Gainesville, Florida

Gainesville is the county seat of, and the largest city in, Alachua County, Florida, and is both the principal city of the Gainesville, Florida, metropolitan statistical area and the largest city in North Central Florida. In 2019 the US Census Bureau estimated Gainesville's population at 133,997,[7] a 7.6% increase from 2010, and the metropolitan statistical area's population at 288,212.[9]

Gainesville, Florida
City
City of Gainesville
Downtown Gainesville at night
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
"Hogtown"[1]
Motto(s): 
Citizen centered. People empowered.
Location in Alachua County and the state of Florida
Coordinates: 29°39′7.19″N 82°19′29.97″W
Country United States
State Florida
CountyAlachua
Settled1854
IncorporatedApril 14, 1869
Government
 • TypeCouncil-manager
 • MayorLauren Poe (D)
 • City Commission[2]
 • City ManagerLee R. Feldman, ICMA-CM[3]
Area
 • City64.24 sq mi (166.39 km2)
 • Land63.07 sq mi (163.34 km2)
 • Water1.18 sq mi (3.04 km2)  1.74%
Elevation152 ft (54 m)
Population
 • City124,354
 • Estimate 
(2019)[7]
133,997
 • Rank204th
 • Density2,124.64/sq mi (820.33/km2)
 • Urban
187,781 (US: 187th)
 • Metro
288,212 (168th)
 • CSA
400,814 (US: 99th)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code
32601–32614, 32627, 32635, 32641, 32653
Area code352
FIPS code12-25175
GNIS feature ID0282874[8]
Websitewww.cityofgainesville.org

Gainesville is home to the University of Florida, the fifth-largest public university campus by enrollment in the United States.

History
Main articles: History of Gainesville, Florida and Timeline of Gainesville, Florida

There is archeological evidence, from about 12,000 years ago, of the presence of Paleo Indians in the Gainesville area, although it is not known if there were any permanent settlements.[10] A Deptford culture campsite existed in Gainesville and was estimated to have been used between 500 BCE and 100 CE.[11] The Deptford people moved south into Paynes Prairie and Orange Lake during the first century and evolved into the Cades Pond culture.[12] The Deptford people who remained in the Gainesville area were displaced by migrants from southern Georgia sometime in the seventh century.[12] These migrants evolved into the Alachua culture and they built their burial mound on top of the Deptford culture campsite.[11] When Europeans made first contact in the area, the Potano lived in the area. They were descendants of the Alachua culture people.[13] European contact diminished the numbers of native peoples (through disease, enslavement, war) and Spanish colonists began cattle ranching in the Paynes Prairie area in the 18th century. The Spanish ceded Florida to the US in 1821.[14]

Gainesville was established in 1854 and named after Edmund P. Gaines.[15][16] The town of Gainesville was incorporated in 1869[17] and chartered as a city in 1907.[18] The University of the State of Florida was moved from Lake City to Gainesville in 1906 and its name was simplified to University of Florida in 1909.[18][19]

Geography

Gainesville is located at 29°39'55" North, 82°20'10" West (29.665245, −82.336097),[20] which is roughly the same latitude as Houston, Texas. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62.4 square miles (161.6 km2), of which 61.3 square miles (158.8 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2) is water. The total area is 1.74% water.[21]

Gainesville's tree canopy is both dense and species rich, including broadleaf evergreens, conifers, and deciduous species; the city has been recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation every year since 1982 as a "Tree City, USA". A 2016 ecological assessment indicates Gainesville's urban tree canopy covers 47 percent of its land area.[22]

Gainesville is the only city with more than 10,000 residents in the Gainesville, Florida, metropolitan statistical area (Alachua and Gilchrist counties), and it is surrounded by rural area, including the 21,000-acre (8,500 ha) wilderness of Paynes Prairie on its southern edge. The city is characterized by its medium size and central location, about 90 minutes' driving time from either Jacksonville or Orlando, two hours from Tampa, and five hours from either Atlanta or Miami. The area is dominated by the University of Florida,[23] which in 2008 was the third-largest university by enrollment in the US,[24] and as of 2016 was the fifth-largest.

