Allied Democratic Forces insurgency

The Allied Democratic Forces insurgency is an ongoing conflict waged by the Allied Democratic Forces in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, against the governments of those two countries. The insurgency began in 1995, intensifying in 2013, resulting in hundreds of deaths. The ADF is known to currently control a number of hidden camps which are home to about 2,000 people; in these camps, the ADF operates as proto-state with "an internal security service, a prison, health clinics, and an orphanage" as well as schools for boys and girls.[6]

Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
Part of Kivu conflict
A UNFIB soldier during an operation against the ADF in Beni
Date 1996 – present[1] (24 years) Location Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Uganda  DR Congo Armed Forces (FARDC) MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade Supported by:  United States[2]	ADF NALU APC (armed wing of RCD/K-ML)[3] Tablighi Jamaat recruits[4] Hutu fighters  Islamic State Central Africa Province (from 2019)[5] Supported by: International financial backers[6] FARDC elements[3] LRA[7] Al-Shabaab[4] (disputed)[8] Various Jihadi groups (Ugandan and MONUSCO claim)[8]  Sudan (1990s; currently unknown)[9]
Commanders and leaders
Yoweri Museveni Félix Tshisekedi (from 2019) Joseph Kabila (to 2019) James Aloizi Mwakibolwa	Jamil Mukulu (POW)[4] Musa Baluku (WIA) Hood Lukwago (Possibly KIA)[10] Yusuf Kabanda  † Muhammad Kayiira  † Ashraf Lukwago Frank Kithasamba[1][11]
Strength
2019–2020: 22,000 FARDC troops[12] 3,000 UN troops[13]	800–1,400[1][13] c. 500 core fighters[6]
Casualties and losses
Unknown 5+[14] 17+ killed[14][4] (at least 15 Tanzanian[14], 1 Malawian,[15] 1 South African[16])	152+ killed[2][14] 314+ captured[2]
3,353+ people killed (including civilians, soldiers and rebels)[17][18][19][20][21] 150,000+ displaced[9]

Background

The ADF was formed by Jamil Mukulu, an ultra conservative Ugandan Muslim, belonging to the Tablighi Jamaat group. Mukulu was born as David Steven and was baptised as a Catholic, later converting to Islam, adopting a Muslim name and becoming radicalised. He reportedly spent the early 1990s in Khartoum, Sudan, coming into personal contact with Osama bin Laden.[1]

ADF merged with the remnants of another rebel group, the National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU), during the years following the fall of Idi Amin. ADF-NALU's initial goal was to overthrow Ugandan president's Yoweri Museveni government, replacing it with an Islamic fundamentalist state. The group went on to recruit former officers of the Ugandan army, as well as volunteers from Tanzania and Somalia. Funded by the illegal mining and logging industries of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ADF created 15 well organised camps in the Rwenzori Mountains, located in the DRC-Uganda border areas. The insurgence remained unaffected by government amnesty and talk efforts, as members married local women.[22]

According to intelligence sources, ADF has collaborated with al-Shabaab and Lord's Resistance Army. Receiving training and logistic support, with limited direct involvement from al-Shabaab's side. Other alleged sponsors of the faction include Sudanese Islamist politician Hassan al-Turabi and former DRC president Mobutu Sese Seko.[1][7]

Formed in 1989, ADF carried out its first attacks in 1995. The conflict gradually intensified, culminating in the 1998 Kichwamba Technical College attack, which left 80 people dead, with 80 more being abducted. By 2002, continuous pressure from the Ugandan Army forced ADF to relocate most of its activities into the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo. The insurgency continued on a smaller scale until 2013, which marked a resurgence of ADF activity, with the group launching a recruitment campaign along with numerous attacks.[1][23][24]

Beni killings

A report of The Congo Research Group at New York University, released in September 2017, indicted the Congolese Army commanders of orchestrating the massacres in Beni from 2014 to 2016. It cited multiple witnesses saying that army commanders, including the former top general in the zone, supported and in some cases organized the killings. Sources told it that during some massacres, soldiers secured the perimeter so that victims could not escape. It stated that the first massacres were orchestrated in 2013 by former leaders of the rebel group Popular Congolese Army (APC), which fought in the Congo War of 1998-2003 to create a new rebellion and undermine confidence in the central government of DRC. These rebels were working with ADF per the report. However, when the massacres began, the army commanders co-opted many of the networks of the local militias to weaken their rivals.[25]

