Politics of Azerbaijan

The Politics of Azerbaijan takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Judiciary is nominally independent of the executive and the legislature.[1] The state system of Azerbaijan defines the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the constitution, Azerbaijan is a democratic, secular, unitary republic.[2]

Azerbaijan
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Political history

Azerbaijan declared its independence from the former Soviet Union on August 30, 1991, with Ayaz Mutalibov, former First Secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party, becoming the country's first President. Following a massacre of Azerbaijanis at Khojali in Nagorno-Karabakh in March 1992, Mutalibov resigned and the country experienced a period of political fragility. The old guard returned Mutalibov to power in May 1992, but less than a week later his efforts to suspend scheduled presidential elections and ban all political activity prompted the opposition Azerbaijan Popular Front Party (PFP) to organize a resistance movement and take power. Among its reforms, the PFP dissolved the predominantly Communist Supreme Soviet and transferred its functions to the 50-member upper house of the legislature, the National Council.

Elections in June 1992 resulted in the selection of PFP leader Abulfaz Elchibey as the country's second president. The national presidential elections with 7 candidates were held on 7 June 1992 in which Elchibey was elected the President of Azerbaijan, gaining 54% of votes and becoming Azerbaijan's first democratically elected, non-communist president. During the summer of 1992, Elchibey secured the full withdrawal of the Soviet army from Azerbaijan, which became the first and only former Soviet republic (after the Baltic states) free of Soviet military presence. At the same time, Elchibey's government established the national Caspian Navy and managed to reach an agreement with Russia on receiving one-quarter of the Soviet Caspian Navy based in Baku.

The National Council conferred presidential powers upon its new speaker, Heydar Aliyev, former First Secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party (1969–81) and later a member of the Soviet Union's Politburo, the KGB, and USSR Deputy Prime Minister (until 1987). Elchibey was formally deposed by a national referendum in August 1993, and Aliyev was elected to a 5-year term as President in October with only token opposition. Aliyev won re-election to another 5-year term in 1998. According to conclusions of OSCE ODIHR election observation report "clear political will was demonstrated by the authorities of the Republic of Azerbaijan to significantly improve on the election practice of the country. The efforts in this direction were initiated in the late spring of 1998 by a review of the election legislation to put it in line with OSCE commitments, by the formal abolishment of censorship in August 1998 and by the final approval of the new Citizenship Law in late September 1998. In this way the authorities responded positively to concerns raised by the international community and indicated their willingness to meet international standards in the conduct of the election process".[3]

The Speaker of Parliament stood next in line to the President, but the constitution was changed at the end of 2002: now the premier is next in line. In August 2003, İlham Aliyev was appointed as premier. In the October 2003 presidential elections, İlham Aliyev was the winner and was sworn in as president at the end of the same month, and Rasizade was appointed premier again.

Executive branch
Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan
See also: President of Azerbaijan and Cabinet of Azerbaijan
Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President İlham Aliyev New Azerbaijan Party (YAP) 15 October 2003
Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva New Azerbaijan Party (YAP) 21 February 2017
Prime Minister Ali Asadov Independent 8 October 2019

The head of state and head of government are separate from the country's law-making body. President is the head of the state and head of executive branch. The people elect the president; the Vice President is appointed by the President and the Prime Minister is nominated by the President and confirmed by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. Presidential term is 7 years. The President appoints all cabinet-level government administrators (ministers, heads of other central executive bodies) and heads of local executive bodies.

Since 2008, the Constitution of Azerbaijan was amended, abolishing any term limit for the office of President.[4] Last Constitutional reform took place in September 2016 and introduced the institute of vice presidency.

The President

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the head of state and has executive power. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan represents the country in internal and external affairs. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan ensures the independence, territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, guarantees compliance with international treaties.