Climate
Gainesville
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
3.3
 
 
66
42
 
 
3.2
 
 
70
45
 
 
4.3
 
 
75
50
 
 
2.7
 
 
80
55
 
 
2.5
 
 
87
62
 
 
7.1
 
 
90
69
 
 
6.1
 
 
91
72
 
 
6.4
 
 
90
72
 
 
4.4
 
 
87
69
 
 
2.9
 
 
81
61
 
 
2.1
 
 
74
51
 
 
2.4
 
 
68
44
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Gainesville's climate is defined as humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa). Due to its inland location, Gainesville experiences wide temperature fluctuations, and it is part of USDA Plant hardiness zone 9a.[25] During the hot season, from roughly May 15 to September 30, the city's climate is similar to the rest of the state, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms and high humidity. Average temperatures range from the low 70s (21–23 °C) at night to around 92 °F (33 °C) during the day.[26] The all-time record high of 104 °F (40 °C) was reached on June 27, 1952.[27] From November through March, Gainesville experiences a somewhat different climate from much of Florida, with 16 nights[27] of temperatures at freezing or below and sustained freezes every few years. The all-time record low of 6 °F (−14 °C) was reached on February 13, 1899,[28] and the city experienced light snow and freezing rain on Christmas Eve, 1989. Traces of snow were also recorded in 1977,[29] 1996, 2010[30] and 2016.[31] The daily average temperature in January is 54.3 °F (12.4 °C); on average, the window for freezing temperatures is December 4 to February 24, allowing a growing season of 282 days.[27] As with the rest of the state, cold temperatures are almost always accompanied by clear skies and high pressure systems; snow is therefore rare. Temperatures reaching 100 °F (38 °C) or falling below 20 °F (−7 °C) are rare, having respectively last occurred on June 4, 2019, and January 11, 2010.[27]

The city's flora and fauna are also distinct from coastal regions of the state, and include many deciduous species, such as dogwood, maple, hickory and sweet gum, alongside palms, live oaks, and other evergreens. Thus the city enjoys brief periods of fall color in late November and December and a noticeable, prolonged spring from mid-February through early April. This is a generally pleasant period, as colorful blooms of azalea and redbud complement a cloudless blue sky, for this is also the period of the lowest precipitation and lowest humidity. The city averages 47.33 inches (1,200 mm) of rain per year, earning it the nickname "Rainesville". June through September accounts for a majority of annual rainfall, while autumn and early winter is the driest period.[26]

Climate data for Gainesville Regional Airport, Florida (1981−2010 normals,[32] extremes 1890−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 89
(32)		 91
(33)		 96
(36)		 96
(36)		 102
(39)		 104
(40)		 102
(39)		 103
(39)		 99
(37)		 96
(36)		 91
(33)		 87
(31)		 104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 80.1
(26.7)		 82.1
(27.8)		 85.9
(29.9)		 89.6
(32.0)		 94.0
(34.4)		 96.7
(35.9)		 96.4
(35.8)		 95.3
(35.2)		 93.0
(33.9)		 89.6
(32.0)		 84.9
(29.4)		 81.2
(27.3)		 97.9
(36.6)
Average high °F (°C) 66.2
(19.0)		 69.6
(20.9)		 74.6
(23.7)		 80.3
(26.8)		 86.9
(30.5)		 90.0
(32.2)		 90.9
(32.7)		 90.2
(32.3)		 87.4
(30.8)		 81.3
(27.4)		 74.4
(23.6)		 67.9
(19.9)		 80.0
(26.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 54.3
(12.4)		 57.5
(14.2)		 62.3
(16.8)		 67.6
(19.8)		 74.7
(23.7)		 79.7
(26.5)		 81.2
(27.3)		 80.9
(27.2)		 78.2
(25.7)		 70.9
(21.6)		 62.8
(17.1)		 56.1
(13.4)		 68.9
(20.5)
Average low °F (°C) 42.3
(5.7)		 45.3
(7.4)		 50.0
(10.0)		 54.9
(12.7)		 62.4
(16.9)		 69.3
(20.7)		 71.5
(21.9)		 71.6
(22.0)		 69.0
(20.6)		 60.5
(15.8)		 51.1
(10.6)		 44.4
(6.9)		 57.8
(14.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 23.6
(−4.7)		 27.5
(−2.5)		 32.5
(0.3)		 39.2
(4.0)		 50.8
(10.4)		 62.2
(16.8)		 66.7
(19.3)		 67.3
(19.6)		 59.6
(15.3)		 43.0
(6.1)		 33.2
(0.7)		 26.9
(−2.8)		 21.6
(−5.8)
Record low °F (°C) 10
(−12)		 6
(−14)		 22
(−6)		 32
(0)		 42
(6)		 50
(10)		 60
(16)		 60
(16)		 48
(9)		 32
(0)		 20
(−7)		 13
(−11)		 6
(−14)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.33
(85)		 3.20
(81)		 4.33
(110)		 2.67
(68)		 2.48
(63)		 7.12
(181)		 6.07
(154)		 6.39
(162)		 4.42
(112)		 2.88
(73)		 2.06
(52)		 2.38
(60)		 47.33
(1,202)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.9 7.2 7.9 5.8 6.5 14.7 15.4 16.1 11.6 7.3 6.1 6.9 114.4
Source: NOAA[27][33]

