Timeline of the Tang dynasty

This is a timeline of the Tang dynasty, which covers a period of roughly 289 years, from 618, when the dynasty was founded, to 907, when the last Tang emperor was deposed by the warlord Zhu Wen, who established the Later Liang dynasty, inaugurating the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Information on areas and events relevant to the Tang dynasty such as the Wu interregnum, when Wu Zetian established her own Zhou dynasty, and other realms such as the Sui dynasty, Tibetan Empire, Three Kingdoms of Korea, Nanzhao, Japan and steppe nomads are also included where necessary.

See also: Timeline of the Sui dynasty, Timeline of the Khitans, and Timeline of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Map of the Tang dynasty

7th Century

610s

Year	Date	Event
617		Shibi Khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate aids Li Yuan in his rebellion against the Sui dynasty[1]
618	11 April	Emperor Yang of Sui is killed by strangulation in a coup led by his general Yuwen Huaji in Jiangdu[2]
	12 June	Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu of Tang - note that Tang emperor naming convention uses the posthumous Temple Name) deposes Yang You and founds the Tang dynasty; so ends the Sui dynasty[2]
	29 November	Battle of Qianshuiyuan: Li Shimin defeats pretender Xue Rengao and his short lived state of Qin
619		Wang Bo (王薄) and Du Fuwei surrender to Tang[3][4]
		Some of the most powerful independent forces include Wang Shichong in Luoyang, Liu Wuzhou in north Shanxi, Dou Jiande in Hebei, and Shen Faxing in the south[2]
		Yuwen Huaji is killed by Dou Jiande[2]

620s

Year	Date	Event
620		Li Shimin defeats Liu Wuzhou[2]
621	28 May	Battle of Hulao: Tang forces defeat the warlord Dou Jiande and he is captured by Li Shimin[2]
		Tang forces defeat Wang Shichong and take Luoyang[2]
		Dou Jiande's general Liu Heita rebels[2]
622		Rebel Li Zitong tries to flee from Chang'an but is arrested and executed[5]
		Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate attacks Tang[6]
623		Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu: Chai Shao defeats a Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu[7]
		Li Jiancheng defeats Liu Heita; Liu Heita is captured and killed[2]
		Fu Gongshi declares himself emperor in Danyang, Jiangsu (Nanjing)[2]
624		Fu Gongshi is killed; Tang forces conquer the south[2]
		Zu Yong Diao tax system is implemented[2]
		Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and his nephew Tölis Qaghan (Ashina Shibobi) invade the Tang dynasty but Li Shimin contacts Tölis and persuades him not to attack, forcing the invasion to a halt[8][2]
625		Eastern Turkic Khaganate launches repeated raids in northern frontier areas; some raids reach as far south as Shanxi; largest one was directed by Illig Qaghan against Shuozhou (in north Shanxi) but is repulsed[2]
626	2 July	Xuanwu Gate Incident: Li Shimin kills his brothers the crown prince Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji at Chang'an[2]
	4 September	Emperor Gaozu of Tang is forced into retirement and Li Shimin becomes emperor (Taizong)[2]
	Autumn	Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate raids to within a few miles of Chang'an and withdraws after Emperor Taizong of Tang agrees to a payment of tribute.[2]
627		A large number of prefectures and counties are combined or abolished; the Ten Circuits are introduced[2]
		Tang dynasty and Uyghur forces engage in battle with the Turks and Tibetans[9][10]
628	3 June	Rebel Liang Shidu dies from assassination[2]
629		Buddhist monk Xuanzang sets off for the west[2]

630s

Year	Date	Event
630		Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks: Illig Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Li Jing of the Tang dynasty and captured by Li Shiji but released; the Eastern Turkic Khaganate becomes a vassal of Tang; Emperor Taizong of Tang becomes heavenly qaghan[2][11]
		Japanese missions to Tang China: Japan sends its first mission to the Tang dynasty[12]
631		Gao Biaoren (高表仁) accompanies Japanese embassy back to Japan[13]
632		Khotan (Yutian) and Kashgar (Shule) submit to the Tang dynasty as vassals[14]
		Qibi Heli of the Tiele bring more than 1,000 households to Tang[15]
634		Yong'an Palace (永安宮) (Daming Palace) is completed[16]
		Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire sends an embassy to the Tang[17]
635		Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun: Emperor Taizong of Tang launches a campaign against Tuyuhun, a Xianbei empire to the west, and annexes the area[18]
		Yarkand (Shache) submits to the Tang dynasty.[14]
		Yong'an Palace renamed Daming Palace[16]
636		The fubing system is revised to comprise 634 intrepid garrisons (zhechong fu 折衝府)[12]
638		Gar Tongtsen Yulsung of the Tibetan Empire arrives in Tang to ask for a princess bride[19]
		Tibetan attack on Songzhou: The Tibetan Empire attacks the city of Songzhou, now modern Songpan, in Sichuan[20]
639		Census estimates a total population of 50 million residing within Tang administrated territory[21][22]

