River Severn

The River Severn (Welsh: Afon Hafren), at 220 miles (354 km) long, is the longest river in Great Britain.[4][5] It is also the river with the most voluminous flow of water by far in all of England and Wales, discharging an average of 107 m³/s (3,800 cu ft/s) into the Bristol Channel at Apperley, Gloucestershire. It rises in the Cambrian Mountains in mid Wales, at an altitude of 2,001 feet (610 m), on the Plynlimon massif, which lies close to the Ceredigion/Powys border near Llanidloes. The river then flows through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. The three county towns of Shrewsbury, Worcester and Gloucester lie on its course.

Not to be confused with River Seven.

For other rivers named "Severn", see Severn (disambiguation) § Rivers.

"Severn" redirects here. For other uses, see Severn (disambiguation).

River Severn Welsh: Afon Hafren
The river seen from Shrewsbury Castle
Tributaries (light blue) and major settlements on and near the Severn (bold blue)
Location
Country	England and Wales
Region	Mid Wales, West Midlands, South West
Counties	Powys, Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire
Cities	Shrewsbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Bristol
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Plynlimon, Powys, Wales
• coordinates	52.493464°N 3.734597°W / 52.493464; -3.734597
• elevation	610 m (2,000 ft)
Mouth	Severn Estuary
• location	Bristol Channel, United Kingdom
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	354 km (220 mi)
Basin size	11,420 km^2 (4,410 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Bewdley, Worcs. SO 7815 7622[1]
• average	61.17 m^3/s (2,160 cu ft/s)[1]
• maximum	533.48 m^3/s (18,840 cu ft/s)max recorded on 1947-03-21[2]
Discharge
• location	Apperley, Glos.
• average	107 m^3/s (3,800 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Montford, Shrops.[3]
• average	43.46 m^3/s (1,535 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Vyrnwy, Tern, Stour, Warwickshire Avon, Bristol Avon
• right	Teme, Leadon, Wye

The Severn's major tributaries are the Vyrnwy, the Tern, the Teme, the Warwickshire Avon, and the Worcestershire Stour.

By convention, the River Severn is usually considered to end, and the Severn Estuary to begin, after the Second Severn Crossing, between Severn Beach in South Gloucestershire and Sudbrook, Monmouthshire. The total area of the Estuary’s drainage basin is 4,409 square miles (11,419 km²). That figure excludes the area of the River Wye and the Bristol Avon, both of which flow into the Severn Estuary. The Estuary discharges into the Bristol Channel, which opens into the Celtic Sea and from there into the Atlantic Ocean.

Etymology and mythology

The name Severn is thought to derive from a British *sabrinā, possibly from an older form *samarina, meaning "land of summertime fallow”. The name is recorded in the latinized form Sabrina in the 2nd century.

The Welsh form of the name is Hafren, first recorded in the 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae. Milton's 1634 masque Comus makes Sabrina a nymph who had drowned in the river.[6] In Shrewsbury, there is now a statue of Sabrina in the Dingle Gardens at the Quarry, as well as a metal sculpture erected in 2013.[7]

There is a different deity associated with the Severn Estuary: Nodens, represented as mounted on a seahorse, riding on the crest of the Severn bore.[8]

Geography and geology

The River Severn's current form is the result of a multi-million year history and complex underlying geology but is in part the result of glaciation during the last ice age in the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period.[9] Within Wales, the river runs through a landscape formed in Ordovician and Silurian rocks. As it enters the Shropshire Plain, these lower Palaeozoic rocks are replaced by Permian and Triassic age strata though largely unseen beneath a thick cover of Quaternary deposits. Certain stretches also run across Carboniferous strata as at Shrewsbury and for much of the distance between Ironbridge and Bewdley. Permo-Triassic bedrock then continues until the Severn moves intermittently onto the Jurassic outcrop from Tewkesbury southwards. Only in the SSW-NNE aligned valley either side of Welshpool is there any obvious relationship to geological structure; the valley follows the lines of the Severn Valley Faults. For much of the rest of its course it runs directly across geological structures.