Cityscape
Alachua County Courthouse Family and Civil Justice Center
University Corners, viewed from the main entrance to the University of Florida, February 2012. This is now the site of the apartment complex "The Standard", which opened in 2017.
Gainesville's Downtown
Hippodrome State Theatre

Since the 1990s, suburban sprawl has been a concern for a majority of the city commissioners. The "New Urbanization" plan to gentrify the area between historic Downtown and the University of Florida may slow the growth of suburban sectors and spark a migration toward upper-level apartments in the inner city. The area immediately north of the university is also seeing active redevelopment. Many gentrification plans rely on tax incentives that have sparked controversy[34] and are sometimes unsuccessful. University Corners, which would not have been proposed without a $98 million tax incentive program by the city,[35] was to be "a crowning jewel of the city's redevelopment efforts",[36] 450 condos and hotel units and 98,000 square feet (9,100 m2) of retail space in eight stories covering three city blocks,[37] on 3.4 acres (1.4 ha) purchased for $15.5 million.[38] 19 thriving businesses[34] were demolished in April 2007,[38] but in May 2008 deposit checks were refunded to about 105 people who reserved units,[39] and in July 2008 developers spent "$120,000 to beautify the site, so we won't have this ugly green fence."[38]

Gainesville's east side houses the majority of the city's African-American community, while the west side consists of the mainly student and white resident population. West of the city limits are large-scale planned communities, most notably Haile Plantation, which was built on the site of its eponymous former plantation.

The destruction of the city's landmark Victorian courthouse in the 1960s, which some considered unnecessary, brought the idea of historic preservation to the community's attention. The bland county building that replaced the grand courthouse became known to some locals as the "air conditioner". Additional destruction of other historic buildings in the downtown followed. Only a small handful of older buildings are left, like the Hippodrome State Theatre, at one time a federal building. Revitalization of the city's core has picked up, and many parking lots and underutilized buildings are being replaced with infill development and near-campus housing that blend in with existing historic structures. There is a proposal to rebuild a replica of the old courthouse on a parking lot one block from the original location.

Helping in this effort are the number of areas and buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places. Dozens of examples of restored Victorian and Queen Anne style residences constructed in the city's agricultural heyday of the 1880s and 1890s can be found in the following districts:

Additionally, the University of Florida Campus Historic District, consisting of 11 buildings and 14 contributing properties, lies within the city's boundaries. Most of the buildings in the Campus Historic District are constructed in variations of Collegiate Gothic architecture, which returned to prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Historic structures on the Register in and around downtown are:

Developments and expansions

List of tallest buildings in Gainesville,Florida

  • Innovation Square[40]
  • University Corners[41]
  • The Continuum – Graduate and Professional Student Housing[42]

Demographics
Gainesville Demographics
2018 EstimatesGainesvilleAlachua CountyFlorida
Total population133,857269,95621,299,325
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010+30.3%+13.5%+17.6%
Population density2,028.4/sq mi282.7/sq mi350.6/sq mi
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic)66%70%77.4%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian)57.3%61.4%54.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)10.7%9.8%25.6%
Black or African-American22%20.6%16.9%
Asian6.9%6.1%2.9%
Native American or Native Alaskan0.3%0.3%0.5%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian0.1%0.1%0.1%
Two or more races (Multiracial)3.8%2.8%2.1%
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18902,790—
19003,63330.2%
19106,18370.2%
19206,86010.9%
193010,46552.6%
194013,75731.5%
195026,86195.3%
196029,70110.6%
197064,510117.2%
198081,37126.1%
199084,7704.2%
200095,44712.6%
2010124,35430.3%
Est. 2019133,997[7]7.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[43]

The US Census Bureau estimated Gainesville's population at 133,857 in 2018,[44] a 7.7% increase from 2010. At the 2010 census there were 51,029 households, with 2.2 persons per household. Children under the age of 5 were 4.4% of the population, under 18 13.4%, and people 65 years or over were 8.3% of the population. 64.9% of the population was white, 23.0% black, 6.9% Asian, 0.3% American Indians and Alaska Natives, 0.1% Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 1.9% some other race, and 2.9% reporting two or more races. 10.0% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, and 58.7% were non-Hispanic whites. 51.6% of the population were female. In 2007–11, the estimated median household income was $30,952 and the per capita income was $19,100.[45]