640s

Year	Date	Event
640		Tang campaign against Karakhoja: Hou Junji conquers Karakhoja and annexes Gaochang (Turpan, Xinjiang); the Protectorate General to Pacify the West is created[12][23]
		Gar Tongtsen Yulsung of the Tibetan Empire arrives in Tang with tribute and successfully requests for a princess bride[24]
641		Princess Wencheng, an imperial sororal kin of the Tang dynasty, arrives in Tibet as Songtsen Gampo's bride[12]
643		Crown Prince Li Chengqian is deposed[12]
644		Emperor Taizong of Tang starts preparations for a campaign against Goguryeo[12]
		Tang campaigns against Karasahr: Tang general Guo Xiaoke attacks Karasahr and achieves military victory but Karasahr remains a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate[25]
		Aksu (Gumo) submits to Tang [25]
645		First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War: Emperor Taizong of Tang leads an invasion of Goguryeo in person but withdraws after failure to conquer Anshi (northeast of Yingkou, Liaoning)[12]
		Xuanzang returns from India[12]
646		Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo: Tang forces defeat Xueyantuo in battle and their khan surrenders[26]
647		Li Shiji leads another campaign against Goguryeo, but does not succeed[12]
648		Emperor Taizong of Tang launches one more campaign against Goguryeo unsuccessfully[12]
		Tang campaign against Kucha: Tang general Ashina She'er conques Kucha (Qiuci)[23]
		Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire attacks Arjuna, usurper of Harsha of Mithila, for accosting the Tang ambassador Wang Xuance[27][12]
		Khitans submit to Tang as vassals[28]
649	10 July	Emperor Taizong of Tang sucumbs to illness, possibly from the pills he took from his alchemists, and dies, his son Li Zhi succeeds him and becomes Emperor Gaozong of Tang[12]
		The campaign against Goguryeo is called off[12]

650s

Year	Date	Event
650		Earliest known extant piece of printed text appears in Chang'an: a fragment of a Buddhist dhāraṇī scroll written in Sanskrit, known as the Great spell of unsullied pure light (Wugou jingguang da tuoluoni jing 無垢淨光大陀羅尼經)[29]
653		A woman claims the title of emperor and rises in rebellion, causing widespread disruption for a few weeks before she is defeated and dies[30]
655		Wu Zetian is set up as empress[12]
656		Cheng Yaojin defeats the Karluk and Turgesh forces of the Western Turkic Khaganate[12]
657		Battle of Irtysh River: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty[31]
658		Conquest of the Western Turks: Ashina Helu of the Western Turkic Khaganate is defeated by Su Dingfang of the Tang dynasty and lives out the rest of his days in Chang'an; the Western Turkic Khaganate is annexed by Tang[32]
		Luoyang becomes the Eastern Capital[12]
659		Evidence of a dental amalgam appears in the medical text Newly Revised Herbal Foundation (《新修本草》, Xīnxiū Běncǎo) written by Su Gong (苏恭), manufactured from tin and silver.[33]

660s

Year	Date	Event
660		Su Dingfang defeats Baekje[12]
		Tibetan Empire and their Turkic allies attack Shule[34]
		Tang attacks the Khitans and captures their leader Abugu, sending him back to Luoyang[35]
		Emperor Gaozong of Tang begins suffering from severe headaches as well as loss of vision and yields decision making power to Wu Zetian[12]
661		Su Dingfang lays siege to Pyongyang[12]
		Peroz III of the Sasanian Empire requests military aid from Tang against the Arab invasion of Persia[36]
662		Tang troops lift siege of Pyongyang due to lack of food supplies[37]
		Liu Rengui inflicts a fatal blow on Baekje[37]
		The Daming Palace is rebuilt[16]
663		Battle of Baekgang: Liu Rengui and others vanquish Baekje, having defeated a combined Baekje and Yamato fleet[37]
		Tibetan Empire attacks Yutian but are repelled[38]
		The Daming Palace is completed[39]
664		Liu Rengui sends a memorial to the emperor reporting low morale of troops in Korea[40]
		Emperor Gaozong of Tang makes a failed attempt to depose Wu Zetian[37]
665		Wu Zetian becomes the de facto ruler[37]
		Tibetan Empire and Turkic allies attack Yutian[34]
667		Xue Rengui achieves a decisive victory against Goguryeo[37]
668		Li Shiji sacks Pyongyang and conquers Goguryeo;[37] the Protectorate General to Pacify the East is established[41]
669		General Li Shiji dies[37]

