Shulaveri-Shomu culture

Shulaveri-Shomu culture is a Late Neolithic/Eneolithic culture that existed on the territory of present-day Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, as well as parts of northern Iran.[1] The culture is dated to mid-6th or early-5th millennia BC and is thought to be one of the earliest known Neolithic cultures.[1]

Shulaveri-Shomu culture
Geographical rangeSouth Caucasus, Armenian Highlands
PeriodNeolithic
Datesc. 6000 BC — c. 4000 BC
Major sitesShaumiani, Shomu-tepe
Preceded byTrialetian culture
Followed byKura–Araxes culture, Trialeti culture

In Finnish language, the name Shulaveri-Shomu means "the Finnish nation in the melted waters", or, "the fish in the melted waters", or, "the swamplands of the melted waters", depending on how the written text is pronounced.

Type-sites

The name 'Shulaveri-Shomu' comes from the town of Shulaveri, in the Republic of Georgia, known since 1925 as Shaumiani, and Shomu-Tepe, in the Agstafa District of Azerbaijan. The distance between these two sites is only about 70km.

Shulaveri-Shomu culture has been distinguished during the excavations on the sites of Shomutepe, Babadervis in Western Azerbaijan by I.Narimanov (in 1958-1964) and at Shulaveris Gora in Eastern Georgia by A.I. Dzhavakhisvili and T.N Chubinishvili (in 1966-1976).[2] The discoveries from these sites have revealed that the same cultural features spread on the northern foothills of Lesser Caucasus mountains.[3]

Background

Shulaveri-Shomu culture covers the 6th-5th millennia BC. According to the material culture examples found in the sites depict that the main activities of the population were farming and breeding.[3] Shulaveri culture predates the Kura-Araxes culture which flourished in this area around 4000–2200 BC. Later on, in the middle Bronze Age period (c. 3000–1500 BC), the Trialeti culture emerged.[4] Sioni culture of Eastern Georgia possibly represents a transition from the Shulaveri to the Kura-Arax cultural complex.[5]

Building mud-brick circular, oval and semi-oval architecture is typical for this culture. The buildings were in different sizes based on their aim of use. The larger ones with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 m. were used as living areas, while smaller buildings were used as storage (1-2 m diameter).[2]They were researched well during the digging at Shomutepe in Azerbaijan and Shulaveri in Georgia. Especially in recent years as a result of archaeological research in the area of Goytepe, the Shulaveri-Shomutepe culture has been identified as belonging to the 7th millennium BC and the second half of the 6th millennium. Although Shulaveri-Shomutepe complex firstly was attributed to the Eneolithic era, it is now considered as a material and cultural example of the Neolithic era except the upper layers  where metal objects have been discovered as in Khramis Didi-Gora and Arucho I.[6][2]

Material culture

Sulaveri-Shomu culture is distinguished by circular mud-brick architectures, domestic animals breeding and cultivating cereals.[2] Handmade pottery with engraved decorations, blades, burins and scrapers made of obsidian, tools made of bone and antler,[2] besides rare examples of metal items, remains of plant, such as wheat, pips, barley and grape, as well as animal bones (pigs, goats, dogs and bovids) have been discovered during the excavations.[3]

Anthropomorphic figurines of mainly seated women found in the sites represent the items used for religious purposes relating to the fertility cult. [2]

Pestles revealed in Shulaveri-Shomu sites were mainly made of basalt (50%), metamorphic rocks (34%) and sandstones (11 %). [2]

Territorial clay was used in the production of earthenware. Basalt and grog, later plant materials were used as temper in pottery. [3]

Levels of ceramic production in Shulaveri-Shomu:[2]

I stage Rough pots with jutting base
II stage Finely decorated pottery
III stage Rough coloured and decorated ceramics with flat bases
IV stage Dyed pots
V stage Fine red polished pottery

Earliest grapes

The earliest evidence of domesticated grapes in the world has been found in the general "Shulaveri area", near the site of Shulaveri gora, in Marneuli Municipality, in southeastern Republic of Georgia. Specifically, the most recent evidence comes from Gadachrili gora, near the village of Imiri in the same region; carbon-dating points to the date of about 6000 BC.[7][8]

Many of the characteristic traits of the Shulaverian material culture (circular mudbrick architecture, pottery decorated by plastic design, anthropomorphic female figurines, obsidian industry with an emphasis on production of long prismatic blades) are believed to have their origin in the Near Eastern Neolithic (Hassuna, Halaf).[9]

The technology and typology of bone-based instruments are similar to those of the Middle East Neolithic material culture. A quern with 2 small hollows found in Shomutepe is similar to the one with more hollows detected in Khramisi Didi-Gora. The similarities between the macrolithic tools and the use of ochre also bring Shulaveri-Shomu culture closer to the culture of Halaf. Pestles and mortars found in Shulaveri-Shomu sites and Late Neolithic layers of Tell Sabi Abyad in Syria are also similar to each other. [2]

gollark: Are bad, yes.
gollark: Do you want me to have a *pen*, and *write things by hand*, and then *read* them off paper later?
gollark: What?
gollark: This is evidently unacceptable.
gollark: The issue with recording dreams is that you're unlikely to be conveniently near a computer when you can still remember them, which requires WRITING on a MOBILE KEYBOARD.

See also

References
  1. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archeology - Page 512 by Barbara Ann Kipfer
  2. From Neolithic to Chalcolithic in the Southern Caucasus: Economy and Macrolithic Implements from Shulaveri-Shomu Sites of Kwemo-Kartli (Georgia) (2008). "From Neolithic to Chalcolithic in the Southern Caucasus: Economy and Macrolithic Implements from Shulaveri-Shomu Sites of Kwemo-Kartli (Georgia)". Paléorient. 34 (2): 85–135. doi:10.3406/paleo.2008.5258.
  3. Bertille, Lyonnet; Farhad, Guliyev; Laurence, Bouquet; Gaëlle, Bruley-Chabot; Anaïck, Samzun; Laure, Pecqueur; Elsa, Jovenet; Emmanuel, Baudouin; Michel, Fontugne (2016). "Mentesh Tepe, an early settlement of the Shomu-Shulaveri Culture in Azerbaijan". Quaternary International. 395: 170–183. Bibcode:2016QuInt.395..170L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.038. ISSN 1040-6182.
  4. Kushnareva, K. Kh. 1997. The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. University Museum Monograph 99. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum.
  5. Kiguradze, T. and Menabde, M. 2004. The Neolithic of Georgia. In: Sagona, A. (ed.), A View from the Highlands: Archaeological Studies in Honour of Charles Burney. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 12. Leuven: Peeters. Pp. 345-398.
  6. Ancient civilisations of East and West. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1988. p. 89. ISBN 5010018233.
  7. Nana Rusishvili, The grapevine Culture in Georgia on Basis of Palaeobotanical Data. “Mteny” Association, 2010
  8. Peter Boisseau, How wine-making spread through the ancient world: U of T archaeologist. June 17, 2015 - news.utoronto.ca
  9. Kiguradze, T. (2001). "Caucasian Neolithic". In Ember, Melvin; Peregrine, Peter Neal (eds.). Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 4 : Europe. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. pp. 55–76. ISBN 0306462559.

Bibliography
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