Gaochang

Gaochang[1] (Chinese: 高昌; pinyin: Gāochāng; Old Uyghur: قۇچۇ, Qocho), also called Karakhoja, Qara-hoja, Kara-Khoja or Karahoja (قاراغوجا in Uyghur), is the site of a ruined, ancient oasis city on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in present-day Xinjiang, China. The site is also known in published reports as Chotscho, Khocho, Qocho or Qočo. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou.

This article is about the historical kingdom. For the modern city, see Gaochang District. For the Uyghur kingdom, see Qocho. For other uses, see Gaochang (disambiguation).
Gaochang
高昌
قۇچۇ
The Buddhist stupa of Gaochang ruins
Shown within Xinjiang
LocationXinjiang, China
Coordinates42°51′10″N 89°31′45″E
TypeSettlement
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins

The ruins are located 30 km southeast of modern Turpan.[2] The archaeological remains are just outside the modern town of Gaochang, at a place called Idykut-schari or Idikutschari by local residents. (see the work of Albert Grünwedel in the external links below). Artistic depictions of the city have been published by Albert von Le Coq. Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony",[3][4] that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time by West Eurasian peoples.

A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the Silk Road. It was destroyed in wars during the 14th century and old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today.

Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: the Astana tombs.

History
Gaochang's location (close to Turpan) on the Silk Road

Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule

The earliest people known to have lived in the area were the Jūshī (also known as the Gushi). The region around Turfan was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the Jūshī, while control over the region swayed between the Han Chinese and the Xiongnu.

Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the Silk Road. It played a key role as a transportation hub in Western China. The Jushi leaders later pledged their allegiance to Han dynasty. In 327, the Gaochang Commandery (jùn) was created by the Former Liang under the Han Chinese ruler Zhang Gui. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region.[5]

After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, Northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases.[6] Gaochang was ruled by the Former Liang, Former Qin and Northern Liang as part of a commandery. In 383 The General Lu Guang of the Former Qin seized control of the region.[7]

In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang,[8] led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran Khaganate. Another version of this story says that in 439 a man named Ashina led 500 families from Gansu to Gaochang. In 460, the Rouran forced them to move to the Altai. They became the Ashina clan that formed the Gokturk Khaganate[9]

Six Dynasties Turfan tombs contained dumplings.[10][11]

Gaochang Kingdom
Manichaean priests, writing at their desks. Manuscript from Qocho. 8th/9th century

From the mid-5th century until the mid-7th century, there existed four independent statelets in the narrow Turpan basin. These were controlled by the Kan clan, Zhang clan, Ma clan and Qu clan.

A the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousand Han Chinese households in Gaochang.[12] The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate.[13] Kan was dependent on Rouran backing.[14] Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang.

At this time the Gaoche (高車) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the Tarim Basin. The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (阿伏至羅) killed King Kan Shougui, who was the nephew of Kan Bozhou.[3][15] and appointed a Han from Dunhuang, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang.[16][17] Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.

Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (馬儒). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (麴嘉) of Jincheng (in Gansu) as their king. Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery (金城, roughly corresponding to modern day Lanzhou, Gansu)[15] Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. During Qu rule, powerful families established marriage ties with each other and dominated the kingdom, they included the Zhang, Fan, Yin, Ma, Shi and Xin families. Later, when the Göktürks emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.[18]

While the material civilization of Kucha to its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Goachang it gradually merged into the Tang aesthetics.[19] In 607 the ruler of Gaochang Qu Boya paid tribute to the Sui Dynasty, but his attempt at sinicization provoked a coup which overthrew the Qu ruler.[20] The Qu family was restored six years later and the successor Qu Wentai welcomed the Tang pilgrim Xuanzang with great enthusiasm in 629 AD.[19]

Wall painting from a Nestorian Christian church, Qocho 683–770 CE

The Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese colonists and ruled by the Han Chinese[21][22] Qu family which originated from Gansu.[23] Jincheng commandery 金城 (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong 榆中 was the home of the Qu Jia.[24] The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks,[25] with a Turk being the grandmother of King Qu Boya's.[26][27]

Tang rule
Main articles: Tang campaign against Karakhoja, the Western Turks, and the oasis states

However, fearing Tang expansion, Qu Wentai later formed an alliance with the Western Turks and rebelled against Tang suzerainty. Emperor Taizong sent an army led by General Hou Junji against the kingdom in 640 and Qu Wentai apparently died of shock at news of the approaching army.[19] Gaochang was annexed by the Chinese Tang dynasty and turned into a sub-prefecture of Xizhou (西州)[28][29] and the seat of government of Anxi (安西).[18][19] Before the Chinese conquered Gaochang, it was an impediment to Chinese access to Tarim and Transoxiania.[30]

Under Tang rule, Gaochang was inhabited by Chinese, Sogdians and Tocharians.