Languages

As of 2000, 87.10% of residents spoke English as their first language, while 6.31% spoke Spanish, 1.28% spoke Chinese, 0.55% spoke French, 0.52% spoke Korean, and 0.50% spoke German as their mother tongue. In total, 12.89% of the population spoke languages other than English.[46]

Economy

Numerous guides, such as the 2004 Cities Ranked and Rated: More than 400 Metropolitan Areas Evaluated in the U.S. and Canada, have mentioned Gainesville's low cost of living. The restaurants near the University of Florida also tend to be inexpensive. The property taxes are high to offset the cost of the university, as the university's land is tax-exempt, but the median home cost is slightly below the national average, and Gainesville residents, like all Floridians, do not pay state income taxes.

The city's job market scored only 6 out of a possible 100 points in the Cities Ranked and Rated guide, as the downside to the low cost of living is an extremely weak local job market that is oversupplied with college-educated residents. The median income in Gainesville is slightly below the U.S. average.

Gainesville heavily promoted solar power by creating the first feed-in tariff (FIT) in the United States. The FIT allowed small businesses and homeowners to supply electricity into the municipal power grid and paid a premium for the clean, on-site generated solar electricity. The FIT started with a rate of $0.32 per kilowatt-hour and allowed a person or business to enter into a 20-year contract where Gainesville Regional Utilities would purchase the power for 20 years.[47] The FIT ended in 2013,[48] when the rate was set at $0.18 per kWh, but the city is still seen as a leader in solar power. This increase in solar installations put Gainesville at number 5 in the world in solar installed per capita, beating Japan, France, China and all of the US.[49]

The sports drink Gatorade was invented in Gainesville in the 1960s as a means of refreshing the UF football team. UF still receives a share of the profits from the beverage, but Gatorade's headquarters are now in Chicago.

Spring Hill UF Health building

The Florida Department of Citrus's department of economic research is on the UF campus.[50]

Top employers

According to Gainesville's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[51] the top employers in the city are:

No. Employer No. of Employees
1 University of Florida 27,567
2 UF Health 12,705
3 Gainesville Veterans Administration Medical Center 6,127
4 Alachua County School Board 3,904
5 City of Gainesville 2,072
6 North Florida Regional Medical Center 2,000
7 Gator Dining Services 1,200
8 Nationwide Insurance 960
9 Alachua County 809
10 Publix 780

Startups

Greater Gainesville (Alachua County) is home to a thriving startup ecosystem with over 160 high growth enterprises.[52] Gainesville is also home to dozens of organizations that support startups along their entire continuum of growth.[53] To learn and participate in local startup events please visit UF Innovate's Community Calendar for Entrepreneurs: https://innovate.research.ufl.edu/event-calendar/.

Education
Century Tower, University of Florida

The Gainesville urban area is served by Alachua County Public Schools, which has 75 different institutions in the county, most in the Gainesville area. Gainesville is also home to the University of Florida and Santa Fe College. The University of Florida is a major financial boost to the community, and UF athletic events, including SEC football games, create hundreds of thousands of dollars in additional revenue. According to a 2019 study by the university's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, the university contributed $16.9 billion to Florida's economy and was responsible for over 130,000 jobs in the 2017–18 fiscal year.[54]

Desegregation

Gainesville began desegregating its schools in the 1960s. It integrated its high schools from 1968 to 1970. Its black schools were either closed or integrated.[55]

Elementary schools
  • Boulware Springs Charter School
  • Chiles Elementary School
  • Duval Elementary School
  • J. J. Finley Elementary School
  • Foster Elementary School
  • Glen Springs Elementary School
  • Hidden Oak Elementary School
  • Idylwilde Elementary School
  • Lake Forest Elementary School
  • Littlewood Elementary School
  • Meadowbrook Elementary School
  • WA Metcalfe Elementary School
  • Norton Knights Elementary School
  • Rawlings Elementary School
  • Talbot Elementary School
  • Terwilliger Elementary School
  • Wiles Elementary School
  • Williams Elementary School

Middle schools

Middle schools in the county run from 6th to 8th grades.

  • Howard Bishop Middle School
  • Fort Clarke Middle School
  • Kanapaha Middle School
  • Lincoln Middle School
  • Westwood Middle School

High schools

High schools in Gainesville run from 9th to 12th grades.

