1. "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
  2. "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales". ONS. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  3. "Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  4. Office for National Statistics Archived 23 December 2003 at the UK Government Web Archive – Gazetteer of the old and new geographies of the United Kingdom, p48. URL accessed 10 March 2007.
  5. Metropolitan Counties and Districts Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Beginners' Guide to UK Geography, Office for National Statistics, 17 September 2004. URL accessed 10 March 2007.
  6. West Midlands Counties Archived 10 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Boundary Commission for England. URL accessed 10 March 2007.
  7. "West Midlands Lieutenancy". The West Midlands Lieutenancy. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  8. "West Midlands 2013/2014". High Sheriff's Association of England and Wales (The Shrievalty Association). Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  9. Whitaker's Almanack 1974, complete edition (106th ed.). London: J. Whitaker & Sons. 1973 [1868]. p. 672. ISBN 0-85021-067-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  10. "The Hereford and Worcester, Staffordshire and West Midlands (County and Metropolitan Borough Boundaries) Order 1993". Office of Public Sector Information. 20 September 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  11. "All systems go for West Midlands Combined Authority as MPs say 'Yes'". The Chamberlain Files. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  12. "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  13. "SSSIs in the West Midlands". Natural England. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  14. Introduction To Sutton Park Archived 27 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Birmingham City Council
  15. John S. Rowan; R. W. Duck; A. Werritty (2006). Sediment Dynamics and the Hydromorphology of Fluvial Systems. IAHS. p. 98. ISBN 1-901502-68-6.
  16. Home Office List of English Cities by Ancient Prescriptive Right, 1927, cited in Beckett, J V (2005). City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 12. ISBN 0-7546-5067-7.
  17. "History of Mayoralty". Birmingham.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  18. "City winners named". BBC News. 18 December 2000. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  19. Sutton Coldfield
  20. "West Midlands Revolution". The Quidditch Premier League. Retrieved 22 July 2019.

West Midlands (county) at Curlie

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