Tyne and Wear

Tyne and Wear (/ˌtaɪn  ...  ˈwɪər/) is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and City of Sunderland. It is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and has borders with Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south.

"T&W" redirects here. For the unitary authority in Shropshire, see Telford and Wrekin.

Tyne and Wear
Metropolitan and Ceremonial county

Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionNorth East England
Established1974
(Local Government Act 1972) Created from the five county boroughs within Northumberland (North of Tyne) and County Durham (South of Tyne)
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantSusan Winfield
High SheriffMrs Sarah Stewart [1] (2020–21)
Area538 km2 (208 sq mi)
 • Ranked44th of 48
Population (mid-2019 est.)1,136,371
 • Ranked16th of 48
Density2,105/km2 (5,450/sq mi)
Ethnicity2011:[2]
91.49% White British
4.10% Asian
1.98% Other White
0.97% Mixed
0.78% Black
0.67% Other
Metropolitan county
Area538 km2 (208 sq mi)
ONS code2D
NUTSUKC22/23

Districts of Tyne and Wear
Districts
  1. Gateshead
  2. Newcastle upon Tyne
  3. North Tyneside
  4. South Tyneside
  5. Sunderland
Members of Parliament
PoliceNorthumbria Police
Time zoneGreenwich Mean Time (UTC)
 • Summer (DST)British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Population density map

Prior to the 1974 reforms, the territory now covered by the county of Tyne and Wear straddled the border between the counties of Northumberland and Durham, the border being marked by the river Tyne; that territory also included five county boroughs.

Tyne and Wear County Council, based at Sandyford House, was abolished in 1986 along with the other metropolitan county councils in England by the Local Government Act 1985, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) have since functioned effectively as unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference,[3][4][5] and as a ceremonial county.

History

The Local Government Act 1888 constituted Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland as county boroughs (Newcastle had "county corporate" status as the "County and Town of Newcastle upon Tyne" since 1400). Tynemouth joined them in 1904. Between the county boroughs, various other settlements also formed part of the administrative counties of Durham and of Northumberland.

The need to reform local government on Tyneside was recognised by the government as early as 1935, when a Royal Commission to Investigate the Conditions of Local Government on Tyneside was appointed.[6] The three commissioners were to

examine the system of local government in the areas of local government north and south of the river Tyne from the sea to the boundary of the Rural District of Castle Ward and Hexham in the County of Northumberland and to the Western boundary of the County of Durham, to consider what changes, if any, should be made in the existing arrangements with a view to securing greater economy and efficiency, and to make recommendations.

The report of the Royal Commission, published in 1937,[7] recommended the establishment of a Regional Council for Northumberland and Tyneside (to be called the "Northumberland Regional Council") to administer services that needed to be exercised over a wide area, with a second tier of smaller units for other local-government purposes. The second-tier units would form by amalgamating the various existing boroughs and districts. The county boroughs in the area would lose their status. Within this area, a single municipality would be formed covering the four county boroughs of Newcastle, Gateshead, Tynemouth, South Shields and other urban districts and boroughs.[8]

A minority report proposed amalgamation of Newcastle, Gateshead, Wallsend, Jarrow, Felling, Gosforth, Hebburn and Newburn into a single "county borough of Newcastle-on-Tyneside". The 1937 proposals never came into operation: local authorities could not agree on a scheme and the legislation of the time did not allow central government to compel one.[9]

Tyneside (excluding Sunderland) was a Special Review Area under the Local Government Act 1958. The Local Government Commission for England came back with a recommendation to create a new county of Tyneside based on the review area, divided into four separate boroughs. This was not implemented. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed a Tyneside unitary authority, again excluding Sunderland, which would have set up a separate East Durham unitary authority.

The White Paper that led to the Local Government Act 1972 proposed as "area 2" a metropolitan county including Newcastle and Sunderland, extending as far south down the coast as Seaham and Easington, and bordering "area 4" (which would become Cleveland). The Bill as presented in November 1971 pruned back the southern edge of the area, and gave it the name "Tyneside". The name "Tyneside" proved controversial on Wearside, and a government amendment changed the name to "Tyne and Wear" at the request of Sunderland County Borough Council.[10]

post-1974 pre-1974
Metropolitan county Metropolitan borough County boroughs Non-county boroughs Urban districts Rural districts

Tyne and Wear amalgamates 24 former local government districts, including five county boroughs.
 Gateshead Gateshead - Blaydon • Felling • Ryton • Whickham Chester-le-Street
Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne - Gosforth • Newburn Castle Ward
North Tyneside Tynemouth Wallsend • Whitley Bay Longbenton • Seaton Valley -
South Tyneside South Shields Jarrow Boldon • Hebburn -
Sunderland Sunderland - Washington • Houghton-le-Spring • Hetton-le-Hole Easington

Local government

Although Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, several joint bodies exist to run certain services on a county-wide basis. Most notable is the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority, which co-ordinates transport policy. Through its passenger transport executive, known as Nexus, it owns and operates the Tyne and Wear Metro light rail system, and the Shields ferry service and the Tyne Tunnel, linking communities on either side of the River Tyne. Also through Nexus, the authority subsidises socially necessary transport services (including taxis) and operates a concessionary fares scheme for the elderly and disabled. Nexus has been an executive body of the North East Joint Transport Committee since November 2018.