Private schools
Oak Hall School Cofrin Arts Center
  • Brentwood School
  • Countryside Christian School
  • Cornerstone Academy
  • Gainesville Country Day School
  • Millhopper Montessori School
  • Oak Hall School
  • Queen of Peace Academy
  • St. Patrick Interparish School
  • The Rock School
  • Trilogy School of Learning Alternatives
  • Westwood Hills Christian School
  • St. Francis Academy
  • Newberry Christian Community School

Colleges and universities
Sledd Hall at the University of Florida

Developmental research schools

City libraries

The Alachua County Library District provides public library service to a county-wide population (in 2013) of 253,451. The Library District has reciprocal borrowing agreements with the surrounding counties of Baker, Bradford, Clay, Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist, Lafayette, Levy, Marion, Putnam, and Union. These agreements are designed to facilitate access to the most conveniently located library facility regardless of an individual's county of residence.

Government and infrastructure

City government

The council–manager government is the form of municipal government used in Gainesville. The day-to-day operations of the city are run by a professional city manager who is appointed by the elected city commission.[56]

Elected officials and elections
City commission

The legislative power of the city is vested in a city commission of seven members, one of whom is the mayor. The mayor and two other commissioners are elected at-large, while the other four are elected from single-member districts to represent a quarter of the city.[57]

The city commission is responsible for legislative functions such as establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision, like a corporate board of directors,[58] in addition to appointing several professional staff persons.

Mayor
Main article: Mayor of Gainesville

The mayor is presiding officer of the city commission and has a voice and a vote in its proceedings but no veto power.[59]

Partial list of mayors of Gainesville, Florida
Elections and terms of office

Municipal elections are nonpartisan and use a two-round system, i.e., if no candidate receives a majority of the vote, a runoff election ensues between the two candidates who received the most votes.[65]

The mayor and other commissioners are elected to a term the length of which is in transition;[66] in any case, neither the mayor nor any other commissioner may serve more than two consecutive terms, excepting following a partial term created by a vacancy. Mayoral terms are reckoned separately from terms as another commissioner, allowing a commissioner to serve more consecutive terms by alternating between the positions.[67]

Administration
City manager

[56]

Departments

Law enforcement is provided by Gainesville Police Department, except on the University of Florida campus, which operates the University Police Department.

Fire protection within the city limits is provided by the Gainesville Fire Rescue, while the surrounding county is served by the Alachua County Fire Rescue. Alachua County Fire Rescue provides ambulance services for the whole county.

Municipal buildings

Gainesville's city hall is at 200 E University Avenue.

Transportation
Heading east on University Avenue, approaching 13th Street (US 441) intersection

In 2009, the Gainesville metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked seventh highest in the United States in percentage of commuters who biked to work (3.3 percent).[68]

Major roads

Gainesville has an extensive road system, which is served by Interstate 75, and several Florida State Routes, including State routes 20, 24, and 26. Gainesville is also served by US 441 and nearby US 301, which give a direct route to Jacksonville, Ocala, and Orlando.

See also: List of county roads in Alachua County, Florida
  • I-75 runs northwest and southeast across the western edge of the city, with interchanges at SR 121/SR 331 (exit 382), SR 24 (exit 384), SR 26 (exit 387), and SR 222 (Exit 390).
  • US 441 is the main local north-south road through Gainesville. It runs on the eastern edge of the University of Florida. It is known to locals as 13th Street, before curving to the northwest and finally joining SR 20, converting into an additional hidden state road. At the intersection of SR 121, the DeSoto Trail moves from SR 121 to US 441.
  • SR 20 runs northwest and southeast through Gainesville. In east Gainesville, the road again becomes a stand-alone four-lane highway as it heads to Hawthorne, Interlachen, and Palatka. Northwest of Gainesville, SR 20 coincides with US 441 as a hidden state road through the town of Alachua before splitting at the fork a half-mile from downtown High Springs. SR 20 then coincides with US 27 as it heads to Fort White, Branford, Mayo, Perry, and Tallahassee.
  • SR 24 runs northeast and southwest through Gainesville. The northeast corner of SR 24 and SR 222 is the site of the Gainesville Regional Airport, before heading to Waldo, Starke, and Jacksonville (Via.U.S. Route 301)(Gainesville-Jacksonville Highway). Southwest of Gainesville, SR 24 passes through the towns of Archer and Bronson before ending at Cedar Key.
  • SR 26 is the main local east-west road through Gainesville. West of the city, it spans from Fanning Springs to Trenton, Newberry, and Jonesville. Eastward, SR 26 heads to Melrose before reaching its terminus at Putnam Hall in Putnam County.
  • SR 120 runs east and west through the city. Its western end is at the junction with US 441, its eastern end at the junction with SR 24.
  • SR 121 runs north and south on the western part of the city. The DeSoto Trail breaks away as SR 121 heads north to Lake Butler, Raiford, and Macclenny. Southward, it travels to Williston before reaching its terminus at Lebanon Station.
  • SR 222 runs east and west on the northern part of the city. Its western end of state maintenance is at the junction with I-75 before continuing as County Road 222 to County Road 241, while its eastern end is at the junction with SR 26 a few miles east of the Gainesville Regional Airport.
  • SR 331 runs northeast and southwest through the City. It also serves as a truck route for State Roads 24, 26, and 121. Despite skirting the Gainesville City Limits, SR 331 runs north and south as a four-lane divided rural highway.