The President in Azerbaijan is elected for a 7-year term on the basis of general suffrage. Any citizen of the Republic of Azerbaijan has the right to vote, who has been living in Azerbaijani territory for more than 10 years, has a higher education and does not have dual citizenship and obligations to the other states, and also not convicted for a serious crime, can become a presidential candidate.

The decision to dismiss the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is put before the National Assembly on the initiative of the Constitutional Court on the basis of the Supreme Court's decision. The resolution on dismissal of the president is adopted by the majority (95/125) of the votes of the deputies of the National Assembly and within 7 days is signed by the chairman of the Constitutional Court.

The President has the right to immunity. The authorization of the president include:

  • assignment and dismissal of vice-presidents
  • assignment of elections to the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • submission to the National Assembly for approval of the state budget, military doctrine
  • approval of economic and social programs
  • assignment and dismissal of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Azerbaijan (with the consent of the Milli Mejlis)
  • submission to the National Assembly of proposals on the assignment of judges of the Constitutional, Supreme, Appeals and other courts of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • assignment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Azerbaijan (with the consent of the Milli Mejlis)
  • creation of local and central executive bodies
  • formation or dissolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • assignment and dismissal of members of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • cancellation of the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers
  • assignment and dismissal of the command staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • Formation of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • assignment of the head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • Formation of the Security Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  • referendum assignment
  • assignment of early elections
  • pardon of prisoners
  • rewarding with awards, titles
  • signature and publication of laws
  • announcement of an emergency and martial law
  • the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace (with the consent of the Milli Majlis)[5]

The Vice President

The Vice-President of Azerbaijan is a group of posts following the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The President himself appoints and dismisses the first vice-president and vice-presidents. With the early resignation of the president, within 60 days, as long as new elections are organized, the president's powers are fulfilled by the First Vice-President of Azerbaijan. The First Vice-President of Azerbaijan enjoys inviolability; can not be detained, brought to criminal responsibility, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime, can not be searched or personally searched.

Any citizen of the Azerbaijan Republic with a higher education who has the right to vote and has no obligations to other states can become a vice-president of Azerbaijan. Vice-presidents have the right to immunity.[6]

Legislative branch
See also: National Assembly of Azerbaijan and List of Azerbaijan legislation

The National Assembly of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Milli Məclis) is the legislative branch of government in Azerbaijan. The unicameral National Assembly has 125 deputies: previously 100 members were elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies and 25 were members elected by proportional representation; as of the latest election, however, all 125 deputies are returned from single-member constituencies. Voting is free, individual and secret. Candidates may be self-nominated or presented by political parties, their blocs or groups of voters. All citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote, except those recognised incapable by court. Every citizen of at least 25 years of age may be elected with certain exceptions (i.e. dual citizenship, liabilities towards a foreign state, holding a position in the executive or judicial branches of power, remunerated activities - with certain exceptions, exercise of a religious profession, incapacity confirmed by court, conviction for a serious crime or serving a sentence). The integrity of election results is validated in respect of each candidate by the Constitutional Court, and the Milli Majlis is constituted upon confirmation in office of 83 deputies.[7] Every year, Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan holds two regular, spring and autumn, sessions. Extraordinary sessions of Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan will be summoned by the Chairman of Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan at request of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan or 42 deputies of Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Agenda of extraordinary session will be prepared by those who summoned said session. After the questions of agenda have been discussed extraordinary session ends.[8] The assemblies of the sessions of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan shall be open to the public. An assembly of the session of the Milli Majlis may be closed to the public upon the claim of 83 members of parliament or the proposal by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The assembly is headed by the Speaker of Milli Majlis assisted by the First Deputy Speaker and two deputy speakers. Ogtay Asadov is the current speaker of the assembly, Ziyafet Asgarov is the First Deputy Speaker and, Bahar Muradova and Valeh Alasgarov are deputy speakers.[9] Currently (for the term of 2015-2010) 21 women and 104 men deputies are elected in National Assembly. National Assembly is divided into 15 Committees according to the areas they are focused.[10] Its structure also includes Chamber of Accounts, Toponymic Commission, Disciplinary Commission and Azerbaijan newspaper.[11]