670s

Year	Date	Event
670		Battle of Dafei River: Tibetan Empire destroys Xue Rengui's allegedly 100,000 strong army, captures Qiuci, and attacks Gumo[37][42]
		Peroz III arrives at the Tang court[36]
673		Tang captures Qiuci[23][34]
		Tang consolidates control over the Wudoulu Turks living in the area that came to be known as Dzungaria[43]
675		Tang defeats Silla in Gyeonggi[41]
676		Tibetan Empire attacks Die, Fu, and Jing prefectures. Fengtian and Wugong are sacked.[44]
		The Protectorate General to Pacify the East relocates to Liaoyang[45][46]
677		Tibetan Empire captures Qiuci[23][34]
		Ashina Duzhi, previously a Tang general tasked with controlling the Wuduolu Turks, rebels and declares himself Onoq Khagan, ruler of all Turks.[44]
		The Protectorate General to Pacify the East relocates to Xincheng, in modern Fushun, Liaoning[45][46]
678		Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army in the Qinghai region[42]
		Pei Xingjian (裴行儉) attempts to escort Peroz III back to Persia and makes it as far as Suiye (Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan)[36]
679		Pei Xingjian escorts Peroz's son Narsieh to Suiye, and Narsieh spends 20 years in Tukhara[44]
		Pei Xingjian defeats a rebellion by Onoq Qaghan (Ashina Fuyan Duzhi 阿史那匐延都支) and Li Zhefu (李遮匐)[36]
		Pei Xingjiang defeats the Tibetans and re-establishes control over the Tarim oasis states[23][34]
		Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi of the Chanyu Protectorate make Ashina Nishufu a Khagan and revolt against Tang dynasty.[47]

680s

Year	Date	Event
680		Pei Xingjian defeats Ashina Nishufu and Ashina Nishufu is killed by his men.[47]
		Ashide Wenfu makes Ashina Funian a Khagan and revolts against Tang dynasty.[47]
		Pei Xingjian convinces Ashina Funian to surrender; Funian is executed in Chang'an[37]
		Tibetan Empire expands aggressively into Xiyu (Western Regions)[37] and captures of the fortress of Anrong in Sichuan[42]
681		Ilterish Qaghan revolts with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men.[48]
		Tibetan Empire invades the Qinghai region but is defeated by a Tang army[49]
682		Ilterish Qaghan establishes the Second Turkic Khaganate[37][50] and attacks Tang[51]
683	27 December	Emperor Gaozong of Tang succumbs to illness and dies, his son Li Xian succeeds him and becomes Emperor Zhongzong of Tang[37]
		Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks Tang[51]
684	26 February	Wu Zetian deposes Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, replaces him with Emperor Ruizong of Tang[37]
		Xu Jingye rebels in Yangzhou and fails[37]
		Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks Tang[51]
685		Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks Tang[51]
686		Tang troops withdraw from the Four Garrisons of Anxi after elements within the court argue for the decrease of military expenditures[52][23][34]
687		Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate attacks Tang[51]
		Lý Tự Tiên and Đinh Kiến revolt at Đại La in response to a raise in harvest tax[53]
688		Wu Zetian carries out killing of Tang princes and princesses[37]
689		The ritual structure Mingtang (Hall of Brightness) is set up in Luoyang[37]

690s

Year	Date	Event
690	16 October	Wu Zetian starts the first official Palace Examination (dianshi 殿試)[37]
		Wu Zetian declares herself emperor of the Zhou dynasty in Luoyang[37]
		Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army at Issyk-Kul[54]
692		Tang forces reconquer the Four Garrisons of Anxi from Tibetan Empire[25]
693		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[55]
		Commoners and gentry from non-elite backgrounds are permitted to take the imperial examinations.
694		Tibetan Empire attacks the Stone City (Charklik).[56]
		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against Tang[57]
696		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids Tang[55]
		Li Jinzhong (Mushang Khan) of the Khitans along with his brother-in-law Sun Wanrong revolt against Tang hegemony and attack Hebei; Li dies soon after and Sun succeeds him[58]
		Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army at Tao Prefecture and attacks Liang Prefecture[56]
697		The Zhang brothers Yizhi and Changzong are admitted into the palace to attend on Wu Zetian[37]
		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans and conducts raids against Tang[57]
698		Battle of Tianmenling: Dae Jo-yeong's Goguryeo remnants and Mohe people defeat Tang forces[59]
		Dae Jo-yeong establishes the state of Jin (震) in northern Korea, later renamed Balhae (渤海) in 712[59]
		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[55]
699		Go Deokmu rebels and creates Lesser Goguryeo; the Protectorate General to Pacify the East is moved to Pingzhou, in modern Lulong County[58][46]

8th Century

700s

Year	Date	Event
700		Tridu Songtsen of the Tibetan Empire attacks He and Liang prefectures[60]
701		Tridu Songtsen of the Tibetan Empire allies with Turks and attacks Liang, Song, and Tao prefectures[60]
702		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[55]
		Tibetan Empire attacks Mao Prefecture[61]
		Military examinations are introduced to recruit new officers as a response to the breakdown of the fubing system.[62]
705	23 February	Zhang Jianzhi kills the Zhang brothers in a coup and restores the Tang with Emperor Zhongzong of Tang as emperor; Wu Zetian dies from illness not long after[37]
		The earliest known printed text created specifically for reading, the Lotus Sutra, is dated to this year[29]
706		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against the Tang dynasty[55]
707		Crown Prince Li Chongjun starts a coup in which he kills Wu Sansi and assaults the palace; the coup fails and he is killed by his own soldiers while fleeing[63]
		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate conducts raids against Tang[64]
708		Turgesh attacked Qiuci[65]
		Peroz III arrives back at the Tang court[36]