Timeline

1996

On 13 November 1996, ADF perpetrated its first large-scale attack on the towns of Bwera and Mpondwe-Lhubiriha in Kasese district, Uganda. Approximately 50 people were killed in the attack. 25,000 people fled the towns, before they were recaptured by Ugandan troops.[26][27]

1998

On 20 February 1998, ADF abducted 30 children, in the aftermath of an attack on a Seventh-Day Adventist College in Mitandi, Kasese district.[9]

On 4 April 1998, 5 people were killed and at least 6 were wounded, when bombs exploded at two restaurants in Kampala.[28]

On 8 June 1998, ADF rebels killed 80 students of the Kichwamba Technical College in Kabarole District, Uganda. 80 students were abducted in the same raid.[28]

In June 1998, ADF rebels abducted over 100 school children from a school in Hoima, Uganda.[28]

In August 1998, 30 people were killed in three separate bus bombings, perpetrated by ADF.[28]

1999

Between 10 April 1999 - 30 May 1999 ADF carried out seven attacks, resulting in 11 dead and 42 wounded.[9]

On 9 December 1999, ADF attacked the Katojo prison facility, releasing 360 prisoners held for terrorism.[9]

2007 to 2008

A joint MONUSCO-FARDC patrol during an anti ADF operation.

During March 2007, the UPDF engaged ADF groups in multiple firefights, killing at least 46 in Bundibugyo and Mubende districts. The biggest battle occurred on March 27, when the UPDF faced an estimated 60 ADF troops and killed 34, including three senior commanders. The UPDF claimed to have retrieved numerous weapons as well as documents that tie the ADF to the LRA.[7]

On 13 April 2007, the UPDF and ADF engaged in an intense battle inside the Semuliki National Park, near the upscale Semliki Lodge tourist destination.[29]

Ceasefire and amnesty talks between the government of Uganda and the ADF were held in Nairobi starting in May 2008. Negotiations were complicated by the fragmentation of the ADF's leadership.[30] Non-combatant dependents of the ADF were repatriated to Uganda by the IOM. At least 48 ADF fighters surrendered and were given amnesty.[31] As the threat from the LRA in the DRC waned, the UPDF put increasing focus on the ADF as a reason for UPDF personnel to remain in the DRC.[32]

On 4 December 2007, 200 ADF and NALU militants surrendered to Ugandan authorities.[9]

2012

Between February 2012 to March 2012, over 60 ADF insurgents were arrested within Uganda.[2]

2013

On 24 January 2013, insurgents tortured and later executed 13 people who were previously abducted from the city of Oicha, North Kivu.[33]

In April 2013, it was reported that ADF started a recruitment campaign in Kampala and other parts of the country.[24] Citing a defector from ADF, "allAfrica" reported that some 10 new recruits joined ADF forces every day.[24]

In July 2013, the ADF renewed its fighting in the Congolese district of Beni. According to the UN Radio Okapi, the ADF together with the NALU, fought a pitched battle with the FARD, briefly taking the towns of Mamundioma and Totolito.[34] On July 11, the ADF attacked the town of Kamango, triggering the flight of over 60,000 refugees across the border into the Ugandan district of Bundibugyo.[35]

Early in September 2013, regional leaders under the International Conference of the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) asked the recently formed combative Intervention Brigade under MONUSCO to attack positions of foreign negative forces operating in DRC, including the ADF.[36]

On 23 September 2013, 3 people were killed during an ADF attack in the Watalinga Sector, North Kivu, DRC.[36]

On 27 September 2013, ADF militants killed five and abducted 30 people in an attack on a health center in the city of Maleki, DRC.[37]

On 23 October 2013, ADF guerrillas abducted 26 people from the village of Upira, North Kivu, later transferring them to the rebel strongholds of Makembi and Chuchubo.[38]

In the period between November 2012 and November 2013, ADF carried out 300 kidnappings.[39]

On 14 December 2013, 13 people were killed, in the aftermath of an ADF attack on the Musuku village, Uganda.[40]

On 15 December 2013, ADF killed eight people in the Biangolo village, Uganda.[40]

On 25 December 2013, ADF rebels attacked the city of Kamango, DRC. Over 50 civilians were killed and many buildings were burnt down. The city was retaken by the Congolese army the following day.[41]

On 29 December 2013, ADF rebels launched another attack on the city of Kamango. The ADF militants beheaded 21 civilians and urged the residents of the city to flee to Uganda.[41]

2014

On 17 January 2014, the Congolese army drove ADF militants soldiers out of the city of Beni, with the aid of UN's “Intervention Brigade” peace corps.[41]