A legislative initiative can be taken by an MP, the President of the Republic, the Supreme Court, the Prosecutor's Office, the NAR Supreme Council and a group of 40 thousand citizens who are eligible to vote. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is a constituent part of Azerbaijan with its own elected parliament (the Supreme Council) consisting of 45 deputies. Elections to the Supreme Council are regulated by the Nakchivan Constitution.[7][8]

The National Assembly of Azerbaijan

The National Assembly (Milli Mejlis) is a unicameral parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan. This is the body that exercises legislative power in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The parliament consists of 125 deputies. The National Assembly is convened every 5 years, the composition of which is determined by general suffrage. Elections are held every 5 years, on the first Sunday in November.

Twice a year, regular sessions of the National Assembly are held: spring and autumn. Emergency sessions are convened by the chairman of the National Assembly at the request of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan or at least 42 deputies of the National Assembly.

Any citizen of the Azerbaijan Republic who has the right to participate in elections, who does not have dual citizenship and obligations to other states, who does not work in the executive or judicial power of the country, religious figures, persons engaged in paid activity, with the exception of scientific, pedagogical and creative activity, convicted for serious crimes and persons whose incapacity is confirmed by the court, can become a deputy .

Deputies may lose their mandate upon secession from citizenship or acceptance of a second citizenship, upon conviction by the court for a serious crime, becoming a religious figure or having begun activities in state bodies and at their own will. Deputies of the National Assembly have the right to immunity during the term of their authorities. The inviolability of the deputy can be terminated by the decision of the National Assembly on the basis of the proposal of the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan solves issues related to the organization of the activities of the National Assembly, the establishment of diplomatic missions at the proposal of the President, the administrative and territorial division of the country, approval of the state budget at the proposal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and control over its implementation, approval of the military doctrine at the suggestion of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, consent to the appointment of a candidate for the post of prime minister on proposal the appointment and dismissal of judges on the proposal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General at the proposal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, consent to the declaration of war and peace on the proposal of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the referendum and amnesty.[12]

Political parties and elections
Main articles: List of political parties in Azerbaijan and Elections in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is considered a one party dominant state. Opposition parties against the New Azerbaijan Party are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

Presidential elections
Main article: 2018 Azerbaijani presidential election
Candidate Party Votes %
Ilham AliyevNew Azerbaijan Party3,394,89886.02
Zahid OrujIndependent122,9563.12
Sardar MammadovAzerbaijan Democratic Party119,6213.03
Gudrat HasanguliyevWhole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party119,3113.02
Hafiz HajiyevModern Equality Party59,9241.52
Araz AlizadehSocial Democratic Party54,5331.38
Faraj GuliyevNational Revival Movement Party45,9671.17
Razi NurullayevIndependent29,2290.74
Invalid/blank votes12,413–
Total3,958,852100
Registered voters/turnout5,332,81774.24
Source: CEC

Parliamentary elections
Main article: 2020 Azerbaijani parliamentary election
Party Votes % Seats +/–
New Azerbaijan Party70+1
Civic Solidarity Party3+1
Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party10
Great Order Party10
Motherland Party10
Party for Democratic Reforms10
Unity Party10
Civic Unity Party10
Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party10
Azerbaijan Social Prosperity Party0–1
National Revival Movement Party0–1
Social Democratic Party0–1
Independents41–2
Invalidated––4–
Invalid/blank votes–––
Total2,510,1351001250
Registered voters/turnout5,359,01546.84––
Source: MSK IPU

The Cabinet of Ministers

The Cabinet of Ministers is the supreme body of the Executive Power of the Republic of Azerbaijan under the President and the governing body of the ministries. Obeys the Cabinet of the President. The Cabinet of Ministers is formed after the appointment of the President and is subordinate to him and may be dismissed on the orders of the President. The Prime Minister is the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the approval of his candidature by the Milli Mejlis.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan consists of the Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers and heads of other central executive bodies. The Cabinet of Ministers dissolves upon assuming the office of the new President, who convenes a new Cabinet.