It was first proposed in the 1900’s that the former northerly course of the upper Severn was disrupted during the course of the ice age by the blocking of its access to the Irish Sea through Cheshire causing a large lake to develop across much of Shropshire. It was supposed that this lake, named as Lake Lapworth, overtopped its southern margin and rapidly cut down to form the Ironbridge Gorge providing the Severn with a southerly exit to the sea as remains the case today.[10] An alternative theory which has gained favour in recent years does away with Lake Lapworth, suggesting that the upper Severn flowed beneath the icesheet in a bedrock hollow known as the Severn Trench eastwards from Melverley to the Ironbridge Gorge. It is possible that the trench and gorge were cut over successive ice ages.[11]

Tributary rivers

Over its length, there are a large number of tributaries but the three largest feeding the non-tidal river are the Vyrnwy, the Teme and the Warwickshire Avon. The Wye, the Bristol Avon and the Usk all flow into the estuarine section of the Severn. The main tributaries are described in sequence below.

The first tributary of significance is the Afon Dulas joining from the south immediately upstream of Llanidloes with the Afon Clywedog joining in the town. The Afon Cerist, bolstered by the Afon Trannon, and the Afon Carno join as left bank tributaries immediately upstream of Caersws. Mochdre Brook enters on the western edge of Newtown followed by the Bechan Brook just northeast of the town. The Mule enters at Abermule and the River Rhiw east of Berriew followed shortly by the Camlad which rises above Churchstoke and by the Luggy Brook. The left bank Sylfaen Brook enters at Welshpool and the Bele Brook via the New Cut east of Arddlin.

The River Vyrnwy, which begins at Lake Vyrnwy, flows eastwards through Powys gathering the waters of the Banwy, Cain and Tanat before forming part of the border between England and Wales, and joining the Severn near Melverley, Shropshire. The River Perry joins on the left bank above Shrewsbury whilst both the Rad Brook and the Rea Brook, which flows north from its source in the Stiperstones, join the Severn within the city. The left bank tributary, the River Tern, after flowing south from Market Drayton and being joined by the River Meese and the River Roden, meets the Severn at Attingham Park.

The River Worfe joins the Severn's left bank, just above Bridgnorth before the Mor, Borle and Dowles brooks join on the opposite bank over the next few miles, the last-named draining Wyre Forest. The River Stour rises in the north of Worcestershire in the Clent Hills, near St Kenelm's Church at Romsley. It flows north into the adjacent West Midlands at Halesowen. It then flows westwards through Cradley Heath and Stourbridge where it leaves the Black Country. It is joined by the Smestow Brook at Prestwood before it winds around southwards to Kinver, and then flows back into Worcestershire. It then passes through Wolverley, Kidderminster and Wilden to its confluence with the Severn at Stourport-on-Severn. The Dick Brook, Shrawley Brook and Grimley Brook enter on the right bank before the River Salwarpe which runs through Droitwich enters on the opposite (east) bank.

The River Teme flows eastwards from its source in Mid Wales, straddling the border between Shropshire and Herefordshire, it is joined by the River Onny, River Corve and River Rea before it finally joins the Severn on the southern edge of Worcester. Bushley Brook joins just upstream of the confluence of the Warwickshire Avon with the Severn at Tewkesbury. One of several Avons, this one flows west through Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-upon-Avon. It is then joined by its tributary the River Arrow, before joining the Severn. The rivers Swilgate and Chelt also join the Severn's left bank, as do the Hatherley and Horsbere brooks before it reaches Gloucester. The River Leadon enters the tidal West Channel of the Severn at Over, immediately west of Gloucester. The River Frome is the second significant tributary to enter the tidal stretch of the Severn, doing so at Framilode. Bideford Brook drains the easternmost part of the Forest of Dean, entering the Severn estuary east of Blakeney. On the opposite (southeast) bank the flow of the River Cam is usurped by the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal before reaching the estuary. The Lyd enters the west bank of the estuary at Lydney Harbour opposite the place where Berkeley Pill carries the waters of the Little Avon River into it. The final tributary before the Severn Bridge is the collection of streams which enter via Oldbury Pill.

The River Wye, from its source in Plynlimon in Wales (2 miles (3 km) from the source of the Severn), flows generally south east through the Welsh towns of Rhayader and Builth Wells. It enters Herefordshire, flows through Hereford, and is shortly afterwards joined by the River Lugg, before flowing through Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth, and then southwards where it forms part of the boundary between England (Forest of Dean) and Wales. It flows into the Severn estuary south of the town of Chepstow.

The Mounton and Nedern brooks enter on the Monmouthshire side between the two motorway crossings. The Port of Bristol is on the Severn Estuary, where another River Avon flows into it through the Avon Gorge. The River Usk and the Ebbw River flow into the Severn Estuary at Uskmouth just south of Newport.