On 17 February 2014, a Congolese army spokesman announced that the military had killed 230 ADF rebels in the aftermath of a monthlong offensive, 23 FARDC soldiers were also killed in the operation.[42]

On 23 March 2014, South African helicopters struck ADF forces for the first time, in support of Operation Sukola 1.[43]

Between 5–8 October 2014, ADF militants killed 15 people, within the North Kivu province, DRC.[44]

On 15 October 2014, ADF rebels killed 27 people in an attack on villages, located outside Beni.[44]

On 18 October 2014, ADF insurgents killed over 20 people, in an attack on the village of Byalos, DRC.[44]

On 31 October 2014, a crowd stoned to death, burned and then ate a suspected ADF insurgent in the town of Beni. The incident came after a number of ADF raids, that brought the October's civilian death toll to over 100 people.[45]

On 20 November 2014, rebels disguised as Congolese soldiers killed between 50 and 80 people near Beni.[46]

On 8 December 2014, militants hacked to death 36 civilians in the vicinity of Beni.[47]

On 26 December 2014, an ADF attack resulted in the deaths of 11 people, in the village of Ndumi, Ituri.[48]

2015

On 4 January 2015, a joint MONUSCO - FARDC offensive forced ADF militants out of the Mavure village, North Kivu. One rebel was killed, as government forces seized large amounts of drugs and training materials.[49]

On 5 February 2015, ADF carried out a night raid on the city of Beni hacking to death 23 people and injuring one.[50]

On 9 March 2015, ADF rebels killed one and injured two civilians in the area of the Semliki bridge, North Kivu.[51]

On 15 April 2015, an ADF attack on the villages of Matiba and Kinzika, Beni-Mbau sector, DRC, led to the deaths of 18 people.[52]

On 23 April 2015, ADF rebels massacred five civilians in the village of Kalongo, 6 km northwest of Oïcha.[53]

On 30 April 2015, the Ugandan media reported that the ADF's leader, Jamil Mukulu, had been arrested in Tanzania.[54]

On 8 May 2015, suspected ADF guerrillas attacked the Matembo neighborhood of the town of Mulekere, North Kivu. Seven people were slain in the attack bringing the region's 2015 death toll to over 300 casualties.[55]

In early December 2015, the ADF seized a MONUSCO base in North Kivu, killing a Malawian UN soldier in doing so. South African UN forces later retook the base, attacking with Rooivalk attack helicopters.[56]

2016

29 February - Thirteen civilians were killed by suspected Ugandan rebels in the Beni territory in eastern DRC. The killings took place in the village of Ntombi, located about 40 km northeast of Beni, an area massacres and recurrent attacks attributed to Allied Democratic Forces, a rebel group opposed to the Ugandan government and is considered a terrorist organisation.[57]

20 March - A priest of the Congregation of Caracholine Nyamilima was shot and critically wounded like his driver and a child present in the same car. The attackers was the Allied Democratic Forces, a rebel group opposed to the Ugandan government and is considered a terrorist organisation[58]

In early May 2016, assailants from the ADF armed with machetes hacked at least 16 civilians to death in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[59]

According to the Congolese military, at least nine people were hacked to death in an ADF attack in a village 30 km north of Beni in July 2016.[60]

The ADF has been blamed for the Beni massacre.

2017

7 October - ADF fighters ambush a group of state officials near Beni, killing 22.[4]

8 October - The ADF attacks a UN base in Goma, killing two peacekeepers and wounding 12.[4]

8 December - Hundreds of ADF insurgents launch a coordinated attack on a UN base in North Kivu province, killing at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five Congolese soldiers in a protracted, hours-long gun battle before finally withdrawing. 72 insurgents are also killed in the firefight. [14]

2018

15 January - Three Democratic Republic of Congo soldiers were killed while repelling an attack in the eastern Beni region by ADF Ugandan extremist rebels. Five others were wounded.[61][62]

2 February - Three people were killed in an attack by rebels of the ADF who also looted a hospital in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.[63]

3 March - Six people were shot dead and another was stabbed to death in a raid by ADF rebels in the village of Eringeti in Democratic Republic of Congo's North Kivu province.[64]

5-6 March - Twenty people were killed in several attacks by the ADF in the province of North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo. More than 15 others were reported missing after the attacks and probably kidnapped by the attackers.[65][66]

8 September - Muhammad Kirumira, the former police commissioner for Congo's Buyende District, is gunned down by several assassins. A female friend of Kirumira's is also killed in the attack. In 2019, Congolese authorities link the attack to the ADF and arrest two suspects. A third suspect dies in a shootout with police on September 28.[67]

