Bayanchur Khan

Bayanchur Qaghan (b. 713 - d.759) — was second qaghan of Uyghur Khaganate. His Tang dynasty invested title was Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia Qaghan[1] (Chinese: 英武威遠毗伽闕可汗; lit.: 'Brave and Martial qaghan, that awes the distant lands'[2]) or simply Yingwu Qaghan (Chinese: 英武可汗; lit.: 'Brave and Martial qaghan'). He was also known as Gelei Qaghan (Chinese: 葛勒可汗; pinyin: Gélēi Kèhán). His official regnal name in Turkic was Tengrida Bolmish El Etmish Bilge Qaghan[3] (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀⁚𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁⁚𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰾𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰀⁚𐰴𐰍𐰣‎, romanized: Teŋride bolmuš El Etmiš Bilge qaγan, lit. 'Tengri-born State Founder Wise Qahgan'). He is mostly famous for ordering erection of Tariat Inscriptions.[4]

Bayanchur Qaghan
Khagan of Uyghurs
Reign747–759
PredecessorKutlug Bilge Khagan
SuccessorBögü Qaghan
BornYàolúogě Mòyánchùo (藥羅葛磨延啜)
713
Near Gansu, Hanhai Protectorate (瀚海)
DiedMay 759 (aged 45–46)
SpouseElbilge Khatun
Princess Xiaoguo (蕭國公主)
Regnal name
Tengrida Bolmish El Etmish Bilge Qaghan (𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀⁚𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁⁚𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰾𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰀⁚𐰴𐰍𐰣‎)
Heavenborn State Founding Wise Qaghan
HouseYaglakar clan
FatherKutlug Bilge Khagan

Early life

He was born in 713 in Hanhai Protectorate (瀚海) near Ganzhou and Lanzhou to Kutluk Boyla.[5] At time of his birth, clan chief Yaoluoge Dujiezhi (藥羅葛獨解支) had recently moved near Tang border, avoiding expansion of Second Turkic Qaghanate. Yaoluoge Dujiezhi died in 715 and succeeded by his son Yaoluoge Fudifu, who was followed by his son Yaoluoge Chengzong (藥羅葛承宗) sometime later. In 727, at the suggestion of the general Wang Junchuo (王君㚟), Emperor Xuanzong commissioned Wang Junchuo to attack the Tibetan Empire, and after a Tibetan incursion in late 726, Wang counterattacked and inflicted losses on Tibetan forces commanded by the general Xinuoluogonglu (悉諾邏恭祿). Later in the year, though, Xinuoluogonglu and another general, Zhulongmangbuzhi (燭龍莽布支) attacked and captured Wang's home prefecture Gua Prefecture (瓜州, roughly modern Jiuquan, Gansu), taking Wang's father Wang Shou (王壽) captive. As a result, Wang Junchuo did not dare to counterattack, and subsequently blamed the defeat on a number of tribal chiefs in the area and had them exiles. In response, Bayanchur's grandfather Yaoluoge Hushu (藥羅葛護輸) - the nephew of Yaoluoge Chengzong, ambushed Wang Junchuo and killed him, and while Yaoluoge Hushu was forced to flee thereafter, for several years Tang did not engage in any offensive campaigns in the region.[6] 14 year old Bayanchur and his brothers had to follow his grandfather to exile.

He was created as the eastern shad in 744 by his father Kutlug Bilge Khagan, who created his elder brother Tay Bilge Tutuq as yabgu of west and heir. He spent next 6 years ousting him in order to become heir.

Reign

He spent 3 years in order to fully consolidate his rule after he succeeded in his father in 747. He captured and executed his brother Tay Bilge Tutuq who was supported by Karluks, Basmyls and Khitans in 750. He was enthroned in Ordu-Baliq, a new capital that was built by Chinese and Sogdian architects. His royal court consisted of 60 nobles, Court Secretary - Inancu Baga Tarkan[4] and a Chief Minister - Bilge Tay Sanggun.[4]He also appointed his sons as viceroys over Western (Tardush) and Eastern (Töles) tribes.

Ruins of Ordu-Baliq, a city founded by Bayanchur.

Involvement in An Lushan rebellion

Emperor Suzong of Tang appealed to Bayanchur in 756 for help against An Lushan, sending his second cousin Li Chengcai (李承寀) the Prince of Dunhuang and Pugu Huai'en as emissaries.[2] Uyghur troops were instrumental in dealing with rebellion. Uyghur forces led by Uyghur Prince Ulu Bilge Yabgu and general Dide arrived at Emperor Suzong's then-headquarters at Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern Baoji) to join the elite Tang forces recalled from the Anxi Circuit and the Western Regions (Xiyu). Emperor Suzong did so by promising that the Uyghur forces would be permitted to pillage the Chang'an region once it was recaptured. Chinese chancellor Li Mi suggested that these forces be used to attack An Lushan's power base at Fanyang first, to root out the possibility of a recovery. Emperor Suzong chose not to do so and decided to attack Chang'an first, with Li Chu in command of the joint forces. The forces recaptured Chang'an in fall 757, allowing Emperor Suzong to rebuild his administration in the capital. Uyghur were set to pillage Chang'an, but Li Chu bowed to the Uyghur prince Ulu Bilge Yabgu commanding Uyghur forces to plead to delay the pillage—pointing out that if pillaging were carried out, the people of the eastern capital Luoyang, then serving as Yan's capital, would resist heavily, and asking that Uyghur pillage Luoyang instead.

Death

Bayanchur Khan died soon after completion of his successful expedition against the Yenisei Kirghiz in the Sayan Mountains in May of 759 during a feast.[2]

Family

Bayanchur was married to an Uyghur who was created El Bilge Khatun (Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰀𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣‎) in 747 and Princess Xiaoguo (蕭公主) on 25 August 758, daughter of Suzong. Marriage to a true daughter of a Chinese emperor was unprecedented. She left for China after Bayanchur's death. Bayanchur had at least two sons:

  1. Ulu Bilge Tardush Yabghu - commander of western part of the empire, who was commanding officer of Uyghurs in An Lushan rebellion, thought to be executed by his father in 759.[2][7]
  2. Bögü Qaghan - commander of eastern part of the empire, succeeded his father.

He also adopted his sister-in-law and married her to Prince Li Chengcai (李承采), Prince of Dunhuang (敦煌王李承采), son of Li Shouli, Prince of Bin in 758. She was created Princess Pijia (毗伽公主) by Suzong.

Notes and References
  1. Theobald, Ulrich. "Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  2. Mackerras, Colin. The Uighur Empire according to the Tʻang dynastic histories : a study in Sino-Uighur relations, 744-840 ([2d edition] ed.). Columbia. pp. 17, 66, 134. ISBN 0872492796. OCLC 578841.
  3. "Inscription El etmish Bilge kagan". bitig.org. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  4. TEKIN, TALAT (1983). "The Tariat (Terkhin) Inscription". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 37 (1/3): 43–68. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 23657553.
  5. Tariat Inscription, Line 20: In the age of 28 (according to Uyghur system of counting 8 to 30 meant 28) in the year of Snake (741) I disturbed and destroyed the realm of Turks. (If Bayanchur was 28 in 741 CE, he was born in 713 CE).
  6. "Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 213". zh.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  7. Gömeç, Saadettin (1997). Uygur Türkleri tarihi ve kültürü (in Turkish) (2. ed.). Ankara: Akçağ. p. 37. ISBN 9753383134. OCLC 83593829.
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