Settlements

Post marked as the source of the River Severn on Plynlimon, Wales. The wording is in both English and Welsh.

Worcester Cathedral overlooking the Severn

High Town, Bridgnorth.

The river's course within Wales lies wholly within the county of Powys. The first town it encounters downstream of its source is Llanidloes where it is joined by the Dulas and the Clywedog. It flows past the villages of Llandinam and Caersws before reaching Newtown. It then runs by Abermule and Cilcewydd before flowing beside Welshpool, the last town on its course in Wales.

Entering Shropshire and England, a few villages such as Shrawardine sit back from the river as it meanders eastwards towards the county town of Shrewsbury. More villages, notably Atcham, Wroxeter and Cressage sit beside the river as it turns southeast and heads for the gorge at Ironbridge before turning south for Bridgnorth. The Shropshire villages of Quatford and Hampton Loade and the Worcestershire village of Upper Arley follow, before the Severn runs through Bewdley and Stourport-on-Severn in quick succession. The river then passes the villages of Astley Burf and Holt Fleet before entry into the county town of Worcester. Several villages sit back from the river before it runs by Upton-upon-Severn and then enters Gloucestershire as it joins with the Warwickshire Avon outside of Tewkesbury. A few more villages intervene, notable amongst which is Maisemore before the river enters the county town of Gloucester from which point it is tidal.

Several more villages sit beside the tidal stretch. Amongst these are Elmore, Epney and Framilode on the east bank and Minsterworth, Broadoak and Newnham on Severn on the west bank.

Transport

Bridges

The Welsh Bridge (background) and Frankwell Footbridge (foreground) in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.

The Severn bridged by the A49 road just outside Shrewsbury. The village of Uffington, Shropshire is in the foreground.

The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right. The Iron Bridge at Ironbridge was the world's first iron arch bridge. Several other bridges crossing the river were designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford.

The two major road bridges of the Severn crossing link south eastern Wales with the southern counties of England.

• Severn Bridge – opened in 1966 carrying what is now the M48
• Second Severn Crossing – opened in 1996 carrying the M4 motorway

Prior to the construction of the first bridge in 1966, the channel was crossed by the Aust Ferry.

Other notable bridges include:

• Buttington Bridge – built in 1872
• Montford Bridge – Thomas Telford's first ever bridge design, built between 1790 and 1792
• Welsh Bridge – in the centre of Shrewsbury, built in 1795 at a cost of £8,000
• English Bridge – also in Shrewsbury, designed and completed in 1774 by John Gwynn
• Atcham Bridges – the old one built in 1774, while the newer one in 1929 carries the B4380
• Albert Edward Bridge – in Coalbrookdale, a railway bridge opened in 1864
• Coalport Bridge – like its neighbour Ironbridge, is made of cast iron, built in 1818
• Victoria Bridge – designed by John Fowler, opened in 1862. Still in use by the Severn Valley Railway
• Bewdley Bridge – designed by Telford, completed in 1798
• Holt Fleet Bridge – in Worcestershire and designed by Telford and opened in 1828
• Upton Town Bridge – built in 1940, the only bridge to cross between Worcester and Tewkesbury
• Queenshill Viaduct – carries the M50 between Junction 1 and 2
• Mythe Bridge – designed by Telford and opened in April 1826, located in Tewkesbury
• Haw Bridge – a steel beam bridge, west of Tewkesbury
• Maisemore Bridge – carries the A417 and is a single masonry arch, dating back to 1230.
• Over Bridge – single masonry arch, built by Telford
• Over Rail Bridge – carrying the Gloucester to Newport Line, currently the last bridge before the Severn Crossings, which is 30 miles (48 km) downstream
• Severn Rail Bridge – linking the Forest of Dean to Sharpness docks, partially collapsed in 1960 and was dismantled in 1967–70

Rail

The Severn Tunnel, completed in 1886 by John Hawkshaw on behalf of the Great Western Railway, lies near the Second Severn Crossing road bridge, and carries the South Wales Main Line section of the Great Western Main Line under the channel. The original line built before the Severn Tunnel was the South Wales Railway from Gloucester, that followed the estuary alongside present day stations of Lydney, Chepstow, Caldicot and Severn Tunnel Junction to Newport.