710s

Year	Date	Event
710	3 July	Emperor Zhongzong of Tang is poisoned to death by Empress Wei (his second wife), and Princess Anle, their daughter; Emperor Zhongzong of Tang's youngest son Emperor Shang of Tang succeeds the throne[63]
	25 July	Emperor Gaozong of Tang's daughter Princess Taiping instigates a coup and grandson Li Longji kills Empress Wei; Emperor Shang of Tang is replaced by Emperor Ruizong of Tang[63]
		Princess Jincheng, a great granddaughter of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, is sent to Tibet as a bride; the Tibetans are granted Jiuqu (九曲), the land north of the Yellow River in Gansu by Emperor Ruizong of Tang[66]
		Zhang Xuanbiao of the Tang dynasty invades northeastern Tibet[67]
711		The post of jiedushi is created
712	8 September	Emperor Ruizong of Tang abdicates in favor of his son Li Longji (Emperor Xuanzong of Tang)[63]
		Jin renames itself Balhae[68]
713		Princess Taiping is ordered to kill herself after her failed attempt to unseat Emperor Xuanzong of Tang[63]
		Construction begins on the Leshan Giant Buddha[69]
714		Tibetan Empire attacks Lintao and Weiyuan as well as Lan and Wei prefectures, but ultimately suffer a major defeat and are repelled[70]
715		Zhang Xiaosong (張孝嵩) assists Fergana (Bahanna 拔汗那) in repulsing attacks by Tibetans and Arabs[63]
		Tibetan Empire attacks the Beiting Protectorate and Song Prefecture[71]
716		Khitans break alliance with the Turks and ally with Tang[72]
717		Battle of Aksu (717): Turgesh, Arabs, and Tibetan Empire attacks Gumo and the Stone City.[73][74]
		A Tibetan army was defeated by Guo Zhiyun at the "Bends of the Yellow River"[75]
719		Turgesh captures Suiye[65]

720s

Year	Date	Event
720		Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate invades the Tang dynasty and extracts tribute[48]
		The governor-general of Ying Prefecture sends 500 Tang soldiers to interfere in Khitan conflicts but is defeated[76]
		Tibetan Empire seizes the Stone City[77]
		Tang bestows titles on the kings of Oddiyana, Khuttal, and Chitral[78]
722		Tang assists Lesser Bolü (小勃律, a city state centering modern Gilgit, Pakistan, in Kashmir) in repulsing advancing Tibetan troops[63]
		Mai Thúc Loan rebels in Annam and is defeated[79]
723		Princess Jincheng writes to Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkoṭa Empire asking for asylum. In response he contacts Zabulistan and forms an alliance against the Tibetan Empire.[80]
724		Wang Junchuo launches an attack on the Tibetan Empire and scores a victory[77]
725		The king of Khotan rebels but is immediately replaced with a Tang puppet by the Anxi Protectorate[77]
726		Turgesh attacks Qiuci[65]
		Stag sgra khon lod of the Tibetan Empire attacks Gan Prefecture but most of their forces die in a snowstorm and the rest are mopped up by Wang Junchuo[81]
727		Stag sgra khon lod and Cog ro Manporje of the Tibetan Empire and the Turgesh attack Qiuci[65] and Gua Prefecture[63][81]
728		Tibetan Empire attacks Qiuci[65]
729		Zhang Shougui (張守珪) inflicts a major defeat on the Tibetan Empire at Xining[82][63]

730s

Year	Date	Event
730		Ketuyu of the Khitans attacks Tang[83]
732		Tang forces inflict heavy casualties on the Khitans and Kumo Xi[84]
733		A Tang-Kumo Xi army attacks a Turk-Khitan army[85]
734		Tang and Tibetan Empire demarcate their territory Chiling Mountain with a boundary tablet[86]
		Zhang Shougui defeats Khitan forces in Youzhou (Hebei)[63]
735		Turgesh attack Ting Prefecture.[73]
736		An Lushan attacks the Khitans but is defeated[87]
737		Piluoge (皮羅閣) unites the six zhaos (kingdoms) with Tang support[88]
		Hexi jiedushi Cui Xiyi makes a covenant with the Tibetan general in Koko-nor, Yilishu, to relax border defenses so their soldiers can engage in agriculture and animal husbandry. A white dog is sacrificed to seal the covenant.[89]
738		Tang captures and loses Anrong to the Tibetan Empire[90]
739		Tang scores a major victory against the Tibetan Empire at Shan Prefecture[90]
		The Tang Institutions of Six Administrative Divisions (Tang Liudian 唐六典) is completed[63]

