UTF-1

UTF-1 is a method of transforming ISO 10646/Unicode into a stream of bytes. Its design does not provide self-synchronization, which makes searching for substrings and error recovery difficult. It reuses the ASCII printing characters for multi-byte encodings, making it unsuited for some uses (for instance Unix filenames cannot contain the byte value used for forward slash). UTF-1 is also slow to encode or decode due to its use of division and multiplication by a number which is not a power of 2. Due to these issues, it did not gain acceptance and was quickly replaced by UTF-8.

UTF-1

Language(s)	International
Current status	Obscure, of mainly historical interest.
Classification	Unicode Transformation Format, extended ASCII, variable-width encoding
Extends	US-ASCII
Transforms / Encodes	ISO 10646 (Unicode)
Succeeded by	UTF-8

Design

Similar to UTF-8, UTF-1 is a variable-width encoding that is backwards-compatible with ASCII. Every Unicode code point is represented by either a single byte, or a sequence of two, three, or five bytes. ASCII is supported via the single-byte encodings, which, unlike those of UTF-8, also include the non-ASCII code points U+0080 through U+009F.

UTF-1 does not use the C0 and C1 control codes or the space character in multi-byte encodings: a byte in the range 0–0x20 or 0x7F–0x9F always stands for the corresponding code point. This design with 66 protected characters tried to be ISO 2022 compatible.

UTF-1 uses "modulo 190" arithmetic (256 − 66 = 190). For comparison, UTF-8 protects all 128 ASCII characters and needs one bit for this, and a second bit to make it self-synchronizing, resulting in "modulo 64" arithmetic (8 − 2 = 6; 2⁶ = 64). BOCU-1 protects only the minimal set required for MIME-compatibility (0x00, 0x07–0x0F, 0x1A–0x1B, and 0x20), resulting in "modulo 243" arithmetic (256 − 13 = 243).

code point	UTF-8	UTF-1
U+007F	7F	7F
U+0080	C2 80	80
U+009F	C2 9F	9F
U+00A0	C2 A0	A0 A0
U+00BF	C2 BF	A0 BF
U+00C0	C3 80	A0 C0
U+00FF	C3 BF	A0 FF
U+0100	C4 80	A1 21
U+015D	C5 9D	A1 7E
U+015E	C5 9E	A1 A0
U+01BD	C6 BD	A1 FF
U+01BE	C6 BE	A2 21
U+07FF	DF BF	AA 72
U+0800	E0 A0 80	AA 73
U+0FFF	E0 BF BF	B5 48
U+1000	E1 80 80	B5 49
U+4015	E4 80 95	F5 FF
U+4016	E4 80 96	F6 21 21
U+D7FF	ED 9F BF	F7 2F C3
U+E000	EE 80 80	F7 3A 79
U+F8FF	EF A3 BF	F7 5C 3C
U+FDD0	EF B7 90	F7 62 BA
U+FDEF	EF B7 AF	F7 62 D9
U+FEFF	EF BB BF	F7 64 4C
U+FFFD	EF BF BD	F7 65 AD
U+FFFE	EF BF BE	F7 65 AE
U+FFFF	EF BF BF	F7 65 AF
U+10000	F0 90 80 80	F7 65 B0
U+38E2D	F0 B8 B8 AD	FB FF FF
U+38E2E	F0 B8 B8 AE	FC 21 21 21 21
U+FFFFF	F3 BF BF BF	FC 21 37 B2 7A
U+100000	F4 80 80 80	FC 21 37 B2 7B
U+10FFFF	F4 8F BF BF	FC 21 39 6E 6C
U+7FFFFFFF	FD BF BF BF BF BF	FD BD 2B B9 40

Although modern Unicode ends at U+10FFFF, both UTF-1 and UTF-8 were designed to encode the complete 31 bits of the original Universal Character Set (UCS-4), and the last entry in this table shows this original final code point.

See also

• Comparison of Unicode encodings
• Universal Character Set

References

• "The Unicode Standard: Appendix F FSS-UTF" (PDF) (PDF, 768 KiB). Version 1.1. Unicode, Inc.
• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC2/WG2 (1993-01-21). "ISO IR 178: UCS Transformation Format One (UTF-1)" (PDF) (PDF, 256 KiB) (1 ed.). Registration number 178.
• Czyborra, Roman (1998-11-30). "Unicode Transformation Formats: UTF-8 & Co". Archived from the original on 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
• F. Yergeau, F. "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646".