The powers of the Cabinet include drafting the state budget and presenting it to the president, executing the budget, implementing state economic and social programs, securing financial and credit and monetary policy, managing ministries and other executive bodies of the Republic of Azerbaijan.[13]

Judicial branch

Judicial power is administered by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the courts of appeal, ordinary and specialised courts. The judicial system and legal proceedings are determined by law, and the establishment of extraordinary courts is prohibited. The Supreme Court of Azerbaijan is a supreme judicial body on civil, criminal and other cases related to the execution of general and specialized courts. The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan is the supreme body of constitutional justice on the matters attributed to its jurisdiction by the Constitution, with authority to interpret and apply the Constitution of Azerbaijan. The Constitutional Court consists of nine judges appointed for a non-renewable 15-year term. Judges of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan are appointed by Milli Majlis (National Assembly) of the Republic of Azerbaijan on recommendation by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Any person may appeal before it for the restoration of his/her infringed rights and freedoms. The 2003 Law on the Constitutional Court defines the Court's activities, as well as the status and duties of its judges. The Court's decisions are published and their execution is mandatory.[7]

The court system comprises three instances. The first instance includes 86 district/city courts, 5 serious crime courts, 6 military courts and 7 economic courts. Cases are heard by a single judge or a panel of judges. The second instance consists of 6 courts of appeal (“higher courts”), and the third instance - the Supreme Court - is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, economic and military matters. It reviews the decisions of appeal courts and clarifies judicial practice. The courts in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic are part of the court system. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Supreme Court serves as the appeal instance and its rulings are considered in cassation by the Supreme Court of Azerbaijan.[7] Judges are independent and bound by Constitution and respective laws ( Law on Judges and Courts, Law on Judicial Legal Council, Criminal and Legal Procedure Codes and etc.). Judges possesses Constitutional immunity and may be called to criminal responsibility only in accordance with law. Two public unions of judges are functional - 1. Association of General Court Judges, 2. Association of Specialised Court Judges. The key judicial self-governing body is the Judicial Legal Council. Within its competence, it ensures the organisation and operation of courts, proposes the number of judges per court and decides on the selection, evaluation, promotion, transfer and disciplinary measures against judges[7] Judicial-Legal Council is permanently functioning independent body and does not depend on legislative, executive and judicial authorities, local self-governments or legal and natural persons in organizational, financial and other matters. It is composed of 15 members and by law is bound to ensure transparency in its activity by broadcasting its sessions and granting free access to information on sessions and to civil society organizations to attend the sessions. Judicial Legal Council also form the Judges Selection Committee vested with selection of candidates for the vacant judicial posts and administers the selection process. It is composed of 11 members, including judges, Council staff, representatives of the relevant executive body of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Prosecutor's Office as well as, defense lawyers and academicians.[14]

According to the Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, the Prosecutor's Office is defined as a part of Judicial branch. Prosecutors Office via procedure and in cases specified by legislation exercises control over fulfilment and application of laws; in cases envisaged by legislation it undertakes prosecution and carries out investigation; supports state incrimination in the law court; brings in an action in the law court; remonstrates against decisions of law court.[8]

Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic

Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is autonomous state within the Republic of Azerbaijan. Its status is defined by Constitution and is an integral part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, laws of the Republic of Azerbaijan, decrees of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and resolutions of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan are obligatory on the territory of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. Constitution and laws of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic adopted by Ali Majlis of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic shall not contradict respectively to Constitution and laws of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Legislative power in Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is implemented by Ali Majlis of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, executive power - by the Cabinet of Ministers of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, judicial power-by law courts of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. Chairman of Ali Majlis of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is the highest official of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic.[8]

Municipalities

Local self-government in Azerbaijan is governed by municipalities. Elections to municipalities and the status of municipalities are established by the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Within the framework of the sovereignty of the Republic of Azerbaijan, municipalities are independent in exercising their powers. The state controls the implementation of the activities of municipalities. The municipalities submit the activity report to the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Municipalities are responsible to citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Every citizen of the Republic of Azerbaijan, who has the right to participate in elections and who permanently resides in the respective constituencies, may be elected as a member of the municipality. Elections to the municipality are held every 5 years.