4 October - ADF militants attacked an army outpost in Beni, Democratic Republic of Congo killing at least 6 people.[68]

3 November - Allied Democratic Forces Rebels killed at least 7 people and abducted 15 others including 10 children in raids and attacks in the DRC's North Kivu province.[69]

16 November - An ADF ambush near Beni, DRC, leaves 8 UN peacekeepers and 12 Congolese soldiers dead and 10 peacekeepers wounded. Additionally, one peacekeeper remains missing.[70]

22 November - Unidentified rebels, presumed to be ADF militants, open fire on a UN helicopter near the Ugandan border in eastern DRC. UN forces return fire before retreating back to base. Although the helicopter is damaged, there are no recorded casualties.[71]

27 November - ADF militants launch a nighttime assault on Oicha, DRC, killing six civilians. Congolese soldiers successfully repel the assault, killing one insurgent.[72]

11 December - ADF insurgents bypass Congolese army units and launch a second nighttime attack on Oicha, killing nine civilians and looting several homes.[73]

23 December - ADF forces attack the village of Masiani, just outside Beni, DRC, killing four civilians and a soldier. Three civilians are wounded.[74]

27 December - Protesters in Beni attack a medical holding center for patients infected with the Ebola virus, burning three tents and looting supplies. Congolese authorities blame the ADF.[75]

2019

7 January – ADF insurgents launch an attack on a market in the village of Mavivi, just north of Beni. Eight civilians (five of them children) are killed outright and at least two others later die of their injuries. Dozens of homes and farms are looted.[76]

9 January – ADF insurgents attack a Congolese army outpost in Beni. Three Congolese soldiers and seven civilians are killed in the resulting gun battle. An additional two Congolese soldiers are wounded.[77]

21 January – ADF insurgents attack Congolese soldiers in the village of Mapou, just outside Oicha.[78]

24 January – Three people are killed and two others were wounded in an ambush attack by presumed members of the ADF, in the province of North Kivu, on a highway that led to the city of Beni, four vehicles were left damaged by bullets.[79]

12 February – Congolese soldiers attack an ADF camp in Mamove, about 50 kilometers outside of Beni. Four insurgents are killed in the resulting firefight, and four hostages are rescued. Congolese soldiers also recover medicine that had been previously looted by the ADF.[80]

8 March – A park ranger is shot dead by unknown assailants in Virunga National Park. Congolese authorities blame the ADF for the killing.[81]

19 March – ADF fighters, disguised as security officers, infiltrate and attack Kalau, a majority-Christian village located just outside Beni. The resulting 4-hour assault kills six Christian civilians, including a 9-month-old child, and forces nearly 500 others to flee their homes.[82]

2 April – Ugandan authorities report that the ADF has begun establishing bases in Mozambique's Cabo Delgado Province.

5 April - 35-year-old American tourist Kimberly Sue Endicott and her native guide are kidnapped by a group of armed gunmen in Queen Elizabeth National Park, near the Uganda-DRC border. Endicott and her guide are released two days later after authorities reach a settlement with the kidnappers. Although the assailants have not been identified, it is strongly suspected by both Ugandan authorities and the United States that the ADF is behind the abduction.[83]

29 May - Suspected ADF fighters launch a massive assault on Congolese army barracks and UN Peacekeeping forces in the village of Ngite, near Mavivi, DRC. After the militants briefly capture the barracks, a joint UN-Congolese army counterattack inflicts heavy losses on the ADF, which withdraws following an intense firefight. At least 26 insurgents are killed in the gun battle. One South African UN Peacekeeper is wounded by a shot to the foot. Dozens of weapons, including AK-47s, machetes, grenades, mortars, and PKM machine guns, are recovered. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claims responsibility for the attack.[84][85]

4 June - ADF fighters attack a village in northeastern Beni, DRC, in an Ebola zone. 13 civilians and two Congolese soldiers are killed in the attack and a teenage girl is abducted by the militants. Congolese soldiers successfully repel the assault, killing one attacker. Clashes resume in the area later in the day. ISIL again claims responsibility for the attack.[86]

7 June - Officials from Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, and the DRC meet in Kinshasa to discuss a joint response to the ADF insurgency in North Kivu.[87]

22 July - ADF militants attack the cities of Eringeti and Oicha, killing a total of 12 civilians (nine in Eringeti and three in Oicha). 10 civilians, including children, are abducted. That same day, the ADF clashes with Congolese soldiers in the towns of Mangboko and Masulukwed, resulting in 11 fatalities.[88] ISIL claims responsibility for the attacks.[89]