740s

Year	Date	Event
740		Tang captures Anrong from the Tibetan Empire[91][92]
		An Lushan attacks the Khitans[76]
741		Tibetan Empire attacks Tang in the Qinghai region but is repelled; the Tibetans sack the Stone City on their way back[93]
742		Huangfu Weiming of Longyou and Wang Chui of Hexi invade northeastern Tibet and kill several thousand Tibetans[94]
743		Tang recovers the Jiuqu (九曲) area from the Tibetan Empire[93]
		The Protectorate General to Pacify the East is relocated to the Old City of Liaoxi, possibly Ying Prefecture (modern Chaoyang, Liaoning.[58][46]
745		Tibetan Empire defeats a Tang army at the Stone City[93]
		Two Khitan tribes revolt and are defeated by An Lushan[76]
747		Gao Xianzhi marches across the Pamirs with 10,000 men and conquers Little Balur (Gilgit), a client state of the Tibetan Empire[91]
748		Tang constructs a fortress on an island on the Qinghai Lake, pacifying the northern Qinghai region[93]
		Tang recaptures Suyab and destroys it[65]
749		The fubing system is all but abolished[95]
		Longyou defense command under Geshu Han attacks Tibetan Empire and retakes the Stone City but suffers heavy casualties[95][91]

750s

Year	Date	Event
750		Tang defeats the Turgesh-Chach and executes the king of Chach[65][96]
		Chinese cultural dominance in Liaoning disappears and is replaced by Khitan culture[97]
751		Battle of Talas: Tang forces are defeated by Arabs[95]
		Xianyu Zhongtong attacks Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 but is utterly defeated, losing three quarters of his original force[98]
752		An Lushan attacks the Khitans[99]
753		Geshu Han ejects the Tibetans from the "Nine Bends" region on the upper course of the Yellow River[91]
754		Yang Guozhong invades Nanzhao but fails to engage with the enemy until supplies ran out, at which time they were attacked and routed[98]
		Monk Jianzhen arrives in Japan and establishes the Risshū (Buddhism) sect in Nara[95]
755		An Lushan Rebellion: An Lushan rebels and declares himself emperor of Yan[95]
756	spring	Battle of Yongqiu: Yan forces retreat from their siege of a Tang fortress[95]
	12 August	Emperor Xuanzong of Tang flees Chang'an. On his way to Sichuan, he is forced to order the death of his favorite consort Yang Guifei and abdicates in favor of Emperor Suzong of Tang[95]
		The Taoist Mao Kua reports in his Pinglongren (Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating saltpeter, the yin of the air can be obtained, which combines with sulphur, carbon, and metals other than gold.[100]
757		An Lushan is killed by his son An Qingxu[95]
		Battle of Suiyang: Yan forces emerge victorious with great losses[101]
		Tang counterattack under Guo Ziyi and Uyghur allies evict the Yan from Chang'an and Luoyang[102]
		An Qingxu flees across the Yellow River to southern Hebei[102]
		Tibetan Empire conquers Shan Prefecture[103]
758		Princess Ningguo, second daughter of Emperor Suzong of Tang, marries Bayanchur Khan of the Uyghur Khaganate[104][105]
759		An Qingxu is killed by rebel Shi Siming[95]
		Shi Siming occupies Luoyang[106]
		Jianzhen founds the Tōshōdai-ji in Nara, Japan[107]

760s

Year	Date	Event
760		Yangzhou massacre: Troops under Tian Shengong slaughter Arab and Persian merchants in Yangzhou
		Lu Yu (730s-circa 804) composes The Classic of Tea[108]
761		Shi Siming is killed by his son Shi Chaoyi[95]
		The Protectorate General to Pacify the East is abolished[58][46]
762	3 May	Emperor Xuanzong of Tang dies from depression[95]
	16 May	Emperor Suzong of Tang dies of a heart attack[95]
	18 May	Emperor Daizong of Tang ascends the throne[95]
		Tang army and Uyghur allies defeat Shi Chaoyi's army and retake Luoyang; both Tang soldiers and Uyghurs loot the city[109]
763		An Lushan Rebellion: Shi Chaoyi commits suicide and the An Lushan Rebellion ends[95]
		Tibetan Empire invades the Tang dynasty with an army of 100 000 and briefly occupies Chang'an for 15 days before retreating[95][110]
		Tibetan Empire conquers Yanqi[111]
764	5 January	Yan Wu (嚴武) is made jiedushi of Jiannan[112]
	Fall	Tibetan Empire invades the Tang dynasty with a 70 000 strong army and takes Liang Prefecture[113] but is repulsed by Yan Wu in Jiannan[114]
765		Tibetan Empire invades the Tang dynasty with 30 000 troops and Uyghur allies, advancing as far as Fengtian twice but are repulsed by Guo Ziyi, who convinced the Uyghurs to switch sides[95]
766		Tibetan Empire conquers Gan and Su prefectures.[113]
767		Sea people invade Annam and are defeated[79]

770s

Year	Date	Event
776		Tibetan Empire conquers Gua Prefecture.[113]
779	10 June	Emperor Daizong of Tang dies from illness; Emperor Dezong of Tang succeeds him[95]