Municipalities organize their work through meetings that are convened by the chairman of municipalities. The chairman is elected at the meetings of the municipality. In addition, the rules of the local government, the powers of its members, the local budget and its implementation, taxes and fees are approved at meetings, local programs of social protection, social and economic development, and economic programs are adopted. In the municipalities of the Republic of Azerbaijan, decisions are taken by a majority of the members of the municipality.[15]

Administrative divisions

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO's Partnership for Peace, Euro-Atlantic Partnership; World Health Organization, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Council of Europe, CFE Treaty, the Community of Democracies; the International Monetary Fund; and the World Bank.

Turkey (the first country to recognize Azerbaijan's independence) has been a staunch supporter of Azerbaijan in its efforts to consolidate its independence, preserve its territorial integrity and realize its economic potential arising from the rich natural resources of the Caspian Sea. The Turkish cultural close ties with Azerbaijan is summarized by the slogan "One nation, two countries".

Armenia supports ethnic Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan in the longstanding and very bitter separatist conflict against the Azerbaijani Government; the two countries are still technically at war, although a cease-fire has been in place since 1994. (See Nagorno-Karabakh conflict).

Azerbaijan is one of the few countries with predominantly Muslim populations that shares a strategic alliance with Israel. Today, Israel is a major arms supplier to the country. (See Azerbaijan–Israel relations).

Azerbaijan also maintains good relations with the European Union, in the framework of its Eastern European Neighbourhood Policy (See Azerbaijan and the European Union).

Azerbaijan was elected as one the members of the newly established Human Rights Council (HRC) by the General Assembly on May 9, 2006. Term of office will begin on June 19, 2006.

Military

The Azerbaijan Armed Forces consists of four military branches: the army, navy, air force, and air defense forces. The national armed forces of Azerbaijan were formed by presidential decree in October 1991.

In July 1992, Azerbaijan ratified the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment and provides for the destruction of weaponry in excess of those limits.

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See also

References
  1. LaPorte, Jody (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan". In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published May 15, 2016). pp. 91–117. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039791976. Retrieved October 13, 2017. LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan’s regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan’s president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan’s semi-presidential regime.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2018. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. "PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN – 11 OCTOBER 1998". Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  4. Elections in Azerbaijan; embarrassment for the West Archived November 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, EastWeek, November 2010
  5. "Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic - PRESIDENT » Presidential power". en.president.az. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  6. "Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic - I VICE-PRESIDENT » Biography". en.president.az. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  7. "FOURTH EVALUATION ROUND". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  8. "Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic - AZERBAIJAN » Constitution". en.president.az. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  9. "Milli Məclisin tərkibi. Rəhbərlik" [National Assembly. Administration]. meclis.gov.az. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  10. "Milli Məclis". meclis.gov.az. p. 181. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  11. "Milli Məclis". meclis.gov.az. p. 49. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  12. "Milli Məclis". www.meclis.gov.az. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  13. Kabineti, Azərbaycan Respublikası Nazirlər. "Azərbaycan Respublikası Nazirlər Kabineti". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  14. "Law of the Azerbaijan Republic On Judicial Legal Council" (PDF). January 31, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  15. "Municipality" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Sources
  • Baas, Reyer (March 3, 2003). "Een lange weg voor Azerbeidzjan". The Alfred Mozer Foundation.
  • CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website
  • Forrest, Brett (November 28, 2005). "Over A Barrel in Baku". Fortune, pp. 54–60.

Further reading
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