27 August - A major ADF attack on Boga in the DRC's Ituri Province results in the abduction of 100-200 civilians and the looting of livestock, medicine, and food. Congolese soldiers engage in combat with the attackers, but no casualties are reported and there are conflicting reports of the effectiveness of the military's response. The attack lasts for about three hours.[90][91]

5 September - Tanzanian soldiers detain a truck full of cows destined for the DRC, alleging the shipment was arranged by ADF supporters to provide food for insurgents in the Congo.[92]

14 September - Congolese soldiers repel a suspected ADF attack on the town of Kitchanga. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claims responsibility for the assault.[93]

31 October – The Congolese army launched a large scale offensive against the ADF in the Beni Territory of the North Kivu Province. According to spokesman General Leon Richard Kasonga, "The DRC armed forces launched large-scale operations overnight Wednesday to eradicate all domestic and foreign armed groups that plague the east of the country and destabilize the Great Lakes region." The operation is being carried out by the FARDC without any foreign support.[94] The focus is primarily on the ADF but also other armed groups are being targeted.[95]

13 November - Ukrainian Mil Mi-24 helicopters operated by MONUSCO conduct airstrikes on an ADF insurgent group attacking an army base near the Semuliki River. The militants retreat into the surrounding woods following the airstrikes. No peacekeepers are reported injured.[96]

15-16 November - During the night of November 14-15, ADF insurgents attack a neighborhood in Beni, looting shops and homes. At least 15 civilians are killed, many of them by machete. It is believed the ADF carried out the attack in response to the renewed Congolese army offensive.[97] According to Congolese authorities, more than 40 civilians have been killed in such attacks since the Congolese army began a renewed offensive in early November.[98]

30 November - Congolese soldiers kill a high-ranking ADF commander, Mouhamed Islam Mukubwa, during an assault in the Mapobu forest in northeastern North Kivu. Mukubwa was described as one of the three major leaders of the ADF. Another senior ADF leader, Nasser Abdullayi Kikuku, was also killed earlier in the month.[99]

6 December - Two ADF attacks in the villages of Mantumbi and Kolokoko kill 17 civilians - two of whom are beheaded by machete.[100]

10 December - The United States imposes sanctions on ADF leader Musa Baluku and five other Congolese Islamist rebels.[101]

2020

13 January - 30 Congolese soldiers are killed and 70 are wounded in an intense battle with ADF militants at the ADF's headquarters camp, nicknamed "Madina", near Beni. 40 ADF insurgents are also reported killed, including five top commanders. The Congolese army nevertheless captures the camp, but fails to apprehend the target of the raid, ADF leader Musa Baluku.[102]

28 January - ADF militants hack 38 civilians to death with machetes in Oicha.[103][104]

30 January - ADF militants kill 21 civilians in three separate attacks on Oicha, Ache, and Mandumbi.[103]

8 February - ADF militants kill eight civilians and abduct 20 others in Magina, near Beni. The militants retreat after being confronted by police.[103]

9 February - 60 ADF fighters attack the village of Makeke, DRC, and kill seven civilians. Congolese soldiers and UN Peacekeepers respond and pursue the fleeing militants into the woods. After being cornered, 40 ADF fighters surrender to the Congolese army.[105]

17 February - An ADF attack in Beni kills at least eight civilians, an intelligence agent, and a Congolese soldier.[106]

18 February - ADF militants kill 12 civilians and burn down several houses in a village east of Beni.[107]

19 February - Five civilians taken hostage by the ADF are found murdered near Virunga National Park.[108]

24-25 February - Congolese soldiers and ADF insurgents clash on two occasions in the Kadohu village in Beni after government forces intercept an ADF raiding party. Seven ADF fighters and 2 Congolese soldiers are killed, and one ADF fighter is captured.[109]

28 February - The Congolese army releases a statement claiming to have pushed the ADF out of their last stronghold in the Beni region. [110]

1 March - ADF fighters are accused of killing 24 civilians and 12 others in an attack on a village in Ituri province.[111]

9-25 March - Scattered clashes in eastern Congo kill 14 Congolese soldiers and 62 ADF insurgents.[112]

20-24 March - Heavy fighting outside Beni kills 12 Congolese soldiers and 37 ADF insurgents. Congolese military officers report that the ADF's influence in North Kivu has been reduced by 80%.[113]

30 March - The ADF releases 38 hostages following a skirmish that left two civilians and one Congolese soldier dead.[114]

6 April - An ADF attack on the town of Halungpa (18 miles away from Beni) kills six civilians, including a child.[115]

14 April - A civilian is killed in an ADF attack on Beni. The Congolese army repels the assault in a skirmish that leaves two soldiers and five insurgents dead.[116]