780s

Year	Date	Event
780		A group of Uyghurs and Sogdians are killed while leaving Chang'an with tribute. The Tang agree to 1,800,000 strings of cash in compensation.[115]
		The dual tax system is implemented[95]
781		Tibetan Empire conquers Yi Prefecture.[111][113]
		Guo Ziyi dies[95]
782		Wang Wujun of Chengde and Zhu Tao of Lulong join Tian Yue of Weibo in rebellion against Tang[95]
783		Tibetan Empire and Tang sign the Treaty of Qinshui, ending further hostilities[113]
		Li Xilie of Huaixi (south Henan) rebels[116]
		Emperor Dezong of Tang imposes housing and cash transaction taxes[116]
		Troops at Jing Prefecture mutiny in Chang'an and set up Zhu Ci as emperor[116]
		Emperor Dezong of Tang flees to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang)[116]
784		Emperor Dezong of Tang pardons Tian Yue et al[116]
		Li Huaiguang of Shuofang rebels[116]
		Tibetan Empire aids Tang in crushing Zhu Ci's rebellion in return for ownership of the Anxi Protectorate and Beiting Protectorate[117]
		Li Sheng retakes Chang'an[116]
		Zhu Ci is killed[116]
		Tang breaks their promise to cede their protectorates to the Tibetan Empire and as a result the Treaty of Qingshui is annulled[117]
785		Phùng Hưng rebels in Annam[118]
786		Warlord Li Xilie is killed[116]
	Tibetan Empire conquers Yan and Xia prefectures[119]
787		Tibetan Empire double crosses Tang at the Treaty of Pingliang and captures many of the Tang officials and military leaders present[120]
		Tibetan Empire destroys Yan and Xia prefectures before abandoning them[120]
		Tibetan Empire captures Sha Prefecture[121] and Qiuci[111]
788		Tang defeats the Tibetan Empire at Xi Prefecture[122]
		Princess Xian'an, eighth daughter of Emperor Dezong of Tang, marries Alp qutlugh bilge of the Uyghur Khaganate[105][123]
789		Tibetan Empire attacks Long, Jing, and Bing prefectures[124]

790s

Year	Date	Event
790		Tibetan Empire conquers Ting Prefecture[111][125]
791		Tang regains control of Annam[118]
792		Tibetan Empire conquers Xi Prefecture and Yutian[111][125]
793		Tang general Wei Gao destroys 50 Tibetan strongholds and defeats a 30,000 strong Tibetan army, recovering Yan Prefecture[122]
796		Tibetan Empire attacks Qing Prefecture but the campaign abruptly ends when chief minister Nanam Shang Gyaltsen Lhanang dies[122]

9th Century

800s

Year	Date	Event
801		Tang and Nanzhao defeat Tibetan Empire and their Abbasid slave soldiers[126]
803		Tang pushes the western border forward to Pingliang[127]
		Champa seizes southern Annam[128]
		The Leshan Giant Buddha is completed[69]
804		Merchants start using paper notes known as flying cash as a credit medium[129][130]
		Kukai visits China[131]
805	25 February	Emperor Dezong of Tang dies; his son Li Song succeeds him and becomes Emperor Shunzong of Tang, who abdicates in favor of his son Li Chun, who becomes Emperor Xianzong of Tang[116]
		Wang Shuwen makes a failed attempt to take back military power from the eunuchs[116]
806		Emperor Xianzong of Tang pacifies military commanders in Jiannan and the lower Yangzi region[132]
		Kukai returns to Japan[131]
808		The Chuy branch of Shatuo Turks are defeated by the Tibetan Empire and move to Inner China[133]
		First confirmed reference to gunpowder appears in the Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue[134]
809		Emperor Xianzong of Tang attacks Chengde but fails[135]

810s

Year	Date	Event
812		The Tang government takes over the merchant institution of using flying cash for the purpose of forwarding local taxes and revenues to the capital[136]
814		Wu Yuanji rebels in Huaixi (south Henan)[116]
817		Wu Yuanji is captured and killed[116]
819		Tibetan Empire attacks Qing Prefecture[137]

820s

Year	Date	Event
820	14 February	Emperor Xianzong of Tang dies, probably from being poisoned by eunuchs; his son Li Heng succeeds him and becomes Emperor Muzong of Tang[116]
		Dương Thanh rebels and seizes Đại La[128]
821		Tang and the Tibetan Empire sign a treaty of non-aggression with the Tang recognizing Tibet's ownership of the Western Regions as well as the Longyou and Hexi regions in what is now Gansu Province[138]
		Tibetan Empire attacks Tang but are driven off by the governor of Yan Prefecture[139]
		Princess Taihe, 17th daughter of Emperor Xianzong of Tang, marries Kün tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp küchlüg bilge of the Uyghur Khaganate[140][105]
822		The Uyghurs send troops to help the Tang fight against rebels, but their aid is refused; the Tang pay them 70,000 pieces of silk to go home.[115]
823		The Tang-Bo huimeng bei (Stele of the Tang-Tibetan alliance) is set up in Lhasa[116]
824	25 February	Emperor Muzong of Tang dies; his son Li Zhan succeeds him and becomes Emperor Jingzong of Tang[116]
827	9 January	Emperor Jingzong of Tang is killed by eunuchs; his brother Li Ang succeeds him and becomes Emperor Wenzong of Tang[116]
829		Nanzhao takes Chengdu and captures 20,000 Chinese engineers[141]