The city's streets lie on a grid system, with four quadrants (NW, NE, SW and SE). All streets are numbered, except for a few major thoroughfares, many of which are named for the towns they lead to (such as Waldo Road (SR 24), Hawthorne Road (SR 20), Williston Road (SR 121/SR 331), Archer Road (also SR 24) and Newberry Road (SR 26)). Streets called Avenues, Places, Roads or Lanes (often remembered by use of the acronym "APRiL") generally run east-west, while other streets (including Streets, Drives, Terraces, and Ways) generally run north-south.

Intercity rail

Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach buses connect with Jacksonville (Amtrak station) to the north and Lakeland (Amtrak station) to the south. Bus service connects with Amtrak's Silver Service. Amtrak service is available at Palatka, 32 miles (51 km) to the east.

At one time, Gainesville had railroad lines extending in six directions and was served by several depots. The earliest route reached the town in 1859. As traffic and business patterns changed, the less heavily used railroads were abandoned beginning in 1943, and some routes realigned, with the last trains running in the middle of Main Street in 1948.[69]

Passenger service included different Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) trains: the Havana Special, the West Coast Champion from New York City, and the Dixie Flyer from Chicago. Chicago service was furnished by a transfer at Jacksonville to the West Coast Champion. In 1967, the service continued on through Seaboard Coast Line Railroad which was created as a merger of ACL and Seaboard Air Line. However, by its final year of service, 1970, service was reduced to a Jacksonville-Gainesville-Trilby-St. Petersburg section.[70] Service into Gainesville had ended later in 1970, the year before Amtrak's creation.[71]

By the 1980s, the only freight operator into the city was the Seaboard System (formerly the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, now merged into CSX).

Airport, bus, and others

In addition to its extensive road network, Gainesville is served by Gainesville Regional Transit System, or RTS, Florida's fourth-largest mass transit system. The area is also served by Gainesville Regional Airport ("GNV"[72]) in the northeast part of the city, with daily service to Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth,[73] Miami, and Charlotte, North Carolina.

According to the 2000 census, 5.25 percent of Gainesville residents commuted to work by bike, among the highest figures in the nation for a major population center.

Culture

Gainesville is known for its support of the visual arts. Each year, two large art festivals attract artists and visitors from all over the southeastern United States.[74]

Cultural facilities include the Florida Museum of Natural History, Harn Museum of Art, the Hippodrome State Theatre, and the Curtis M. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts. Smaller theaters include the Acrosstown Repertory Theatre (ART), Actors' Warehouse, and the Gainesville Community Playhouse (GCP). GCP is the oldest community theater group in Florida; in 2006, it christened a new theater building.[75]

The presence of a major university enhances the city's opportunities for cultural lifestyles. The University of Florida College of the Arts[76] is the umbrella college for the School of Music, School of Theatre and Dance, School of Art and Art History, and a number of other programs and centers including The University Galleries, the Center for World Art, and Digital Worlds. Collectively, the College offers many performance events and artist/lecture opportunities for students and the greater Gainesville community, the majority offered at little or no cost.

Since 1989, Gainesville has been home to Theatre Strike Force, the University of Florida's premier improv troupe. Gainesville also hosts several sketch comedy troupes and stand-up comedians.

In April 2003, Gainesville became known as the "Healthiest Community in America" when it won the only "Gold Well City" award given by the Wellness Councils of America (WELCOA).[77] Headed up by Gainesville Health & Fitness Centers, and with the support of Shands HealthCare and the Gainesville Area Chamber of Commerce, 21 businesses comprising 60 percent of the city's workforce became involved in the "Gold Well City" effort. As of July 2011, Gainesville remained the only city in the country to win the award.