24 May - 9 civilians killed in ADF attack on a village, the ADF burned several houses to the ground as well. The army claimed they killed 17 of the attackers.[117]

25 May - 17 civilians killed in an ADF on the village of Makutano.[118]

26 May - At least 40 civilians were killed with machetes in an by the ADF on a village in Ituri province.The ADF also looted food and valuables in the attack.[119]

16 June - 6 Civilians including 4 women were killed and 6 more missing in an ADF attack along the Eringeti-Kainama road in North Kivu. More then 60 homes were also burned by the ADF in the attack.[120]

19 June - 9 Civilians were kidnapped then killed by the ADF.[121]

20 June - 10 Civilians were killed when the ADF Attacked the village of Bukaka.[121]

20 June - Another 10 Civilians were killed when the ADF attacked the village of Biangolo.[122]

21 June - 10 Civilians were killed when the ADF attacked the village of Vukaka.[122]

22 June - A UN Indonesian peacekeeper was killed and another injured in an attack on their patrol. The attack took place in the town of Makisabo near the city of Beni in the North Kivu province.[123]

See also

Casualty recording

References

1. "The Rise of ADF-NALU in Central Africa and Its Connections with al-Shabaab". Jamestown Foundation. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
2. "Security Crisis As Uganda Faces ADF Insurgency". 18 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
3. "THE BENI KILLINGS: OUR FINDINGS". Congo Research Group. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
4. Alexandra Johnson (11 October 2017). "The Allied Democratic Forces Attacks Two UN Peacekeepers in the DRC". Center for Security Policy. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
5. West (2019), pp. 7–9.
6. Daniel Fahey (19 February 2015). "New insights on Congo's Islamist rebels". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
7. Wikileaks Cable: Government Demands Action Against Ugandan Rebels In Congo. Embassy Kampala (Uganda): Wikileaks. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
8. Kristof Titeca (27 September 2016). "Jihadis in Congo? Probably not". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
9. "ADF-NALU's Lost Rebellion" (PDF). 19 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
10. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. "Army denies death of ADF commander". 29 July 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
12. Congolese Army's Optimism Undermined by New ADF Massacres. Kivu Security Blog.
13. "Congo army attacks Ugandan Islamist rebels in lawless east". 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
14. "At Least 15 U.N. Peacekeepers Are Killed in Congo". The New York Times. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
15. Helfrich, Kim. "Malawian soldier killed and another wounded in latest DRC rebel attack - defenceWeb". Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
16. "SA soldier killed as Congo rebels mount dawn attack on base - HeraldLIVE". Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
17. "ACLED Version 6 (1997–2015)". Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
18. "Rebels kill 15 peacekeepers in Congo in worst attack on U.N. in recent". 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017 – via Reuters.
19. "Realtime Data (2016)". ACLED. Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
20. "Realtime Data (2017)". ACLED. Archived from the original on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
21. "ACLED Data (2018)". ACLED. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
22. "Uganda's heart of darkness". Al Jazeera. 24 December 2013. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
23. "UGANDA: IRIN Special Report on the ADF rebellion". 8 December 1999. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
24. Candia, Steven (2013-04-11). "Uganda: Allied Democratic Forces Recruiting in Kampala, Says Defector (Page 1 of 2)". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
25. Ross, Aaron. "Locked in power struggle, Congo army and militia massacred hundreds: report". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
26. "Mpondwe struggles to recover after insurgency". 20 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
27. "Zairean Troops Attack Uganda". 14 November 1996. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
28. "Allied Democratic Forces". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
29. Wikileaks Cable: Uganda: Adf Clash With Updf Near Tourist Lodge. Embassy Kampala (Uganda): Wikileaks. 2007-04-17. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
30. Wikileaks Cable: Nugandan Government Negotiations With Allied Democratic Forces. Embassy Kampala (Uganda): Wikileaks. 2008-05-16. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
31. Wikileaks Cable: Uganda: 2009 Country Reports On Terrorism. Embassy Kampala (Uganda): Wikileaks. 2009-12-21. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
32. Wikileaks Cable: Uganda: Dagne Staffdel Meetings With Mfa And Defense Ministry. Embassy Kampala (Uganda): Wikileaks. 2009-11-17. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
33. "Nord-Kivu: la société civile accuse les ADF-Nalu de l'exécution de 13 civils à Oïcha". Radio Okapi. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
34. Kambale, Juakali (2 July 2013). "16 killed in clash between DRC army and Ugandan militias". Africa Review. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