830s

Year	Date	Event
835		Sweet Dew Incident: Li Zhongyan and others are killed after a failed attempt to eliminate the eunuchs[116]
		Tang court forbids privately printed calendars[142]
837		Tang regains control of Đại La[128]
838		Japanese monk Ennin visits China[143]

840s

Year	Date	Event
840	10 February	Emperor Wenzong of Tang dies; his brother Li Chan is placed on the throne by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Wuzong of Tang[116]
		Uyghur Khaganate enters decline in the aftermath of civil war[144]
842		Tibetan Empire enters decline after the death of Dharma[144]
843		A Tang army led by Shi Xiong attacks the Uyghurs displaced by the fall of their khaganate and slaughters 10,000 Uyghurs at "Kill the Foreigners" Mountain (Shahu)[145]
		Proscription against foreign religions begins, starting with Manichaeism[144]
844		Zhaoyi defense command (mainly in south Shanxi) is brought under control[144]
845		Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution: Emperor Wuzong of Tang instigates the third and largest proscription campaign against Buddhism in Chinese history; Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism are also targeted[144]
846	22 April	Emperor Wuzong of Tang dies, probably from taking pills made by alchemists; his uncle Li Chen is placed on the throne by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Xuānzong of Tang[144]
		Nanzhao raids Annam[128]
		Ban on Buddhism is partially lifted[144]
847		Tang defeats a Tibetan army at Yan Prefecture[146]
		Ban on Buddhism is completely lifted[144]
		Japanese monk Ennin leaves for Japan[144]
848		Zhang Yichao, a resident of Sha Prefecture, rebels and captures Sha and Gua prefectures from the Tibetans
849		Tibetan commanders and soldiers in east Gansu defect to the Tang[146]

850s

Year	Date	Event
850		Zhang Yichao captures Gan, Su, and Yi prefectures[147] and submits a petition to Emperor Xuānzong of Tang, offering his loyalty and submission[144]
851		Zhang Yichao captures Xi Prefecture and the Tang emperor makes him Guiyi Jiedushi (歸義節度使, Governor of the Guiyi Circuit) and Cao Yijin his secretary general
		An Arab traveler records the use of toilet paper in China.
853		Duan Chengshi publishes the Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang, a text on Chinese and foreign folklore and legends; it contains the Ye Xian, an early version of the story of Cinderella
858		Rebellion breaks out in Annam and is put down[148]
		A flood along the Grand Canal and on the North China Plain kills tens of thousands
		Taoist text Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe mentions the dangers of "fire medicine" (gunpowder)[134]
859	7 September	Emperor Xuānzong of Tang dies; eunuchs place his son Li Wen on the throne and becomes Emperor Yizong of Tang[144]

860s

Year	Date	Event
860		The Qiu Fu Uprising in Zhejiang is suppressed[144]
861		Nanzhao attacks Bo Prefecture and Annam but is repulsed.[149]
		Zhang Yichao retakes Liang Prefecture,[144] extending the Guiyi Circuit's authority to Xi, Gua, Gan, Su, Yi, Lan, Shan, He, Min, Liang, and Kuo prefectures
863		Nanzhao conquers Annam[144]
866		Zhang Yichao defeats bLon Khrom brZhe and seizes Ting Prefecture and Luntai but immediately loses them as well as Xi Prefecture to the Kingdom of Qocho[144]
		Tibetans retreat to the Tibetan plateau[150]
		Gao Pian retakes Annam from Nanzhao[144]
868		Headed by Pang Xun, Guizhou garrison troops mutiny and move north[144]
		The oldest text containing a date of printing, the Diamond Sutra, is printed[29]
869		Pang Xun is defeated by Shatuo cavalry under Zhuye Chixin and dies[144]
		Kingdom of Qocho attacks the Guiyi Circuit but fails
		Nanzhao lays siege to Chengdu but fails to capture it[151]

870s

Year	Date	Event
870		Nanzhao lays siege to Chengdu (in Sichuan)[144]
		Kingdom of Qocho attacks the Guiyi Circuit but fails
873	15 August	Emperor Yizong of Tang becomes critically ill and dies; his son Li Yan is enthroned by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Xizong of Tang[152]
874		Wang Xianzhi rebels in Changyuan (in Henan)[152]
875		Huang Chao joins Wang Xianzhi in the rebellion[152]
876		Kingdom of Qocho conquers Yi Prefecture
877		Nanzhao retreats from Qianzhong Circuit in modern Guizhou[151]
		Earliest known printed almanac, the Qianfu sinian lishu (乾符四年曆書), is dated to this year[29]
878		Wang Xianzhi dies; Huang Chao takes over[152]
879		Guangzhou Massacre: Huang Chao sacks Guangzhou (in Guangdong) and heads north[152]