The counties surrounding Alachua County vote strongly Republican, while Alachua County votes strongly Democratic.[78] In the 2008 election, there was a 22% gap in votes in Alachua County between Barack Obama and John McCain, while the other 11 candidates on the ballot and write-in votes received approximately 1.46% of the vote.[79]

Homelessness issues

The National Coalition for the Homeless cited Gainesville as the 5th meanest city in the United States for its criminalization of homelessness in the Coalition's two most recent reports (in 2004 and 2009),[80][81] the latter time for its meal limit ordinance.[82] Gainesville has a number of ordinances targeting the homeless, including an anti-panhandling measure and one prohibiting sleeping outdoors on public property. In 2005, the Alachua Board of County Commissioners and the Gainesville City Commission responded by issuing a written "Ten Year Plan to End Homelessness";[83][84] which was followed by the 2010 "A Needs Assessment of Unsheltered Homeless Individuals In Gainesville, Florida" presentation to a joint meeting of Gainesville and Alachua County Commissions.[85] An indoor homeless shelter was built on the site of the former Gainesville Correctional Institution grounds, with surrounding area designated for tents.[86]

Marijuana culture

Gainesville is renowned in recreational drug culture for "Gainesville Green", a particularly potent strain of marijuana. Orange and Blue magazine published a feature article in 2003 about the history of Gainesville Green and the local marijuana culture in general.[87] In the mid-1990s, several Gainesville Hemp Festivals took place outside the Alachua County courthouse.

Music scene

Gainesville is well known for its music scene and has spawned a number of bands and musicians, including Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers,[88] Stephen Stills, Don Felder and Bernie Leadon of The Eagles, The Motels, Against Me!, Charles Bradley, Less Than Jake, Hot Water Music, Loyal Revival, John Vanderslice, Sister Hazel, Hundred Waters, and For Squirrels. It is also the location of independent labels No Idea Records and Elestial Sound, and the former home of Plan-It-X Records, which moved to Bloomington, Indiana. For two years, the Gainesville nonprofit Harvest of Hope Foundation hosted the Harvest of Hope Fest in St. Augustine.[89] Gainesville is also the home of Florida Rocks, the founders of "Santa Jam", who hold concerts every December throughout North Florida as a toy fundraiser for sick, injured, and homeless children and a showcase for local musicians. Since 2011 they have distributed nearly 700 toys to hospitals, local churches, homeless charities, and needy families across the area.

No Idea Records puts on an annual three-day rock festival known as The Fest, typically during the last weekend in October, coinciding with the annual Florida-Georgia football game, played in Jacksonville to minimize tensions between the largely out of town music festival goers with the University of Florida students and alumni.[90]

Between 1987 and 1998, Gainesville had a very active rock music scene, with Hollywood star River Phoenix having the local club Hardback Cafe as his main base. Phoenix's band Aleka's Attic was a constant feature of the rock scene.[91] The Phoenix family is still a presence in Gainesville, with Rain Phoenix's band Papercranes and Liberty Phoenix's store, Indigo.[92]

Gainesville is still known for its strong music community and was named "Best Place to Start a Band in the United States" by Blender magazine in March 2008.[93] The article cited the large student population, cheap rent, and friendly venues.

Over the past decade, Gainesville has been home to a wide variety of bands, from the Latin/afrobeat sounds of Umoja Orchestra, to the rock of Morningbell, to ska staples The Know How.[94]

Gainesville's reputation as an independent music mecca can be traced back to 1984 when a local music video station was brought on the air. The station was called TV-69, broadcast on UHF 69 and was owned by Cozzin Communications.[95] The channel drew considerable media attention thanks to its promotion by Bill Cosby, who was part owner of the station when it started. TV-69 featured many videos by punk and indie-label bands and had several locally produced videos ("Clone Love" by a local parody band, and a Dinosaur Jr. song).

Ben Hill Griffin Stadium

Sports

The Florida Gators is the varsity team of the University of Florida, competing in the Southeastern Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 1933. It has been ranked in the top 10 in the NACDA ranking since the 1983–84 season. It has won 40 national team championships, including two men's basketball titles, three football titles, four men's golf titles, and seven women's tennis titles.

Opened in 1969, the Gainesville Raceway is a dragstrip that hosts the Gatornationals, one of the four NHRA major races.