Cars could also be transported through the Severn Tunnel. In the 1950s three trains a day made round trips between Severn Tunnel Junction and Pilning. The vehicles were loaded onto open flat bed carriages and pulled by a small pannier tank locomotive, although sometimes they were joined to a scheduled passenger train. The prudent owner paid to cover the vehicle with a sheet, as sparks often flew when the steam locomotive tackled the slope leading to the tunnel exit. A railway coach was provided for passengers and drivers. Reservations could be made and the fee for the car was about thirty shillings (£1.50) in the early 1950s.

Disasters

Tewkesbury during the 2007 floods

There have been many disasters on the Severn, which have claimed perhaps 300 lives, depending on sources, especially during the 20th century. The Severn Railway Bridge was badly damaged by the collision of two river barges in 1960, which led to its demolition in 1970. Five crew members of both the Arkendale H and Wastdale H died in the accident.[12] More recently the river flooded during the 2007 United Kingdom floods and the 2019–20 United Kingdom floods.

Navigation

Navigation light on Chapel Rock near Beachley

There is a public right of navigation between Pool Quay, near Welshpool, and Stourport. However this stretch of the river has little traffic, other than small boats, canoes and some tour boats in Shrewsbury. Below Stourport, where the river is more navigable for larger craft, users must obtain permits from the Canal & River Trust, who are the navigation authority. During spring freshet the river can be closed to navigation.

At Upper Parting above Gloucester, the river divides into two, and flows either side of Alney Island to Lower Parting. The West Channel is no longer navigable. The East Channel is navigable as far as Gloucester Docks, from where the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal provides a navigable channel south. Between the docks and Lower Parting Llanthony Weir marks the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the East Channel of the river.[13]

In the tidal section of the river below Gloucester, the Gloucester Harbour Trustees are the competent harbour authority. The Trustees maintain navigation lights at various points along the river (including on Chapel Rock and Lyde Rock, and leading lights at Slime Road, Sheperdine and Berkeley Pill).

Locks

There are locks on the lower Severn to enable seagoing boats to reach as far as Stourport. The most northerly lock is at Lincombe, about 1 mile (1.6 km) downstream from Stourport.

Associated canals

River Severn
Bewdley Limit of navigation Stourport-on-Severn Stourport basins Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Lincombe lock Holt lock River Salwarpe Droitwich Canal Bevere lock and weir Cotswold Line Worcester Worcester and Birmingham Canal Diglis weir and locks River Avon Avon lock Tewkesbury Upper Lode lock Coombe Hill Canal Maisemore weir and lock Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal South Wales Railway Llanthony lock Llanthony weir Gloucester lock Gloucester Dock and Victoria Basin Gloucester and Sharpness Canal New Swing Bridge Stroudwater Canal River Severn Sharpness Old Lock Sharpness Lock Lydney Canal  M48  Severn Bridge River Wye Severn Tunnel  M4  Second Severn Crossing Severn Estuary River Avon Bristol Channel

The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, (both narrow beam) and the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal join the Severn at Stourport, Worcester and Gloucester respectively. The Droitwich Barge Canal, a broad beam canal, joins the Severn at Hawford, near to the River Salwarpe, and connects to the Droitwich Canal (narrow beam) in the name town, which then forms a link to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal. The two Droitwich canals re-opened in 2010 after major restoration.

The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal connects the Severn at Gloucester to the Severn at Sharpness, avoiding a stretch of the tidal river which is dangerous to navigate. The Stroudwater Navigation used to join the tidal Severn at Framilode, but since the 1920s has connected to the Severn only via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal.

The Lydney Canal is a short canal which connects Lydney to the river.

The section of the river between Tewkesbury and Worcester forms part of the Avon Ring, a 109-mile (175 km) circular cruising route which includes 129 locks and covers parts of three other waterways.

Passenger transport

The tidal river

Paddle steamers were operated in the Severn Estuary from the mid 19th century to the late 1970s by P & A Campbell of Bristol. The vessels, Cardiff Queen, Bristol Queen, Glen Usk, Glen Gower and Britannia all operated on this route in the 1950s and 1960s. Since 1986 Waverley Excursions has operated occasional sailings to Sharpness and Lydney by the MV Balmoral.[14]

A number of ferries were also operated on the tidal river, for example at New Passage, Purton and Arlingham. The last ferry was the Aust Ferry, which closed in 1966 when the Severn Bridge opened. One of the Aust ferries, Severn Princess, is still in Chepstow although largely derelict.