880s

Year	Date	Event
880		Huang Chao sacks Luoyang[152]
		Zeng Gun withdraws Tang troops from the south and relinquishes control over Annam[153]
881		Huang Chao occupies Chang'an; Emperor Xizong of Tang flees to Chengdu[152]
		Gan and Liang prefectures become independent
882		Zhu Wen, Huang Chao's general, defects to Tang[152]
883		Huang Chao flees from Chang'an[152]
		Printed books are on sale in the market of Chengdu[154]
884		Huang Chao dies while being chased by Li Keyong[152]
885		Emperor Xizong of Tang returns to Chang'an[152]
		Qin Zongquan declares himself emperor, sacks Luoyang, and leaves[152]
886		Eunuch Tian Lingzi takes Emperor Xizong of Tang to Xingyuan (east of Hanzhong, Shaanxi) when Chang'an is threatened by Li Keyong and Wang Chongrong[152]
		Li Yun is set up as emperor by warlord Zhu Mei in Chang'an; both Yun and Mei are killed not long after[152]
888	20 April	Emperor Xizong of Tang dies of illness; his brother Li Jie is enthroned by eunuchs and becomes Emperor Zhaozong of Tang[152]

890s

Year	Date	Event
890		Zhu Wen and Li Keyong engage in a number of battles against each other[152]
891		Wang Jian enters Chengdu[152]
		Qian Liu enters Suzhou (in Jiangsu)[152]

10th Century

Year	Date	Event
900		Zhu Wen takes control of Hebei[152]
	1 December	Emperor Zhaozong of Tang is dethroned; his son Li Yu, Prince of De is set up as emperor by a eunuch[152]
901		Emperor Zhaozong of Tang is restored and later forced by eunuchs to leave Chang'an for Fengxiang (in Shaanxi)[152]
902		Zhu Wen names Yang Xingmi Prince of Wu and lays siege to Fengxiang[152]
903		Zhu Wen takes Emperor Zhaozong of Tang to Chang'an, where Zhu and Cui Yin carry out wholesale slaughter of the eunuchs[155]
		Wang Jian is created Prince of Shu[155]
904		Zhu Wen kills Cui Yin and forces Emperor Zhaozong of Tang to leave Chang'an for Luoyang, where Zhaozong is killed[155]
		Emperor Ai of Tang is enthroned by Zhu Wen[155]
		First possible usage of gunpowder weapons (possibly fire arrows) by Wu (Ten Kingdoms) during the siege of Yuzhang[156][157]
907		Khitan chieftain Abaoji becomes emperor of the Liao dynasty
	12 May	Zhu Wen deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes his Later Liang dynasty in Kaifeng (in Henan); so ends the Tang dynasty[155]

Gallery

• 
  Transition from Sui to Tang (613–628)
• 
  Transition from Sui to Tang (613–628)
• 
  Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks (629–630)
• 
  Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun in 634
• 
  Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions (640–648)
• 
  Goguryeo–Tang War (645–668)
• 
  Conquest of the Western Turks in 657
• 
  Tang dynasty in 660
• 
  Battle of Dafei River in 670
• 
  Rebellion of Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong in 696
• 
  Little Goguryeo (699–820)
• 
  Nanzhao (738–937)
• 
  Unified Silla and Balhae in the 8th century
• 
  Major jiedushi in 745
• 
  Battle of Talas in 751
• 
  An Lushan Rebellion (755–763)
• 
  Tibetan Empire in 790
• 
  Balhae in 800
• 
  Tang dynasty in 820
• 
  Balhae in 830
• 
  Qocho (843–1132)
• 
  Guiyi Circuit (851–1036) and the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (894–1036)
• 
  The uprisings of Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao (874–884)

Citations

1. Xiong 2008, p. 453. sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2008 (help)
2. Xiong 2009, p. cviii.
3. Xiong 2009, p. 522.
4. Xiong 2009, p. 132.
5. Xiong 2009, p. 307.
6. Skaff 2012, p. 303.
7. Wang 2013, p. 246.
8. Barfield 1989, p. 144.
9. Latourette 1964, p. 144.
10. Haywood 1998, p. 3.2.
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12. Xiong 2009, p. cix.
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14. Wang 2013, p. 40.
15. Xiong 2009, p. 405.
16. Xiong 2009, p. 108.
17. Beckwith 1987, p. 21.
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20. Beckwith 1987, p. 23.
21. Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 91.
22. Ebrey 1999, pp. 111, 141.
23. Xiong 2008, p. 45. sfn error: no target: CITEREFXiong2008 (help)
24. Beckwith 1987, p. 24.
25. Bregel 2003, p. 16.
26. Wang 2013, p. 45.
27. Beckwith 1987, p. 25.
28. Xu 2005, p. 240.
29. Wilkinson 2012, p. 910.
30. Barrett 2008, p. 76.
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97. Wang 2013, p. 309.
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