7th or 8th century old dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.[31]

Tang dynasty became greatly weakened due to the An Lushan Rebellion and in 755, the Chinese were forced to pull back their soldiers from the region. The area was first taken by the Tibetans, then finally by the Uyghurs[32][33][34][35] in 803, who called the area Kocho (Qocho).

Uyghur princesses, cave 9, wall painting from Bezeklik caves

Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho
Main article: Qocho

After 840 it then became occupied by remnants of the Uyghur Khaganate fleeing Yenisei Kirghiz invasion of their land.[36] The Uyghurs established the Kingdom of Qocho (Kara-Khoja) in 850. The inhabitants of Qocho practiced Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nestorian Christianity. The Uyghurs converted to Buddhism and sponsored building of temple caves in the nearby Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves where depictions of Uyghur sponsors may be seen. The Buddhist Uyghur kings, who called themselves idiquts, retained their nomadic lifestyle, residing in Qocho during the winter, but moved to the cooler Bishbalik near Urumchi in the summer.[37]

Qocho later became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitans. However, In 1209, the idiqut Barchuq offered Genghis Khan the suzerainty of his kingdom, and went personally to Genghis Khan with a sizeable tribute when demanded in 1211.[38] The Uyghurs thus went into the service of the Mongols,[39] who later formed the Yuan Dynasty in China. The Uyghurs became bureaucrats (semu) of the Mongol Empire and their Uyghur script was modified for Mongolian. As far south as Quanzhou, preponderance of Gaochang Uyghur in Nestorian Christian inscriptions of the Yuan period attests to their importance in the Christian community there.[40]

The Gaochang area was conquered by the Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate (not part of Yuan Dynasty) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops.

Buddhism

Buddhism spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries as the Liang rulers were Buddhists.[41] The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the Bezeklik grottos.[2]

Gaochang ruling families

Rulers of the Kan Family
NamePinyinDurations of reignsEra names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
闞伯周Kàn Bózhōu460-477Did not exist
闞義成Kàn Yìchéng477-478Did not exist
闞首歸Kàn Shǒugūi478-488?
or
478-491?		Did not exist

Rulers of the Zhang Family
NamePinyinDurations of reignsEra names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
張孟明Zhāng Mèngmíng488?-496
or
491?-496		Did not exist

Rulers of the Ma Family
NamePinyinDurations of reignsEra names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
馬儒Mǎ Rú496-501Did not exist

Rulers of the Qu Family
NamePinyinDurations of reignsEra names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
麴嘉Qú Jiā501-525
麴光Qú Guāng525-530Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525-530
麴堅Qú Jiān530-548Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531-548
麴玄喜Qú Xuánxǐ549-550Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549-550
Unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi551-554Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551-554
麴寶茂Qú Bǎomào555-560Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555-560
麴乾固Qú Qiángù560-601Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561-601
麴伯雅Qú Bóyǎ[42]601-613
619-623		Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602-613

Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620-623
Unnamed usurper613-619Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614-619
麴文泰Qú Wéntài623-640Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624-640
麴智盛Qú Zhìshèng640did not exist
  • The road leading in.
  • The ruins.
  • "Main storage building".
  • "Main storage building".
  • Manichaean wall painting.
gollark: Legally, I assure you.
gollark: We're doing induction.
gollark: Useless thing.
gollark: ddg! Water phase diagram (horse)
gollark: It's one of the phases of water.

See also

References

Citations
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  4. Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  5. Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999). History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 304. ISBN 81-208-1540-8. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  6. Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  7. Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002). Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31. the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24. Retrieved May 17, 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Susan Whitfield; British Library (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 309–. ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2.
  9. Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, page 449, citing 'Sui annals' and Baumer, History of Central Asia, vol 2, page 174
  10. http://www.thedailymeal.com/archaeologists-ancient-dumplings-xinjiang-china/21615
  11. http://shanghaiist.com/2016/02/15/1700_year_old_dumplings_found_in_xinjiang.php
  12. Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999). History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 305. ISBN 81-208-1540-8. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  13. Tatsurō Yamamoto, ed. (1984). Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo-Kyoto, 31st August-7th September 1983, Volume 2. Indiana University: Tōhō Gakkai. p. 997. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
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  20. Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-521-49781-7. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  21. Baij Nath Puri (1987). Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
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  41. 北凉且渠安周造寺碑 Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
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Sources
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