35. "Rebels Drive More Than 60,000 From Congo to Uganda". New York Times. AP. 14 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
36. newvision (2013-09-26). "ADF kill three in DR Congo". Newvision.co.ug. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
37. "5 Dead In ADF Raid On DRC Health Facility". 1 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
38. "Nord-Kivu: les rebelles de l'ADF-Nalu enlèvent 26 personnes à Upira". Radio Okapi. 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
39. "U.N. task force looking into one of next Congo targets: Islamist ADF". Reuters. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
40. "ADF Kills 20, Most Victims Women And Girls". 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
41. "ADF Forces Take Charge in Eastern DRC". 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
42. "Congo Military Says It Killed 230 Ugandan Rebels". New York Times. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
43. Wingrin, Dean. "SA attack helicopters in renewed action in the DRC - defenceWeb". Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
44. "Rebels kill more than 20 people in east Congo village". Reuters. 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
45. "Congo crowd kills man, eats him after militant massacres: witnesses". 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
46. "Up to 80 people killed by suspected Ugandan rebels in Congo: group". Reuters. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
47. "Ugandan rebels wielding machetes kill 36 people in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Reuters. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
48. "Ituri : 11 personnes tuées par des présumés ADF à Ndume". Radio Okapi. 27 December 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
49. "Nord-Kivu: les FARDC et la Monusco délogent les ADF de Mavume". Radio Okapi. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
50. "Machete attack kills 23 in DR Congo". Business Recorder. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
51. "Début de l'opération militaire contre les ADF à la frontière entre le Nord-Kivu et la Province Orientale". Radio Okapi. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
52. "Beni: 18 morts, bilan revu à la hausse de l'attaque attribuée aux ADF". Radio Okapi. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
53. "Beni : 5 personnes tuées par machettes par des ADF". Radio Okapi. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
54. "Fugitive Ugandan Islamist rebel leader held: report". AFP. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
55. "Nord-Kivu: nouveau massacre à Beni, 7 morts". Radio Okapi. 9 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
56. Sello, Lenyaro. "SA troops battle armed group in DRC, retake base". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
57. "RD Congo : 13 civils tués par de présumés rebelles ougandais dans l'Est". Jeune Afrique. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
58. "Nord-Kivu: un prêtre catholique grièvement blessé dans une attaque attribuée aux FDLR". Radio Okapi. 20 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
59. "Rebels kill at least 17 civilians in eastern Congo". 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
60. "Suspected rebels hack nine people to death in northeast Congo: army". Reuters. 2016-07-05. Archived from the original on 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
61. "3 DRC soldiers killed while repelling Uganda rebels". www.herald.co.zw. Archived from the original on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
62. "Uganda says rebel attack won't deter DR Congo operation". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
63. AfricaNews. "Rebels kill 3 soldiers, looting clinic in eastern DRC". Africanews. Archived from the original on 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
64. "Seven dead in east DR Congo raid blamed on Ugandan rebels". Daily Monitor. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
65. "RDC : 20 personnes tuées par les présumés ADF à Beni". Radio Okapi (in French). 2018-03-07. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
66. Press, Europa (2018-03-07). "Mueren 20 personas a causa de ataques de presuntos miembros de las ADF en el este de RDC". europapress.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
67. Kigongo, Juliet (28 March 2019). "Uganda: ADF Agents Named in Kirumira Murder". Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019 – via AllAfrica.
68. "Rebels kill Democratic Republic of Congo soldiers and civilians in Beni attack". thedefensepost.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
69. "Rebels kill 7 civilians in eastern DR Congo: army". PressTV. Archived from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
70. http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "UN says 8 peacekeepers killed in fight against Congo rebels". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
71. "Uganda rebels fire on UN helicopter in DRC". The East African. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
72. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-12-04. Retrieved 2018-12-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
73. "Nine killed in DR Congo raid blamed on ADF". The Defense Post. 11 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