The upper river

In Worcester, the Worcester River Cruises have boat trips up and down the river between Tewkesbury and Stourport, operating the boats The Pride of the Midlands and The Earl Grosvenor.[15]

The Cathedral Ferry, a foot passenger ferry, also operates on summer weekends from the steps of Worcester Cathedral.[16]

In Shropshire the Hampton Loade Ferry used to operate across the river though has been closed since 2016.[17]

In Shrewsbury, boat trips around the loop of the town centre are at present provided by the Sabrina and depart from Victoria Quay near the Welsh Bridge during the summer.[18]

Severn Estuary

Main article: Severn Estuary

The Severn bridges crossing near the mouth of the River Severn

The river becomes tidal close to Maisemore, on the West Channel just north of Gloucester, and at Llanthony Weir on the East Channel. The tidal river downstream from Gloucester is sometimes referred to as the Severn Estuary, but the river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing near Severn Beach, South Gloucestershire (the point to which the jurisdiction of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees extends), or at Aust, the site of the Severn Bridge.

The Severn Estuary extends to a line from Lavernock Point (south of Cardiff) to Sand Point near Weston-super-Mare. West of this line is the Bristol Channel. In the Severn Estuary (or the Bristol Channel in the last two cases, depending where the boundary is drawn) are the rocky islands called Denny Island, Steep Holm and Flat Holm.

The estuary is about 2 miles (3 km) wide at Aust, and about 9 miles (14 km) wide between Cardiff and Weston-super-Mare.

Severn Sea

Main article: Bristol Channel

Until Tudor times the Bristol Channel was known as the Severn Sea, and it is still known as this in both Welsh and Cornish (Môr Hafren and Mor Havren respectively, with Môr meaning Sea).

Severn bore

Main article: Severn bore

Bore hitting the riverbank in 1994

A phenomenon associated with the lower reaches of the Severn is the tidal bore,[19] which forms upstream of the port of Sharpness.

It is frequently asserted that the river's estuary, which empties into the Bristol Channel, has the second largest tidal range in the world—48 feet (15 m),[20][21] exceeded only by the Bay of Fundy. However a tidal range greater than that of the Severn is recorded from the lesser known Ungava Bay in Canada.[22] During the highest tides, the rising water is funnelled up the Severn estuary into a wave that travels rapidly upstream against the river current. The largest bores occur in spring, but smaller ones can be seen throughout the year. The bore is accompanied by a rapid rise in water level which continues for about one and a half hours after the bore has passed.

Industry

A 3-mile (4.8 km) stretch of the River Severn in Shropshire, is known as Ironbridge Gorge. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. Its historic importance is due to its role as the centre of the iron industry in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. The gorge and the village of Ironbridge get their name from the Iron Bridge across the Severn, built in 1779, which was the first cast-iron arch bridge ever constructed.[23]

Two nuclear power stations are situated on the river, in the area of South Gloucestershire. Oldbury Nuclear Power Station and Berkeley Nuclear Power Station both made use of the River Severn as part of the power generation and nuclear cooling processes. Both are now decommissioned.[24]

Wildlife

The sides of the estuary are also important feeding grounds for waders, notably at the Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve and the Slimbridge Wildfowl Trust. River shingle habitat can also be found on the lower estuary, notable for its population of the endangered 5-spot Ladybird.[25]

The river forms part of the Severn-Trent flyway, a route used by migratory birds to cross Great Britain.[26]

Literary and musical allusions

The River Severn is named several times in A.E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad (1896): "It dawns in Asia, tombstones show/And Shropshire names are read;/And the Nile spills his overflow/Beside the Severn's dead" (“1887"); "Severn stream" (“The Welsh Marches"); and "Severn shore" (“Westward from the high-hilled plain...”).

In William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Henry Hotspur Percy recalls the valour of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March in a long battle against Welshman Owain Glyndŵr upon the Severn's banks, claiming the flooding Severn "affrighted with (the warriors') bloody looks ran fearfully among the trembling reeds and hid his crisp head in the hollow bank, bloodstained with these valiant combatants."

The Severn was the inspiration for a number of works by Gloucestershire composer Ivor Gurney, including the songs "Western Sailors" (1925) and "Severn Meadows" (1917).