Startup culture

Roughly since the 2006 founding of Grooveshark, a Gainesville-based music streaming service, Gainesville has seen an increase in the number of technology-based startup companies founded and developed in the city, particularly the downtown area.[96][97][98] Among them are Digital Brands, SharpSpring, Fracture, Optym, and Feathr. The city celebrates Josh Greenberg Day annually in April, in honor of the late founder of Grooveshark and his contributions to the community's startup culture.[99]

Annual cultural events
  • The Spring Arts Festival, hosted each year, usually in early April, by Santa Fe College (formerly Santa Fe Community College), is one of the three largest annual events in Gainesville and known for its high-quality, unique artwork.[100]
  • The nationally recognized Downtown Festival and Art Show, hosted each fall by the City of Gainesville, attracts award-winning artists and a crowd of more than 100,000.[101]
  • The Hoggetowne Medieval Faire has attracted thousands of fairgoers for over 20 years.[102]
  • The Fest, a multi-day, multiple-venue underground music festival held annually in Gainesville since 2002.[103][104]

Media
Independent Florida Alligator Logo

Print
See also: List of newspapers in Florida

Gainesville is served by The Gainesville Sun and The Independent Florida Alligator, the student newspaper for the University of Florida and Santa Fe College.

The New York Times Editing Center also resides in Gainesville.[105]

Radio
See also: List of radio stations in Florida

Arbitron ranks the Gainesville-Ocala market as the nation's 83rd-largest.[106] Thirteen radio stations are licensed to operate in the city of Gainesville—five AM stations, six commercial FM stations, and two low-power non-commercial FM stations. Three of the stations (WRUF, WRUF-FM, and WUFT-FM) are operated by broadcasting students at the University of Florida. WUFT-FM is the city's NPR member station, while the WRUF stations are operated as commercial stations.

Television
See also: List of television stations in Florida

Gainesville is the 162nd-largest television market in the nation, as measured by Nielsen Media Research.[107] Broadcast television stations in the Gainesville market include WCJB, an ABC/CW affiliate in Gainesville; WGFL, a CBS affiliate broadcasting from High Springs; WNBW, a NBC affiliate in Gainesville; WOGX, a Fox owned-and-operated station (O&O) from Ocala; WMYG-LP, an analog MyNetworkTV affiliate broadcasting from Lake City; and WUFT, the PBS station affiliated with the University of Florida in Gainesville.

WOGX bears the distinction of being the smallest network O&O in the United States, as a semi-satellite of another Fox O&O, WOFL in Orlando.

Points of interest
Points of interest in Gainesville, Florida
  • Boardwalk at Devil's Millhopper
  • Newnans Lake
  • Sweetwater Wetlands Park at Payne's Prairie
  • The Oaks Mall
  • Gainesville's Depot Park

Sister cities

Gainesville maintains sister city relationships with eight cities:[108]

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gollark: Yes, fill out Form 45F and we'll get back to you in 6 to 8 weeks.
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See also

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Further reading
  • Andersen, Lars (2004). Paynes Prairie: The Great Savanna: A History and Guide. Sarasota, Florida, USA: Pineapple Press. ISBN 1-56164-296-7. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  • Braley, R. Olin (2004). The Killing of Harmon Murray: Being a True Account of the Life and Times of Florida's Premier Black Outlaw. Gainesville, Florida: The Alachua Press.
  • Fox, Kathleen A.; Lane, Jodi (2010). "Perceptions of gangs among prosecutors in an emerging gang city". Journal of Criminal Justice. 38 (4): 595–603. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.031.
  • Hicks, Rob (2008). Images of America: Gainesville. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5402-0.
  • Hildreth, Charles H.; Merlin G. Cox (1981). History of Gainesville, Florida 1854-1979. Gainesville, Florida: Alachua County Historical Society.
  • McCarthy, Kevin M.; Murray D. Laurie (1997). Guide to the University of Florida and Gainesville. Sarasota, florida: Pineapple Press. ISBN 1-56164-134-0.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1636-3.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1598-7.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1999). The Timucua. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21864-5.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (2006). Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2966-X.
  • Newton, Michael (2001). The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida. Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2120-0.
  • Pickard, Ben (1991). Historic Gainesville: a tour Guide to the Past. Gainesville, Florida: Historic Gainesville, Inc.
  • Rajtar, Steve (2007). A Guide to Historic Gainesville. Charleston, South Carolina; London: History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-217-8.
  • Taulbee, Lindsay. "Gainesville in the '70s: Changes roiling beneath a polite Southern surface". Gainesville Magazine. Gainesville Sun. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  • Washington, Ray. "University of Florida: Unrest amid the boom times 1960-1980". Gainesville Sun. Gainesville Sun. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
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