74. "Suspected rebel attack in DR Congo kills five". www.Newvision.co.ug. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
75. "Patients flee after Ebola holding center is attacked by election-delay protesters in Congo". 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019 – via Japan Times Online.
76. Published. "Gunmen kill 10 civilians, children in DR Congo". Punchng.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
77. "ADF attack in Beni kills 10, DR Congo army says". The Defense Post. 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
78. "ACLED Regional Overview – Africa (29 January 2019) - Democratic Republic of the Congo". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
79. "Beni : 3 morts dans une embuscade des rebelles présumés ADF" (in French). Mediacongo.net. Archived from the original on 2019-01-26. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
80. AFP. "DR Congo army says 4 militiamen killed, hostages released". ewn.co.za. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
81. "Ranger killed in park attack in Democratic Republic of Congo". UPI. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
82. "6 Christians Killed, 470 Flee in Congo Attack". Opendoorsusa.org. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
83. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-04-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
84. "Islamic State claims attacks on DR Congo army, UN; FARDC says 26 ADF fighters killed". The Defense Post. May 30, 2019.
85. "South African soldiers repulse ADF rebels in DRC firefight". June 3, 2019.
86. "Attack in DRC kills at least 13 civilians in Ebola zone". Attack in DRC kills at least 13 civilians in Ebola zone.
87. "Four African nations plan joint response to militia in DR Congo". www.thepeninsulaqatar.com.
88. "ACLED Regional Overview – Africa (30 July 2019) - Democratic Republic of the Congo". ReliefWeb.
89. "Ebola region rocked by more violence as new funds announced". CIDRAP.
90. "ADF rebels attack Boga, DR Congo". www.newvision.co.ug.
91. "ACLED Regional Overview – Africa (3 September 2019) - Democratic Republic of the Congo". ReliefWeb.
92. "Police intercepts donation meant for ADF rebels". September 5, 2019.
93. "ACLED Regional Overview – Africa (25 September 2019) - Democratic Republic of the Congo". ReliefWeb.
94. DR Congo army launches ‘large-scale operations’ against militias in Beni territory. The Defense Post – October 31, 2019.
95. DR Congo launches large-scale operation against rebels. Al Jazeera – November 1, 2019.
96. "Ukrainian Mi-24 crews deliver airstrike on ADF militants in Congo on MONUSCO Command's order". www.unian.info.
97. "Civilans killed in eastern DRC by ADF rebels in revenge attack over Congolese army's operation". RFI. November 16, 2019.
98. Inc, Midwest Communications. "At least 15 civilians killed in eastern Congo by suspected Islamist militants". The Mighty 790 KFGO.
99. Wilkinson, Tom (December 5, 2019). "Rebel Leader Killed In DRC". The Organization for World Peace.
100. "DR Congo: 17 Peoples Died in Suspected 2 Rebel Attacks in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)". December 7, 2019.
101. "U.S. imposes sanctions on Islamist rebels in eastern Congo". December 10, 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
102. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/rebels-kill-30-soldiers-in-dr-congo/1700650
103. "Militia massacre kills eight in east DR Congo: police". Devdiscourse.
104. Reporter, Our. "Congo army hunts ADF chief Baluku | edge".
105. "DRC: 40 ADF Fighters Captured in East – UN | The North Africa Post". northafricapost.com.
106. "You are being redirected..." www.maravipost.com.
107. "DRC: At least twelve killed in new massacre near Beni | The North Africa Post". northafricapost.com.
108. Mbewa, David Ochieng. "Five Allied Democratic Forces hostages found dead in eastern DR Congo".
109. "DR Army Clashes with ADF Rebels Leaves 9 Dead". February 24, 2020.
110. Wambua-Soi, Catherine. "ADF rebels cleared from last stronghold in Beni: DR Congo army". www.aljazeera.com.
111. "Militia kills 24 people in northeastern DR Congo". www.thenews.com.pk.
112. "Fighting in east DR Congo kills 14 soldiers". www.thenews.com.pk.
113. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/dr-congo-49-dead-in-clashes-between-army-rebels/1777453
114. "ADF Releases 38 Hostages Amid Pressure from DR Congo Army". March 31, 2020.
115. "Six killed in quarantined DR Congo region". Manila Bulletin News.
116. "More than two dozen killed in DR Congo militia attacks". DispatchLIVE.
117. https://www.independent.co.ug/adf-kills-nine-in-eastern-dr-congo-attack/
118. "Forty Villagers Killed in Massacre in Northeast Congo". The New York Times. 27 May 2020.
119. "At least 40 killed in latest DR Congo massacre | News | al Jazeera".
120. "Six killed as militia torches homes in east DRC - local official | News | bignewsnetwork".
121. "Gunmen kill more than dozen civilians in eastern DR Congo attacks". Big News Network.com.
122. "Twenty civilians killed in attacks on northeastern Congo villages". June 22, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
123. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/un-peacekeeper-killed-in-dr-congo-attack/1887175

Works cited

• West, Sunguta (31 May 2019). "Has Islamic State Really Entered the Congo and is an IS Province There a Gamble?" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. Jamestown Foundation. 17 (11): 7–9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)