Gloucestershire writer and poet Brian Waters published Severn Tide with J. M. Dent in 1947 and followed it with Severn Stream in 1949. With anecdotal stories about his travels, both books tell of the lives of the people who lived and worked on and along the river, describing the landscape with a poet's eye. Waters links Nodens with the Seven Bore and the association of the Celtic deity with the river is explored at length by Rogers.[6]

Several 20th-century English composers wrote works inspired by the river. Gerald Finzi (1901-1956) wrote A Severn Rhapsody, his Opus 3, in 1923; taking the Severn River and its surrounding countryside as his inspiration. Edward Elgar (1857-1934) wrote The Severn Suite, Opus 87, in 1930. Elgar lived much of both his early life and his later life near Worcester, through which the Severn runs. Herbert Howells (1892-1983), born close to the Severn in Lydney, wrote the complex Missa Sabrinensis (Mass of the Severn) in 1954, and an earlier hymn tune simply entitled Severn.

The Severn is often mentioned in Ellis Peters' The Cadfael Chronicles, set in or around Shrewsbury Abbey, beside the river.

In Julian Barnes' 2011 novel, The Sense of an Ending, Tony, the main character, recalls "a river rushing nonsensically upstream, its wave and wash lit by half a dozen chasing torchbeams," an allusion to a visit to the Severn Bore.

See also

• List of crossings of the River Severn
• List of rivers of England and List of rivers of Wales, between them recording all main tributaries
• The Severn Way long-distance footpath
• The Severn Area Rescue Association operates search and rescue services and lifeboats from Wyre Forest to Beachley (4 stations on the river)
• Mercia Inshore Search and Rescue are based at Upton-upon-Severn
• The Severn Valley, an area straddling Shropshire and Worcestershire
• Severnside, a term with various uses
• Seven Natural Wonders – 2005 TV programme where the river was described as one of the wonders of the West Country.
• Stourport Ring
• South Herefordshire and Over Severn - National Character Area

References

1. "National River Flow Archive – 54001 Severn @ Bewdley". Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
2. "HiFlows-UK". Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
3. "National River Flow Archive – 54001 Severn @ Montford". Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
4. "Frankwell Flood Alleviation Scheme, Shrewsbury" (PDF). UK Environment Agency. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
5. "The River Severn Facts". BBC. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
6. Liam Rogers. "Sabrina and the River Severn". Retrieved 9 December 2006.
7. "Statues of famous Salopians unveiled in Shrewsbury". Shropshire Star. 26 June 2013.
8. Clucas, P. (1985). Britain – The Landscape Below. Guildford: Colour Library Books. ISBN 0-86283-174-1.
9. "Glaciation and drainage evolution in the southern Welsh Borderland". Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society. Shropshire Geological Society. 13: 92−99. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.616.8048. ISSN 1750-855X.
10. "The Ice Age Legacy in North Shropshire" (PDF). Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society. Shropshire Geological Society. 13: 86−91. 2008.
11. Toghill, Peter (2006). Geology of Shropshire (Second ed.). Marlborough: The Crowood Press. pp. 240–243. ISBN 1861268033.
12. Ron Huxley, The Rise and Fall of the Severn Bridge Railway, 1984, ISBN 978-1-84868-033-3
13. "OS Maps - online and App mapping system - Ordnance Survey Shop".
14. Waverley Excursions website Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
15. Worcester River Cruises website Archived 8 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
16. Pryce, Mike (22 June 2019). "NOSTALGIA: Worcester's Cathedral Ferry is a Severn tradition". Worcester News. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
17. "Hampton Loade Station". Severn Valley Railway. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
18. "shrewsburyboat.co.uk".
19. Rowbotham, Fred (1983) [1964]. Severn Bore. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8508-9.
20. "About the Severn Estuary". UK Environment Agency. 5 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
21. "Coast: Bristol Channel". BBC. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
22. "Frequently Asked Questions – Tide Predictions and Data". Co-ops.nos.noaa.gov. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
23. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ironbridge Gorge".
24. "Berkeley named as preferred nuclear waste site". BBC. 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
25. "Wales Online". Retrieved 26 September 2014.
26. RSPB Where To Go Wild in Britain. Dorling Kindersley. 2009. p. 265. ISBN 978-1405335126.

External links

• Severn Estuary Partnership
• Portishead and Bristol Lifeboat
• ITV Local footage ITV's Keith Wilkinson and Jennifer Binns canoeing the Severn
• Woodend, a hamlet washed away by the River Severn
• Canal & River Trust official site