Other joint bodies include the Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service and Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums, which was created from the merger of the Tyne and Wear Archives Service and Tyne and Wear Museums. These joint bodies are administered by representatives of all five of the constituent councils. In addition the Northumbria Police force covers Northumberland and Tyne and Wear.

There have been occasional calls for Tyne and Wear to be abolished and the traditional border between Northumberland and County Durham to be restored.[11][12]

Climate and environment

Tyne and Wear either has or closely borders two official Met Office stations, neither located in one of the major urban centres. The locations for those are in marine Tynemouth where Tyne meets the North Sea east of Newcastle and inland Durham in County Durham around 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Sunderland. There are some clear differences between the stations temperature and precipitation patterns even though both have a cool-summer and mild-winter oceanic climate.

Climate data for Tynemouth 33m asl, 1981–2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0)		 7.3
(45.1)		 9.0
(48.2)		 10.3
(50.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 18.1
(64.6)		 18.1
(64.6)		 16.1
(61.0)		 13.2
(55.8)		 9.7
(49.5)		 6.4
(43.5)		 12.1
(53.8)
Average low °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0)		 2.2
(36.0)		 3.3
(37.9)		 4.8
(40.6)		 7.2
(45.0)		 10.0
(50.0)		 12.3
(54.1)		 12.3
(54.1)		 10.4
(50.7)		 7.7
(45.9)		 4.9
(40.8)		 2.5
(36.5)		 6.7
(44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45.5
(1.79)		 37.8
(1.49)		 43.9
(1.73)		 45.4
(1.79)		 43.2
(1.70)		 51.9
(2.04)		 47.6
(1.87)		 59.6
(2.35)		 53.0
(2.09)		 53.6
(2.11)		 62.8
(2.47)		 53.9
(2.12)		 597.2
(23.51)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.1 81.6 117.7 149.9 191.7 183.0 185.7 174.9 174.1 106.2 70.4 51.9 1,515
Source: Met Office[13]
Climate data for Durham, elevation: 102 m (335 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1850–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1)		 17.4
(63.3)		 21.7
(71.1)		 24.1
(75.4)		 27.8
(82.0)		 30.6
(87.1)		 33.6
(92.5)		 32.5
(90.5)		 30.0
(86.0)		 25.0
(77.0)		 19.4
(66.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 33.6
(92.5)
Average high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)		 7.2
(45.0)		 9.5
(49.1)		 11.9
(53.4)		 15.0
(59.0)		 17.6
(63.7)		 20.1
(68.2)		 19.8
(67.6)		 17.2
(63.0)		 13.3
(55.9)		 9.4
(48.9)		 6.7
(44.1)		 12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8)		 4.1
(39.4)		 5.9
(42.6)		 7.8
(46.0)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.3
(55.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 15.4
(59.7)		 13.1
(55.6)		 9.8
(49.6)		 6.4
(43.5)		 3.9
(39.0)		 9.1
(48.4)
Average low °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6)		 0.9
(33.6)		 2.3
(36.1)		 3.7
(38.7)		 6.1
(43.0)		 9.0
(48.2)		 11.1
(52.0)		 11.0
(51.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 6.3
(43.3)		 3.4
(38.1)		 1.1
(34.0)		 5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) −17.2
(1.0)		 −18.3
(−0.9)		 −15.0
(5.0)		 −11.1
(12.0)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 1.1
(34.0)		 0.6
(33.1)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 −8.8
(16.2)		 −16.6
(2.1)		 −18.3
(−0.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.3
(2.06)		 41.8
(1.65)		 44.6
(1.76)		 52.7
(2.07)		 44.2
(1.74)		 55.4
(2.18)		 54.0
(2.13)		 60.8
(2.39)		 55.4
(2.18)		 60.9
(2.40)		 72.0
(2.83)		 57.0
(2.24)		 651.1
(25.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.4 9.3 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.7 9.0 9.6 9.3 11.3 12.3 11.7 122.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.6 80.3 115.5 150.3 181.7 164.8 172.3 167.3 134.5 102.8 66.4 51.2 1,445.4
Source 1: Met Office[14][15][16]
Source 2: Durham Weather UK[17]

Green belt
Further information: North East Green Belt

Tyne and Wear contains green belt interspersed throughout the county, mainly on the fringes of the Tyneside/Wearside conurbation. There is also an inter-urban line of belt helping to keep the districts of South Tyneside, Gateshead, and Sunderland separated. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. All the county's districts contain some portion of belt.

Politics
See also: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear

Tyne and Wear is divided into 12 Parliamentary constituencies. Historically, the area has been a Labour stronghold; South Shields is the only Parliamentary constituency that has never returned a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons since the Reform Act of 1832.

General Election 2010 : Tyne and Wear
LabourLiberal DemocratsConservativeBNPUKIPOthersGreenNational FrontTrade Union & SocialistChristian PartyTurnout
239,211
+7,338		 106,380
+9,129		 105,117
+30,595		 23,740
+20,071		 8,731
+4,876		 3,766
+59		 3,186
+1,932		 599
–398		 266
N/A		 131
N/A		 491,304
+73,971
Overall Number of seats as of 2010
LabourLiberal DemocratsConservativeBNPUKIPOthersGreenNational FrontTrade Union & SocialistChristian Party
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

At the level of local government, all of the region's five unitary authorities were controlled by Labour in 2019.

Newcastle and Sunderland are known for declaring their election results early on election night.[18] Therefore, they frequently give the first indication of nationwide trends. An example of this was at the 2016 European Union referendum. Newcastle was the first large city to declare, and 50.6% of voters voted to Remain; this proportion was far lower than predicted by experts. Sunderland declared soon after and gave a 62% vote to Leave, much higher than expected. These two results were seen as an early sign that the United Kingdom had voted to Leave.

Settlements
See also: List of Tyne and Wear settlements by population
Commuter rail services in the region

Italics indicate the district centre. For a complete list of all villages, towns and cities see the list of places in Tyne and Wear.

Borough/City Locality Authority
Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead Gateshead

Birtley
Blaydon
Low Fell
Rowlands Gill
Ryton
Sheriff Hill
Whickham

 Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council
City of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne - city centre

Byker
Blakelaw
Elswick
Fenham
Gosforth
Jesmond
Heaton
Newburn
North Kenton
Throckley
Walbottle
Walker
Westerhope
West Moor

 Newcastle upon Tyne City Council
Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside Wallsend

Annitsford
Backworth
Benton
Cullercoats
Dudley
Earsdon
Fordley
Forest Hall
Killingworth
Longbenton
Monkseaton
North Shields
Preston
Tynemouth
Whitley Bay
Wideopen

 North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council
Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside South Shields

Boldon
Cleadon
Harton
Hebburn
Jarrow
Westoe
Whitburn

 South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council
City of Sunderland Sunderland

Castletown
Fulwell
Hendon
Herrington
Hetton-le-Hole
Houghton-le-Spring
Hylton Red House
Newbottle
Penshaw
Rainton
Ryhope
Seaburn
Shiney Row
Silksworth
South Hylton
Southwick
Springwell Village
Warden Law
Washington

 Sunderland City Council

Places of interest
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gollark: I can do OC/CC GUIs (kind of) at least, definitely not Minecraft's-probably-crazy-GUI-framework ones.
gollark: UIs are evil, you see.
gollark: As in, yes I also hate making them.
gollark: Yes.

See also

References
  1. "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
  2. "2011 census: Ethnic group (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  3. Office for National Statistics Archived 23 December 2003 at the UK Government Web Archive - Gazetteer of the old and new geographies of the United Kingdom, p48. URL accessed 12 March 2007.
  4. Metropolitan Counties and Districts Archived 6 June 2002 at the UK Government Web Archive, Beginners' Guide to UK Geography, Office for National Statistics, 17 September 2004. URL accessed 12 March 2007.
  5. North East England Counties Archived 10 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Boundary Commission for England. URL accessed 12 March 2007.
  6. London Gazette, 10 May 1935
  7. Local Government in the Tyneside Area (Cmd.5402)
  8. Government of Tyneside : a Regional Council. The Times. 19 March 1937.
  9. Local Government on Tyneside. Sir K. Wood and Report of Commission. The Times. 22 September 1937.
  10. Hansard, 6 July 1972, column 909
  11. "Call to return the county to its historic status". Northumberland Gazette. 19 March 2016.
  12. Henderson, Tony (3 January 2019). "Are there signs that our traditional county boundaries are set to return?". Evening Chronicle.
  13. "Tynemouth climate information". Met Office. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  14. "Durham climate information". Met Office. 1981–2010. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  15. "Exceptional warmth, December 2015". Met Office. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  16. Kendon, Mike; McCarthy, Mark; Jevrejeva, Svetlana; Legg, Tim (2015). "State of the UK Climate 2015" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  17. "North East England Climate : Durham Weather". Durham Weather UK. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  18. Rodger, James (8 June 2017). "Why Sunderland and Newcastle always declare election results first". birminghammail.

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